INITIATION OF THE MIGRATION AND SEPARATION OF INDO ... · INITIATION OF THE MIGRATION AND SEPARATION OF INDO-EUROPEANS BY A CATASTROPHIC FLOODING OF THE BLACK SEA REGION Yavor Y

КУЛТУРНОТО НАСЛЕДСТВО НА ВАРНА

ИЗВЕСТИЯ НА СЪЮЗА НА УЧЕНИТЕ – ВАРНА 2012

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INITIATION OF THE MIGRATION AND SEPARATION OF INDO- EUROPEANS BY A CATASTROPHIC FLOODING OF THE BLACK SEA REGION

Yavor Y. Shopov, Тodor Yalamov, Petko Dimitrov and Dimitar Dimitrov

1. Introduction There is strong evidence of a major

flooding of the Black Sea area ca. 7500-7600 cal yr BP (Dimitrov et al. (1979) and Dimitrov (1982)). There is convincing evidence of a mass migration of people out of this general area to India (Gimbutas, 1985, Kortlandt 1990, Quintana-Murci 2004, Shopov and Yalamov, 2004, Shopov, 2008). This paper will examine the evidence for the flooding triggering the migration and also examine the extent of the migration. Possibility this event is the "Biblical Flood".

Critical analysis of the new geological and archeological data and the ancient Flood mits can relate the Black Sea Flood to the Noah’s Flood (Ryan & Pitman, 1998; Dimitrov & Dimitrov, 2004). In the last 10 years there was a number of expeditions in the Black Sea searching for remains of pre- flood settlements around the former sea coast, now about 100 meters below the sea level (fig.1). Several of them were led by prof. Robert Ballard who located remains of Titanic.

Figure 1. Coastal lines of the Black Sea before

and after its flooding by Mediterranean Sea (after Dimitrov and Dimitrov, 2004)

1. Early Holocene fresh water Black Sea 2. Black Sea coast before the Flood 3. Black Sea after the Flood 4. Hypothetical settlements before the Flood

The Biblical Noah’s Flood story is exact copy of much older manuscripts but with changed names of the personages and geographic places of the described events (Hilprecht, 1910). It appears to be that the earliest version of the Deluge story was found on two clay tablets excavated from the Older Nippur library in “Tablet Hill”, Nippur by H. Hilprecht. These two tablets with cuneiform inscriptions were written by the king of Kuti (Guti) Erridu- pizir in his royal statement after he conquered the whole Sumer and Akkad

Abstract: Geological data suggest an exceptionally large natural catastrophe in the Black Sea region. Before it Black Sea was a fresh water lake with coasts 90 m below the recent sea level. We present a number of climatic, oceanographic, linguistic, calendar and archaeological evidences that this event can be linked to the Bible (Noah’s) Flood. This catastrophic rapid flooding of the Black Sea by the Mediterranean Sea waters was dated in by 14

С at 7 560 ±50 cal. yrs BP. It flooded 160000 km2 and destroyed settlements of the early civilizations around the Black Sea coast. At that time here were settled Indo-Europeans. Catastrophic flooding of the region appear to initiate their migration and separation in groups like German, Thracian, Illyrian, Greek, etc. tribes. We mapped the migration of some of them on the map of Eurasia by precise positioning of the established 4399 toponims and hydronames formed on the base of their ethnic names derived from processing and linguistic analysis of 6 900 000 toponims and hydronames. Key words: Black Sea Flood, human migrations, Indo-Europeans, Holocene, sea level.



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(including Nippur) in 2478 B.C. after Nippur chronology. Even the Flood story in the Sumerian epic Gilgamesh is reproduced from these texts (Hilprecht, 1910). They state that the house-boat of the Ut- napishtim (the Babylonian Noah) landed on the mount Nisir in the land of Kuti (Guti).

Shopov (2001) demonstrated that ethnic name Kuti is older version of the ethnic name Kutiguri (the biggest branch of ancient Bulgarians living in the Great Bulgar in VI- VII-th century AD). The affix -guri means “people or nation” in ancient Bulgarian language, i.e. Kutiguri means “Kuti people” (Dobrev, 1995). This links the ancient Bulgarians with the land of Kuti where landed the house-boat of Ut- napishtim. Therefore we studied the ancient locations of the Kuti by toponims and hydronames they left in Iran. We placed them on the map of Iran to obtain a map of their settlements. Ethnic name Kuti is equivalent to Guti due to the same letter recording sounds Ku- and Gu- in the Akkadian cuneiform inscriptions used by them (Laessoe, 1963). Therefore some authors read their name as Kuti, while others as Guti.

Biblical Noah’s Flood story describes one phenomenon with two major components:

(1) enormously high rainfall during 40 days and nights in result of which occurs:

(2) drastic rapid sea level rising. Such enormous rainfall in the past like

(1) is first registered by Shopov et al., (1996) as recorded by rapid increasing of the growth rate of a speleothem in result of faster precipitation of speleothem calcite produced by much greater rainfall, suggesting that enormous rainfalls flooded the Black Sea basin at 5600-5500 cal. years B.P.. Shopov et al., (1996) first relates this event to the Biblical Flood, altough they did not provided any evidences of the process (2).

Ryan et al. (1997) related the rapid sea level rising (2) in the Black Sea as established by (Dimitrov et al., 1979, Dimitrov et al., 1982) with the Biblical (Noah’s) Flood, but they did not provided any evidences of process (1).

Combining of these independent evidences of processes (1) and (2) Shopov et al. (1997, 2003) suggested that Biblical Flood scenario described quite well a real natural event occured in the Black Sea region. Dating of the two independent data sets of: (I) Shopov et al., (1996) at 5600-5500 cal. years B.C. and of (II) Dimitrov et al. (1979), Dimitrov (1982) and Ryan et al. (1997) coincides in the frames of the experimental error, basing the statement of Shopov et al. (1997), Ryan & Pitman (1998) and Dimitrov and Dimitrov (2004) that the Biblical (Noah’s) Flood occured in the Black Sea region at that time. Exactly at that time started separation and formation of the different branches of the Indo Europeans in result of their migration from the Black sea region (Wiik, 1999, Shopov and Yalamov, 2004). This allows us to rise and study the hypothesis that the Black Sea Flood initiated the migration of the Indo Europeans (including Vedic Aryans to India). This is the subject of this paper.

2. Evidence for the Flood and its

Timing. Evidences supporting the hypothesis

that the Biblical Noah’s Flood story describes a natural phenomenon that happened in the Black Sea are:

2.1. Marine evidences from Black Sea:

a. Sapropel sediments are one of the most important geological and paleo-ecological evidences of the catastrophic character of the event. Being products of mass dying of phytoplankton and zooplankton, they testify for a contrasting regime of sedimentation. Waters flowing into the Black Sea through the Bosporus have salinity of 38 ppm, whereas the Black Sea waters were almost fresh waters. Rapid influx of giant masses of salty waters results in the massive extinction of plankton organisms, which are extremely sensitive and hard to adapt to rapid changes in salinity. Consequently, geocatastrophic types of sediments are created. The creation of the sapropels was a unique catastrophic event.



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Nonstructural, strongly watered sapropel sediment, 30-70 cm in thickness, is located over the typical sapropels. The 2-layer structure of sapropels confirms the change in conditions of sedimentation and gradual down-top reduction of organic matter. The organic matter in sediments is a complex combination of plant and animal products. Sapropels are unevenly distributed. Due to sliding processes, they are often not represented along the continental slope and along the slopes and axes of the submarine valleys. They are better preserved in leveled locations, where their thickness reaches 45-60 cm. The thickness of sapropels is most significant at the foot of the continental slope – 2 m.

Lower part of the sapropels was dated with more than 100 radiocarbon dates, by Dimitrov (1982), Jones & Gagnon, (1994), Ryan et al. (1997) and Dimitrov & Dimitrov (2004). All dates coincide in the frames of the experimental error, with the best age estimate of 7 160 ±50 radiocarbon years BP= 7 560 ±50 cal. yrs BP (Jones & Gagnon, 1994), which coincides with the age specified in (Ryan & Pitman, 1998) -7 550+/- 100 cal. years BP. It is believed, that lower part of the sapropels should identify the beginning of the catastrophic Flood (Ryan et al., 1997; Dimitrov & Dimitrov, 2004), so its age estimated from sapropels is 5 560 ±50 BC.

b. Formation of hydrogen sulfide zone in the Black Sea as result of decomposition of the giant sapropel deposits: Huge volumes of dead plankton, together with organic matter from the land, were deposited on the seafloor. At the same time, the incoming saline water “suffocated” the basin with the poisonous gas hydrogen sulfide, which was liberated from the decaying organic matter (Dimitrov and Dimitrov, 2004). As a result the Black Sea waters below ~200 m have been anoxic for the past 7 160 radiocarbon yrs (Jones and Gagnon, 1994).

c. Another approach of dating of the Black Sea Flood is by dating of the appearance of the first marine organisms after it. With the appearance of Mediterranean-type mollusk

species such as Cardium exiguum and Mytilus galloprovincialis at ~7.5 ka cal. BP, dinoflagellates shifted to full euryhaline assemblages (Wall & Dale, 1974; Atanassova, 1995; Majora et.al., 2006). Marine species of mollusks (Ryan et al, 1997) and dinoflagellates (Wall & Dale, 1974) appear subsequently close to the onset of sapropel formation at 7 560 ±50 cal. yrs BP (Jones & Gagnon, 1994).

d. The last approach of dating of the Black sea Flood is by dating of palynological records in sea cores. Cores that penetrated though the drape reveal a sharp basal contact between the overlying organic mud with its marine molluscs and an underlying sand of variable thickness, rich in Dreissena sp. detritus. Recent palynological and dinocyst analyses by Popescu et al.(s.p.) on samples from within these cores indicate an abrupt replacement of the Black Sea freshwater dinocysts by a Mediterranean population at 7150 Radiocarbon yrs BP 7550 cal BP = 5550 BC.

e. Seismic surveys indicate the presence of well preserved drowned beaches, sand dunes, and soils supporting the interpretations that the Black Sea was rapidly filled with marine water from the Mediterranean during the mid-Holocene (Dimitrov & Dimitrov, 2004, Lericolais et al., 2007)

2.2.Catastrophic rainfall Shopov et al., (1996) recorded

catastrophic rainfall at 5600-5500 years B.C. by rapid increasing of the growth rate of a Bulgarian speleothem in result of faster precipitation of the speleothem calcite produced by much greater rainfalls. Speleothem growth rate depend primary on feed water flow rate (Gonzalez et al. 1992, Shopov et al. 1994, Hill and Forti, 1997), which variations are determined by the rainfall. Higher rainfall dissolves more carbonate from the bedrock, which letter re-precipitates as more calcite on speleothem surface. The observed high linear correlation (r= +0.57) between the growth rate of the speleothems and the annual precipitation at the cave site



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(Shopov et al., 1996, 1997) allows quantitative reconstruction of the precipitation by measurement of the speleothem growth rate variations (Stoykova et al., 2005). By dense C-14 dating of a speleothem from Duhlata Cave, Bulgaria Shopov et al. (1996, 1997) found that during 5600-5500 cal. years B.C. its growth rate (averaged for 120 years) exceeds 53 times its recent value, suggesting that enormous precipitation flooded the Black Sea basin at that time. All C-14 dates of this speleothem were corrected for dead carbon fraction in each dating point in the speleothem using the most precise method for such correction (Shopov et al., 1997-b) by determination of the stable isotope ratio in the dated calcite samples. It was suggested that such catastrophic rainfall can be produced as a result of a rare collision of a big asteroid with the Sun (Shopov et al., 1997, 2004).

3. Evidence of Peoples in the Area and the Timing of their Migration: 3.1 Paleolinguistic evidences

The oldest inhabitants of the Black Sea coast were the ancient Indo- Europeans (Gimbutas, 1985; Kortlandt, 1990; Wiik, 1999). Indo- Arians divided from the Indo- Europeans and migrate to the Zagros Mts. and Iranian plateau (called Ariana) between VI-IV millennium B.C. and later invaded territories of Pakistan and North India along Indus and Ganges river valleys. To the east they reach the Ganges river delta (now in Bangladesh).

Before 5500 BC Indo- Europeans inhabited

significant part of the fresh-water Black Sea coast (Fig.2). Separation and differentiation of the Indo-Europeans in groups like German, Thracian, Illyrian, Greek, Arian, etc. tribes (Fig.3) started just after 5500 BC (Wiik, 1999), exactly after the Black Sea Flood as dated by the marine evidences. Therefore we can state that the differentiation of the Indo-Europeans and their migration out of the Balkan Peninsula was initiated by the Black Sea Flood (Shopov, 2001; Shopov and Yalamov, 2004; Shopov et al., 2007).

Famous Russian academician Derjavin (1946) and Marr (1925) using paleolinguistic analysis demonstrated that Protobulgarians are proto Indo-Europeans, i.e. they were formed as nationality before formation of Indo-Europeans. This means, that they were a part of the Indo-Europeans settled around the former Black sea cost. This allows us to use toponims formed from the ethnic names of the different branches of Protobulgarians as tracer of their migrations after the Black sea flood. Protobulgarian toponims suggest that they were in the part of the Indo-Europeans which migrated to Asia Minor (Shopov et al., 2005a) after the Flood.

3.2. Archaeological evidences

A unique ancient plate called “Noah’s plate” (Fig.4) was discovered by the manned submersible craft Argus in July 1985 on the bottom of the Black Sea about 100 meters below the sea surface in the region of the old shores in the shelf periphery, where Indo- Europeans used to live before the Flood. It was found in such geological settings which exclude any possibility that the plate fall from the sea surface. They suggest that this artifact was on the sea shore before the Black Sea Flood (Dimitrov & Dimitrov, 2004). So it is



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believed to be made and used by the pre- flood population of the Black Sea coast. So far nobody ever discovered any similar artifacts in means of its composition and technology of production. But even more interesting are signs of an ancient script on the surface of the “Noah’s plate” (Fig.5). They are quite similar to the oldest known scripts (Fig.6). These letters were scratched on the surface of the plate. Waddell (2004) found similar signs scratched upon the finished pottery of Vinča culture and interprets them as owners’ marks (tamga). 3 of the signs on the “Noah’s plate” coincide with those found by Waddell (2004) on Vincha pottery, while 8 other signs coincide with those found on many of the artefacts dating from between 6,000 to 4,500 BC excavated from sites in south-east Europe, in particular from Vinča near Belgrade (Ager, 1998). Totally 9 of the 23 signs on the “Noah’s plate” are identical with these from Vinča culture. This fact suggests that Vinča culture might be related to the pre-flood population from the flooded regions near the Black sea.

Haarmann (2003) states, that the oldest script in the world (the Tartaria tablets.), was found on the Balkans and dated it back to 5300 BC. This date is close to the estimated date of the leaving of the ancestors of the Bulgarians from Balkans. Figures 6. and 7. suggest that Bulgarians may carried this earliest script with them.

The combination of all presented evidences all dated at the same age provides solid motivation of the statement that the Biblical (Noah’s) Flood story describes a rare natural phenomenon that happened in the Black Sea region at 5600-5500 years B.C., which initiated separation, differentiation and migration of the Indo-Europeans.

Recent comparative genetic studies of many different European and East Indian nations of Indo European origin suggest that some European nations have common genetic origin with the population of North India (Calafell et al. 1996; Vernesi et al., 2004, Dimitrov, 2009).

Fig.4. “the Noah’s plate” – general view after

Dimitrov & Dimitrov (2004).

Fig.5. Symbols on the back side of the plate under UV light. They are difficult to see under visible light, because they are covered by a thin weathering crust. Photo by Y. Shopov

Genetic distances between studied Europeans are less than these between two casts in India leaving in the same region (Calafell et al. 1996). 7 nations living in Pakistan, 3 in India and 3 in Iran exibit presence of the haplotype U7 originated from Bulgarians (Quintana-Murci et al., 2004). Their territories coincide in 100% with the territories covered by toponames originated from Bulgarian ethnic names (Shopov, 2008) suggesting ancient Bulgarian settlements in this lands (fig.8,10) Another genetic marker- the haplotype U2 suggests back migration of Bulgarians from India to Europe (Dimitrov, 2009). This particularly strong genetic relation of Bulgarians and numerous nations leaving in N. India and Pakistan (Shopov, 2008) together with many other historic, archeological and linguistic data (Dobrev, 1995, Dimitrov, 2000-a, -b, 2002; Fol, 2001; Shopov et al, 2005a, 2005b, Shopov, 2007) demonstrate that



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Bulgarians were a part of the Vedic tribes invading India. So here we will use their migrations as trace of the migration of the Vedic tribes to India.

Fig.6. Comparative analysis of the signs on an underwater archaeological Neolithic artifact “Noah’s plate” and their analogs with those from other early civilizations from III- IV-th millennium BC. Sources of the letters are:

I – the “Noah’s plate”; II – Karanovo seal, Bulgaria; III –clay tablet from Gradeshnitza, Bulgaria; IV – Magurata cave inscriptions, Bulgaria; V – Sumerian script; VI – Egyptian script; VII – Indian script

Fig.7. Identical letter in the script of ancient

Bulgarians and other Neolithic scripts. Drawing by B. Shkodrov

(Shopov et al., 2007).

4. Extent of Ancient Peoples and Migrations 4.1 Materials and methods

In order to trace the ancient locations and migrations of the Kuti and the other ancient Indo- European branches we developed a new method for reconstruction of boundaries (or more precisely the maximal expansion) of ancient states by placing of the toponims and hydronames formed from their ethnic names on the map of the studied territories (Shopov et al, 2005a, Shopov, 2007).

This study is based on processing of 6 900 000 toponims and hydronames from GIS

and precise positioning of the established 4399 toponims and hydronames formed from the ethnic names of Bulgarians and their branches (Shopov et al, 2005a) on the maps of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afganistan, Uzbekistan and Iran.

Even now at modern migrations when one old name of a city or district appears at a new place it is always due to migration of population from the old place holding the same name. Therefore map of the North America is abundant with names of cities like London, Paris, Moskow, etc. because they had been founded by people coming from cities with the same names. Therefore historical science uses typical for one nation toponims as important indicators of its presence in a certain geographic region (Fol, 2001). Indeed ancient Bulgarians carried with them some characteristic toponims all the way from Balkans to Bangladesh and back (table 1, fig.8, 10). Written sources demonstrate that their migration along this path lasted at least 3100 years, but archaeological data suggest that it started far before the appearance of the Sumerian script and any historical records (Shopov et al, 2007) and may be initiated by the Black sea Flood.

Particularly high degree of certainty has toponims and hydronames formed from the ethnic names of a nation, its branches and clans. They give important information about the structure of the state in ancient times even before appearance of the first script. Therefore we developed a new method for reconstruction of the tribal structure of ancient states by placing of the toponims and hydronames formed from their tribal names on the map (Shopov et al, 2005a, Shopov, 2007).

4.2 Results

Bulgarians were not homogenous but consisted of well- defined branches or clans (Kutiguri (Kuti), Utiguri (Uti), Onoguri, Kuchi- Bulgar, Kupi- Bulgar and Kotrags), dynastic clans (Dulu- name originated from Persian word “daulat” meaning government). Each of these ethnonims produced hundreds of



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toponims and hydronames across India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Iran which tend to cluster in relatively small parts of these countries. Regions with abundant Bulgarian toponims (fig 8, 10) in Iran, India, Pakistan are well known as territories inhabited by the Vedic tribes and contain reach archeological remains of their culture (Shopov et al, 2005a, Shopov, 2007). Figure 8. Map of the 8448 toponims and hydronames formed from the ethnic names of Bulgarians and their branches or clans (Kutiguri (Kuti), Utiguri (Uti), Onoguri, Kuchi- Bulgar, Kupi- Bulgar, Kotrags, etc.), and dynastic clans (Dulu), outlying territories inhabited by Bulgarians in ancient times. Symbol “м” shows toponims formed on the base of the name Madar(a) related to a sanctuary build always by ancient Bulgarians when they conquer a new territory (Shopov, 2007). So it outlines their expansion across the continent. Regions outlined with different tint demonstrate boundaries of the maximal expansion of different ancient Bulgarian settlements or states existing in different periods of time. Fast migrations without settlement do not produce toponims (Shopov, 2007).

Figure 9. Map of the habitat of the Vedic tribes after (The History and Culture of the Indian People, 1968).

Legend*: Kutiguri (Kuti) -к Duchi- Bulgar -D Kotrag -m Kuchi- Bulgar -k Kupi- Bulgar -n Onoguri -о Dulu -л Urguri -u Bulgar -б Utiguri (Uti) -x Burdjan -Б * Etnic names Bulgar, Burdjan and Dulu (dynastic clan) are common to all Bulgarians and their branches so they are found in most territories of the different Bulgarians branches. Figure 10. Map of the toponims and hydronames formed from the ethnic names of Bulgarians and their branches or clans (Kutiguri (Kuti), Utiguri (Uti), Onoguri, Urguri, Kuchi- Bulgar, Kupi- Bulgar, Duchi- Bulgar and Kotrags), and dynastic clans (Dulu), outlying territories inhabited by Bulgarians in the same portion of the map as the one presented on Figure 9 (Shopov, et. al, 2009). Regions outlined with different tint demonstrate boundaries of the maximal expansion of different clans of ancient



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Bulgarians existing in different periods of time. It is clear that except in the Delhi region some of the clans were separated in different settlements, i.e. all Kuti moved north to Bacrtia, but all Kotrags east to Bangladesh. Similar separation of the Vedic tribes is described in Mahabharata as result of the epic war described there. Therefore it can be assumed as a proof that Bulgarian clans were heavily involved in this war. Further arguments supporting this suggestion is the name of one of the leading Vedic kings in this war -Kuru , which is almost the same as that of the 12th king of the Kuti (Guti) dynasty in Sumer- Kurum (Hoeh,1962). The name of the second leading Vedic king in this war -Pandu is still in use in Bulgaria and generated several Bulgarian family names (Pandev, Pandiev, Pandov, Pandursky, etc). Table 1. Toponims and hydronames formed on the base of Kuti (Guti) in Iran, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Russia and Bulgaria. Historically it has been carried by migrations from Iran → (Pakistan→ India→ Bangladesh)→ Russia→ Bulgaria (Shopov, 2001).

Iran Pakistan India

Bangladesh

Russia Bulgaria

Kuti*, Kutena, Gutin

Kutian,

Kutir, Kutna Kutgurg Kutur

Kuti, Kuti kili ** , Kuthian Kutia, Kute

Kuti, Kuthi, Kuthia Kutiyana

Kuti 3, Kuthi4 Kutiura,

Kuti 2, Kutino3 Kutkhiani Kutina*2, Kutievo

Kutino Kutina Kutina, Kutovo Kutugertsi, Kutugeron Kututsi

* Hydroname. Hydronames are usually much older than toponims

** kili means towers in Hindi and Urdu spoken in Pakistan, i.e. Kuti kili means Kuti’s towers

Systematic inversions of the ethnic name of Bulgarians- B’lgar (Bulgar) in Indo- Arian environment are presented here:

Ukrainians still call Bulgarians “Balhari”, but Balhara was the name of one of the royal dynasties in India.

We studied ceramic fragments left by Kuti (fig. 12) found at these locations (Shopov et al, 2007) and compared them with older Early Neolithic (pre- Flood) ceramics found in Bulgaria (fig. 13, 14, 15). Using the drawing patterns on these artifacts we found that Kuti or more likely their ancestors were leaving in Bulgaria in the first half of the 6-th millennium BC and letter migrated south perhaps in result of the Flood. They established settlements in Zagros Mts in Iran in the beginning of the 4-th millennium BC. Maybe Erridu- pizir considered these territories as “land of Kuti” (Hilprecht, 1910).

We found 210 toponims and hydronames formed on the base of Kuti in Iran. We studied the morphology of these ancient Bulgarian ethnonims. They are compared with Kuti toponims in Bulgaria and in the ancient states of Volga Bulgar and the Great Bulgar, and with synthetic toponims (Table 1) formed from the same base with the same suffixes as these forming the toponims in Bulgaria (Shopov et al, 2008). This way we determined the different Bulgarian toponims in Iran, which coincide with the theoretical (synthetic) Bulgarian toponims. 68 of them still exist not only in Iran, but also in Bulgaria, the Great Bulgar or Volga Bulgar territories (now in Ukraine and Russia).

Pronunciation of the ethnic name Bulgar by Indo-Arian speaking people:

Bulgar ↓ a ↓ Balgar(a) ↓ Balghar(a) ↓



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There are 2251 toponims and hydronames in Pakistan formed from the ethnic names of Bulgarians and their branches or clans, 647 such toponames in India and 186 in Bangldadesh (Shopov, 2007). This suggests prolong settlement of Bulgarians in these lands as far as most of these toponames are names of cities or villages. We found also many toponims in Iran, which coincide with the names of the major cities and peaks in Bulgaria, which were named by ancient Bulgarians (Varna, Burgas, Madara, etc.). Some of them form the name of up to 43 different places in Iran each (they are repeated in up to 43 toponims each).

59 Vedic gods still remain in Bulgarian mythology, language, family names and toponims, some of them with all their 7 synonyms which are the same in Bulgarian and Sanskrit language (Shopov et al., 2002). Their presence in Bulgaria indicates that Vedic religion is incorporated very, very deep in Bulgarian traditions and mythology.

Figure 11. Location of one of the toponims originated from the ethnic name of Bulgarians in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, India. This state is well known as one of the habitats of the Vedic tribes. Images by Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. (2006)

Figure 12. Ceramics of Kutians found

at Godin tepe V (left ) and Sialk tepe (right) 67 Bulgarian family (relatives) terms

correspond by functions and pronunciation to 24 such terms in Russian (only in dialects), 42 in Hindi (Shopov et al., 2005b) and 167 in Urdu! Such terms are distributed only by mixed marriages. Russia assimilated the population of the vast Volga Bulgar kingdom after XIV-th century AD, but even this assimilation did not left in Russian so much of these important terms- indicators of genetic mixing (large scale mixes marriages) as in the North India.

Figure 13. Ceramics found in

Gradeshnitsa (left) and Gulubnik III (right), Bulgaria, dated before the Black sea flood

(5500 BC)



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Figure 14. Ceramics found in Early Neolithic settlement in Ilindentsi, Bulgaria (top left), which corresponds chronologically (6200-5500 B.C.) to Karanovo I (top right) and ceramics from Stara Zagora, Bulgaria (VI millennium B.C.)

Figure 15. Ceramics from Neolithic Chavdar culture, Bulgaria 6200-5400 BC

Comment to Table 2:

- Synthetic Bulgarian toponims are theoretical toponims formed on the base of a Bulgarian branch name and a suffix known to form frequently Bulgarian toponims. - In Iranian toponims sounds O and U are freely interchangeable because the name of a particular city is pronounced with O instead of U and reverse by different people. - In Iranian toponims letters K and G are freely interchangeable in toponims starting with Ku and Gu due to the same letter recording sounds Ku- and Gu- in the Akkadian inscriptions used by Kuti (Laessoe, 1963). So Gutiru= Kutiru etc.

Table 2. Iranian and Bulgarian toponims and hydronames formed on the base of ethnonim

Kuti (Guti) Legend: x The affix –abad means city in Farsi + Sar means head, including head of the country (tsar) in Farsi, i.e. Kuti Sar means “king of Kuti” * Hydroname. Hydronames are usually much older than toponims. They are given in Italic ** Origin of the suffixes in Bulgarian toponims after Shopov et al (2008)



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suffix origin eh (It, 12pt) Iranian al (13 pt) Sanskrit iya (bold, 12pt) Indo-Aryan ik (bold, 13pt) common in Sanskrit

and Indo-Aryan ek(It,13pt) Iranian proto-Sanskrit

Ирански протосанскр. er(b, 13pt) Iranian proto Indo-Aryan en(b,It,13) Iranian proto-Sanskrit Iranian proto Indo-

5. Discussion The timing of the Biblical Noah’s Flood

as determined by Catastrophic rainfall and Black Sea Flood as determined by marine evidences and the timing of the start of the massive migration out of the Black Sea region (fig.2, 3; Wiik, 1999) coincides in the frames of the experimental error and is the same as the beginning of the Bible chronology (Creation of the World), i. e. 5500 years B.C. and also as the beginning of the Byzantine and Bulgarian calendars (5505 years B.C.) as determined by Mishev (2001). At that time all Indo- Europeans (including the ancestors of the ancient Greeks and Bulgarians) were settled at the Black Sea coast (Gimbutas, 1985; Kortlandt, 1990), so it is quite reasonable to presume that their chronology starts from the Black Sea Flood as far as this was the most dramatic natural phenomena they faced in their history. It is reasonable to suggest that the migration out of the Black Sea region was initiated by the Black Sea Flood as far as it flooded a significant part of this densely populated region (fig.1). This submerging of 160 000 square kilometers was caused by a rapid rise of the Black Sea level with about 100 meters (Ryan et al. 1997, Ryan & Pitman, 1998, Dimitrov and Dimitrov, 2004). It left homeless and without food supply great part of the Indo- Europeans settled around the former sea coast. Therefore this most dramatic disaster in the human history forced them to migrate out of this dangerous region (fig.2). This way the Black Sea Flood played major role in the Indo Europeans history. The giant extent and consequences of this disaster along with

the stunning coincidence of the dating of all processes discussed above allows relating of the Black Sea Flood to the Biblical (Noah's) Flood.

Fig. 6 demonstrates that all oldest scripts have common origin, which was most probably located around the Black Sea coast. Later script was spread around by migrations of people from this ancient settlement.

6. Conclusions In conclusion we provided vast range of

data demonstrating that the Biblical (Noah’s) Flood story describes a natural phenomenon that happened in the Black Sea region at 5600-5500 years B.C., which initiated separation and differentiation of the Indo-Europeans in groups like German, Thracian, Illyrian, Greek, Arian, etc. tribes. It initiated the migration of Vedic tribes to India. Migrations from the Black sea due to the flooding of the region were extensive and far reaching.

Presented data suggest that the Black Sea Flood may have been the Biblical Flood.

Black Sea Flood triggered an out-migration from the Black Sea area into India with major repercussions for present population characteristics as established by comparative genetic studies ((Calafell et al. 1996; Vernesi et al., 2004; Quintana-Murci et al., 2004; Shopov, 2008; Dimitrov, 2009).

7. Acknowledgements This research has been funded by grant 02-337

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За контакти: 1. доц. д-р Явор Шопов, Софийски Университет,

Institute of Ancient Civilizations, [email protected], [email protected]

2. Тодор Ялъмов, Institute of Ancient Civilizations, Dimitar Manov 74-b, Sofia 1408, Bulgaria

3. проф. д-р Петко Стоянов Димитров, ИМСТЦХА – БАН, [email protected]

4. доц. д-р Димитър Петков Димитров, ИО – БАН, [email protected]

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