Innovation in services related to public policies to reduce

greenhouse gases: The clean development mechanism on

landfills

Silvia Regina Stuchi Cruz

Department of Science and Technology Policy, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Brazil;

PhD internship at Université Lille1, Clersé

silviacruz@ige.unicamp.br

Sônia Regina Paulino

School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil

sonia.paulino@usp.br

Supported by:

Structure

1) Introduction

2) Objective

3) Methodology3) Methodology

4) Results

5) Conclusion

1.1The Kyoto Protocol

• Adopted in 1997 under the UNFCCC

• Emission reduction targets for developed countries –average of 5% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012

• At COP-18, 2012: extends the Kyoto Protocol to 2020.

• “Flexible Mechanisms” - To assist the developed • “Flexible Mechanisms” - To assist the developed countries in attaining their GHG emission reduction targets

- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

CDM entails the implementation (in emerging and developing countries) of GHG emissions reductions projects

Garbage is delivered to landfill

The waste decomposes

and produces landfill gas

1.2 CDM Landfill Projects

Garbage is delivered to landfill

CH4Anaerobic

decomposition

produces

methane

Brazil: Out of the 300 Brazilian CDM projects, 43 are developed on landfills, 22 are

located in the State of São Paulo (UNEP RISOe, August, 2013)

1.3 CDM: Twofold Objective

1) Assist developed countries to achieve

KP targets

Methodologies to

measure GHG

2) Assist emerging and developing countries to

achieve sustainable development

Methodologies to

measure sustainable

development

Carbon credits

measure GHG

emission reduction

development

Brazilian projects: Terms of resolution

Nº1 of the Annex III of CIMGC

Development of working conditions;

Generation of jobs; Environmental

Sustainability; Technological

development; Income Distribution;

Regional integration; Links with other

sectors

2. Objective

This paper aims to advance the

development of indicators to evaluate

the social and environmental outcomes the social and environmental outcomes

that can be generated from clean

development mechanism (CDM) landfills

projects

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 The landfills selected for empirical research

Bandeirantes Landfill

São João Landfill

São Paulo

City

Population11 million

inhabitants

Waste per day 17,000 tons

These landfills, from 1979 to 2007, received almost the entirety of the

municipal solid waste collected in São Paulo

50 % of the carbon credits revenues are allocated to the municipal City Hall

The SOCIALCARBON Standard is an additional certification which

proposes the use of sustainability indicators to be applied to carbon

market projects to evaluate social and environmental co-benefits

3.2 Social carbon methodology (SCM) to evaluate social and

environmental co-benefits

CDM defines methodologies to SOCIALCARBON defines methodologies to CDM defines methodologies to

measure contributions to GHG

emissions reductions

SOCIALCARBON defines methodologies to

measure contributions to sustainable

development

3.3 Proposed Indicators - Social Carbon Methodology Adjustment

Resource Topic Indicators

Natural(8

indicators)

Environmental quality

monitoring, gas emissions

monitoring, landfill closure

plan

Surface and underground

water monitoring; Biogas

capture; Fugitive gas

emissions; Compliance with

landfill closure plan…

Social(13

Indicators)

Access to CDM projects,

relationship between

stakeholders, and contribution

of CDM projects` resources to

the management of solid

waste

Stakeholders participation;

Disclosure of the Annex III

activities; Articulation

between municipal

departments ; Cooperatives

benefiting from CDM

revenues...

Sã

o J

oã

o SES – Municipal

Services

Department

More Life, Less

Rubbish

campaign

(Campanha

“Mais Vida,

Menos Lixo”)

SVMA -

Municipal

Department of

Green Areas

and the

Environment

SES – Municipal Services

Departmentprivate

concession-

holder

responsible

for the

landfill

management

private

private

concession-

holder

responsible for

the landfill

management

+ private

concession-

holder

responsible for

biogas recovery

Before CDM After CDM

Ba

nd

eir

an

tes

SES – Municipal

Services

Department

Perus-

Anhanguera

Development

Forum

SVMA -

Municipal

Department of

Green Areas

and the

Environment

PrivatePublic UsersPrivatePublic

SES – Municipal Services

Departmentprivate

concession-

holder

responsible

for the

landfill

management

private

concession-

holder

responsible for

the landfill

management

+ private

concession-

holder

responsible for

biogas recovery

3.5 Public-private innovation networks in service sectors

(ServPPINs) concept

CDM landfill projects under

the ServPPIN concept:

assists in the identification of

important elements for

innovation promotion in

public services

Mainly: relational and

Based on the ServPPINs concept, from the adaptation of the multiagent model of Windrum and

García-Goñi (2008) and Windrum (2013) (inspired by Gallouj and Weinstein, 1997)

Mainly: relational and

organizational aspects

4. Results4. Results

4. Limitations on the interaction among the stakeholders

Interaction between... Key points identified

a)... representatives of associations from the

communities surrounding the landfills and

municipal departments and private concession-

holders

- the need to develop a common language

- the need to publicize activities related to CDM projects

- the need to open up a communication channel

b)... concession-holders: private concession holder

managing the landfills and private concession

holders responsible for LFG recovery and power

generation

- coordination issues between concession-holders at the

landfills

c)... municipal departments and representatives of

associations from the communities surrounding - problems of access to revenue from the sale of

Certified Emission Reductionsassociations from the communities surrounding

the landfillsCertified Emission Reductions

d)... municipal departments and private

concession-holders managing the landfills

- lack of communication

- lack of characterization of the municipal waste

- absence of empirical data on local climate and

humidity conditions

e)... municipal departments and the private

concession holders responsible for LFG recovery

and power generation

- absence of local regulatory standards for fugitive gas

monitoring, as well as regarding the establishment of

criteria for the surface waterproofing system that

enables LFG recovery

- ongoing implementation of legal requirements

regarding the solid waste inventory in the municipality

5. Conclusion

• CDM = twofold goal: GHG emission reduction and

sustainable development promotion

• Becomes essential the construction of sustainability

indicators to evaluate environmental and social local

co-benefits

• CDM landfill projects studied under the ServPPINs • CDM landfill projects studied under the ServPPINs

concept, shows: lack of access of citizens/ service

users; and the lack of synergy between the public and

private sectors

• To obtain positive impacts of this new conformation:

mainly, the relational and organizational aspects

needs to be improved

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