Inicio Rapido-undwedge Tutorial

Tutorial 1 | Quick Start

Topics covered:• Project Settings • Defining the Opening Section • Tunnel Properties • Joint Orientations • Joint Properties • 3D Wedge View • Viewing and Display Options • Wedge Analysis Information• Data Tips • Info Viewer • End Wedges

Unwedge v. 4.0

Unwedge v. 4.0 Tutorial Manual Tutorial 1: Quick Start

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This “quick start” tutorial will introduce you to some of the basic features of Unwedge, and demonstrate how easily a model can be created and analyzed with Unwedge. The model represents an underground cavern for a hydroelectric power generation project.

The finished product of this tutorial can be found in the Tutorial 01 Quick Start.weg file. On Windows 7 and 8 the folder path is:

C:\Users\Public\Public Documents\Rocscience\Unwedge 4.0 Examples\tutorials

Program Assumptions

There are several important assumptions and limitations which must be considered when using Unwedge:

• Unwedge should be used to analyse wedge failure around excavations constructed in hard rock, where discontinuities are persistent, and where stress induced failure does not occur. It is assumed that displacements take place at the discontinuities, and that the wedges move as rigid bodies with no internal deformation or cracking.

• The wedges are tetrahedral in nature, and defined by three intersecting discontinuities. A maximum of three structural planes can be analysed at one time. If more than three major planes are identified for the analysis of the structural data, then all combinations of these planes should be considered.

• All of the discontinuity surfaces are assumed to be perfectly planar.

• Discontinuity surfaces are assumed to be persistent and to extend through the volume of interest, therefore the discontinuities defining the wedge do not terminate within the region where the wedges are formed. The implication is that no new cracking is required in the analysis of wedge movement.

• The discontinuities are considered to be ubiquitous: in other words, they can occur at any location in the rock mass.

• The underground excavation is assumed to have a constant cross section along its axis.

• The default analysis is based upon the assumption that the wedges are subjected to gravitational loading only, due to the wedge weight (i.e. the stress field in the rock mass surrounding the excavation is not taken into account). While this assumption leads to some inaccuracy in the analysis, the error is generally conservative, leading to a lower factor of safety. However, you may include the effect of in-situ stress on the wedges with the Field Stress option.

• Unwedge always initially calculates the maximum sized wedges which can form around the excavation. To scale down the size of the wedges according to actual field observations (e.g. observed joint trace lengths), use the Scale Wedges option.

If you have not already done so, run the Unwedge program by double-clicking on the Unwedge icon in your installation folder. Or from the Start menu, select Programs > Rocscience > Unwedge 4.0 > Unwedge.

If the Unwedge application window is not already maximized, maximize it now, so that the full screen is available for viewing the model.

The Model

Introduction


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Note that when the Unwedge program is started, a new blank document is already opened, allowing you to begin creating a model immediately.

Select the Project Settings button from the toolbar or:

Select: Analysis > Project Settings

The Project Settings dialog allows you to select a unit system, analysis type, as well as design standard options which will be explored in future tutorials.

There are two main analysis types in Unwedge – deterministic and probabilistic. By default a deterministic analysis will be selected for a new file.

A deterministic analysis assumes that all input parameters are “exactly” known. Unwedge then computes the factors of safety for each wedge. Deterministic analysis will be demonstrated in this tutorial.

For a probabilistic analysis, statistical input data can be entered to account for uncertainty in the likes of joint orientation and strength values. This results in a safety factor distribution for each wedge. Probabilistic analysis will be demonstrated in a subsequent tutorial.

Ensure the units are set to Metric, stress as MPa. Ensure the analysis type is Deterministic and the Compute End Wedges box is checked. Select OK.

Project Geometry

We will start by creating the 2-dimensional cross-section of the excavation you wish to analyze. The cross-section can either be imported as a DXF file, or defined within the program, using the Add Opening Section option. For this tutorial, we will use the Add Opening Section option.

Ensure you are in the Opening Section view, using the drop-down menu on the toolbar, or the Select View sub-menu of the View menu.

Select: View > View Limits and enter 250, 300 for the Minimimum X, Y Coordinates and 280, 330 for the Maximum X, Y Coordinates. Select OK.

Select the Add Opening Section button from the toolbar or:

Select: Boundaries > Add Opening Section

Enter the following coordinates in the prompt line at the bottom right of the screen. Press Enter at the end of each line, to enter each coordinate pair, or single letter text command (e.g. “a” for arc or “c” for close).

Enter vertex [t=table, i=circle, esc=cancel]: tEnter the following and select OK:

X Y

264.5 303

273 303

273 306

277.5 306

277.5 317Enter vertex [...]: a


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Select 3 points on arc. Enter number of segments in arc: 12. Select OK.Enter second arc point [esc=cancel]: 271 320Enter third arc point [esc=cancel]: 264.5 317Enter vertex [...]: c

By entering “c” at the last prompt, the boundary is automatically closed (i.e. the last vertex is joined to the first vertex). Note that arcs in Unwedge are actually made up of a series of straight line segments. The Arc option and other useful shortcuts are also available in the right-click menu, while you are defining the opening section.

The opening section boundary should be automatically zoomed to the center of the view. If it is not, select Zoom All from the toolbar (or press the F2 function key) to zoom the excavation to the center of the view.

Next we must define Tunnel Properties, Joint Orientations, and Joint Properties.

To define the Tunnel Properties, Joint Orientations and Joint Properties, select the Input Data option from the toolbar or the Analysis menu.

Select: Analysis > Input Data

We will first define the Tunnel Properties. Select the General tab in the Input Data dialog.

Enter Trend = 45 and Plunge = 0 for the Tunnel Axis Orientation. Make sure the rock Unit Weight is 0.027 MN/m3. Make sure the Seismic Force box is NOT selected.

Tunnel and Joint Properties

Figure 1 Excavation boundary defined in Opening Section View.


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We will now enter the Joint Orientations. Select the Joint Orientations tab in the Input Data dialog. Default joint orientation data will be displayed. Enter the following Dip / Dip Direction for the 3 joints, as shown.

Joint 1 = 60/30, Joint 2 = 60/150, Joint 3 = 60/270.


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Notice the stereonet at the right of the dialog, which displays the great circles corresponding to the current joint orientation data. Also note that the Tunnel Axis Orientation (dotted line) is displayed on the stereonet. The stereonet can also be viewed from the drop-down menu on the toolbar.

We will now define the Joint Properties. Select the Joint Properties tab in the Input Data dialog. We will define two joint property types – smooth and rough.

1. Rename the default joint type to “rough joint” (this is entered in the Name box).

2. Enter Mohr-Coulomb properties for the rough joint of Phi = 35 degrees, Cohesion = 0.01 MPa. Leave all other rough joint properties at the default settings.

3. To create a new joint property type, select the green plus button.

4. Rename the new joint type to “smooth joint”

5. Enter Mohr-Coulomb properties for the smooth joint of Phi = 20 degrees, Cohesion = 0. Leave all other joint properties at the default settings.

6. Now we need to assign the joint property types to the joints. Return to the Joint Orientations tab. Notice that all the joints are automatically assigned the first (rough joint) property.

7. We will retain the rough joint property for joint 1, and assign the smooth joint property to joints 2 and 3. Use the mouse to click in the Joint Properties column for joints 2 and 3, and assign the smooth joint property, as shown in the figure below.

8. Select OK in the Input Data dialog to save all of the information we have entered.

We are now finished entering input data for this example, and can proceed to view the results of the analysis.


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When using deterministic analysis, Unwedge automatically computes the wedge stability analysis whenever data is entered or modified, so in general, it is not necessary to select the Compute option. As long as the Opening Section has been defined, results can be immediately viewed at any time.

The 3D Wedge View is usually the first screen you will want to look at. To switch to the 3D Wedge View, select the 3D Wedge View option from the drop-down menu on the toolbar, or from the View menu:

Select: View > Select View > 3D Wedge View

You should see the following screen:

As you can see, the 3D Wedge View presents 4 views of the model:

• a 3-dimensional Perspective view

• three orthogonal views, in this case Top, Front and Side views of the excavation.

By default, all possible Perimeter Wedges will be displayed in the 3D Wedge View.

We will now discuss some of the viewing options and shortcuts for the 3D Wedge View. For more information see the Unwedge Help topics.

Analysis Results

Figure 2 3D wedge view.


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Manipulating the Model

Rotating the Model

Within the Perspective view, the Unwedge model can be rotated for viewing at any angle, interactively with the left mouse button, as follows:

1. Press and hold the left mouse button anywhere in the Perspective view. Notice that the cursor changes to a “circular arrow” symbol to indicate that you may rotate the model.

2. Keep the left mouse button pressed, and move the cursor around. The model is rotated according to the direction of movement of the cursor.

3. To exit the rotation mode, release the left mouse button. The cursor reverts to the normal arrow cursor.

To reset the rotation to the default viewing angle, select the Reset Rotation option from the Sidebar or the right-click menu. This will reset the viewing angle of the excavation within the Perspective view to the default viewing angle for the wedges which are currently displayed.

Moving the Wedges

The wedges can be interactively moved from their default positions around the excavation.

• Individual wedges can be moved, or all wedges can be translated simultaneously.

• The wedges can be moved into, or away from the excavation.

• The direction of movement is always the sliding direction for each wedge.

There are several different ways in which the user can interactively move the wedges:

• Use the mouse to click or drag the Wedge Translation slider control in the sidebar.

• Rotate the mouse wheel while holding down the Shift or Ctrl keys on the keyboard (Shift key for larger increments, Ctrl key for smaller increments)

• Individual wedges can be moved by clicking and dragging them with the left mouse button (place the cursor over the desired wedge, and when the cursor changes to an arrow symbol, click and drag the mouse).


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To restore the wedges to their default position, select the Reset Wedge Movement option from the sidebar or the right-click menu, or double-click the middle mouse button in any view.

Wedge Visibility

The Wedge Visibility option in the Sidebar allows you to select which wedges are visible in the 3D Wedge View. You can view:

• All wedges

• Perimeter wedges only

• End wedges only

• Any individual wedge

• Wedges with factor of safety less than the design value

• Any user defined combination of wedges

For example:

• Click on the Wedge Visibility drop-list in the sidebar and select the Lower Left wedge, and your screen should look similar to the following figure.

• Select the All Wedges option, and you will see all possible wedges, including Perimeter and End Wedges. Select the Perimeter Wedges option to display only the Perimeter wedges once again.

Note: End Wedges are discussed later in this tutorial.

Figure 3 Wedges moved away from excavation.


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Resizing the Views

You can change the relative size of the panes or sub-views (Top / Front / Side / Perspective), or maximize any view, within the 3D Wedge View.

• To maximize the size of any pane, double-click the left mouse button in the pane (e.g. double-click in the Perspective view to maximize the Perspective view). Double-clicking again in the maximized view will restore the default display of all 4 panes.

• You can also re-size the 4-view display by clicking and dragging on the vertical or horizontal dividers between the panes.

If you have re-sized the panes and you want to quickly restore the default display, double-click in any pane to maximize the view, then double-click again to restore the default display.

Zoom and Pan

Zooming and panning is available on all views of the model (e.g. 2D views such as the Opening Section View, and 3D views such as the 3D Wedge View). The zoom and pan options are:

• Zoom All - reset the model to its default size and location in the view

• Zoom In - zoom in to 90 % of the original area

• Zoom Out - zoom out to 111% of the original area

• Pan - translate the model left, right, up or down within the view

Figure 4 Display of single wedge.


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The zoom and pan options are available in the toolbar, the Zoom sub-menu of the View menu, and through various keyboard and mouse shortcuts. Shortcuts include:

• Rotate the mouse wheel forward or backward to zoom in or out.

• The function keys F2, F4 and F5 are shortcuts to Zoom All, Zoom Out and Zoom In respectively.

• If you hold down the Shift key while using any zoom option, all 4 views of the 3D Wedge View will be zoomed simultaneously.

• A shortcut to Pan is to click and hold the middle mouse button (mouse wheel) and drag to pan the model within the view.

For more information see the Zoom and Pan help topic.

Tools Menu

The tools menu can be used on any of the two dimensional views (Opening Section, Perimeter Support Designer, End Support Designer) to add annotations such as dimensions, arrows, notes, and others. It will be left as an exercise to the user to try the different tools provided.

Wedge Information

Detailed analysis results (e.g. safety factor, wedge weight, wedge volume, joint trace lengths, sliding direction etc.) are available for all wedges computed by Unwedge. The wedge information is available in several different locations within the program, for example:

• in the Wedge Info panel in the Sidebar

• as popup Data Tips (hover the mouse over a wedge to see the wedge information for that wedge)

• in the Info Viewer

Wedge Info Panel

The Wedge Info panel in the Sidebar displays the wedge analysis results for all visible wedges.

• Wedges are identified by name and number. Also, the colour of the text in the Wedge Information panel corresponds to the colour of each wedge.

• Information is displayed for visible wedges only (i.e. the wedges displayed according to the Wedge Visibility option).

Examine the wedge information for this model. Note that the safety factor for most of the wedges is less than 1, indicating that support would be needed to stabilize the wedges. Addition of support will be covered in a subsequent tutorial.

More Results


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Wedge Information Filter:

The information which is displayed in the Wedge Info panel can be customized with the Wedge Information Filter dialog.

1. Select the Filter List button in the Sidebar.

2. You can choose which information to display in the Wedge Info panel by selecting the desired checkboxes in the Wedge Information Filter dialog, shown below.

The Wedge Information Filter option also determines the wedge information which is displayed by Data Tips or the Info Viewer, as described in the next sections.

Figure 5 Wedge info panel highlighted in sidebar.


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Data Tips

Data Tips are a very handy feature of Unwedge, which allow you to graphically access information about input parameters and analysis results, by hovering the mouse over the desired entities on the screen. This will display a popup box with information about the object. The following information can be displayed as Data Tips:

• wedge information for each wedge

• joint properties

• support properties (bolts, shotcrete, pressure)

• coordinates of Opening Section vertices

For example, if you hover the mouse over any wedge, you will see the analysis information for that wedge, as shown in the following figure.

The Data Tips option is usually ON by default. However, it can be set to Minimum or Off in the Data Tips sub-menu of the View menu. If you do not see any Data Tips, then go to the View menu and set the Data Tips option to Maximum.

Figure 6 Wedge information filter dialog.


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Another useful tip to remember is the following:

• If you right-click directly on any wedge, and select the Show Joint Colours option from the popup menu, the joint colours will be displayed on each wedge plane.

• If you now hover the mouse over any wedge plane, the Joint Properties will be displayed, as shown in the following figure.

Figure 7 Popup data tip displays wedge analysis information.

Figure 8 Popup data tip displays joint information for wedge.


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Right-click again on any wedge, and turn the Show Joint Colours option OFF. The Show Joint Colours option is also available in the General tab of the Display Options dialog. In the dialog, you can also customize the colours used to display the joints.

Info Viewer

The Info Viewer provides a comprehensive summary of model input data and analysis results, in an easy-to-follow text listing. The information displayed in the Info Viewer can be filtered according to user preferences. It can also be saved by the user in a variety of ways, for including in reports etc.

To access the Info Viewer, select the Info Viewer option from the toolbar, or from the Analysis menu.

Select: Analysis > Info Viewer

The side bar on the right provides options for filtering the information display, and right-clicking provides options for saving the information to a file. This is left as an optional exercise for the user to experiment with.

Return to the 3D Wedge View by clicking on the 3D Wedge View tab on the bottom left of the screen.

Figure 9 Info Viewer summary of analysis information.


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End Wedges

There are two main types of wedges determined by Unwedge: Perimeter Wedges and End Wedges.

• The Perimeter Wedges are the wedges which can form around the perimeter of the excavation.

• The End Wedges are the wedges which can form at either end of the excavation.

So far in this tutorial we have only looked at the Perimeter Wedges. In the 3D Wedge View, the End Wedges can be displayed by selecting the desired option from the Wedge Visibility drop-list in the sidebar. For example, select the End Wedges option from the Wedge Visibility drop-list, and you should see the following figure.

NOTE:

• Depending on your joint and tunnel orientations, End Wedges may or may not exist.

• End Wedges can also be displayed by selecting the End Wedges option from the drop-down menu on the toolbar. This displays each end wedge in its own perspective view.

• If the Opening Section axis has a vertical plunge, then the End Wedges will be roof and floor wedges.

Figure 10 End Wedges displayed in the 3D Wedge view.


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By default, Unwedge will calculate End Wedges. If you are only interested in Perimeter Wedges, then you can turn OFF the calculation of End Wedges in the Project Settings dialog, by clearing the Compute End Wedges checkbox. In general, this should not be necessary. However, in some situations (e.g. if you are using the Tunnel Axis Plot option to optimize the tunnel orientation), the computation will be faster if you turn OFF the calculation of End Wedges.

Multi Perspective View

Another viewing option in Unwedge is the Multi Perspective View. This view displays all possible wedges (including End Wedges), each in its own individual perspective view.

To switch to this view, select the Multi Perspective View option from the drop-down menu on the toolbar, or the Select View sub-menu of the View menu.

Select: View > Select View > Multi Perspective

Notice that in the Multi Perspective View, information for each wedge is displayed directly in the viewing pane for the wedge. The viewing properties of the Multi Perspective view are very similar to the 3D Wedge view (e.g. double click in any pane to maximize the pane, etc).

Switch back to the 3D Wedge View, by selecting it from the drop-down menu on the toolbar.

Figure 11 Wedges displayed in Multi Perspective View.


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Display Options

Before we conclude this tutorial, we will mention the Display Options dialog. The Display Options provide a great variety of options for customizing the appearance of the model. Each view (e.g. 3D wedge views, Opening Section view, Support view) has different associated display options.

You can select Display Options from the toolbar or the View menu.

Select: View > Display Options

It is recommended that you experiment with the Display Options dialog to become familiar with all of the different options.

TIP: To make the current Display Options the program default values, select the Defaults button and choose “Make current settings the default”.

This concludes this Quick Start tutorial.