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UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND VETERINARY
MEDICINE CLUJ-NAPOCA
DOCTORAL SCHOOL
FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGIES
Ing. MOLDOVAN IOAN RADU
SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORATE THESIS
RESEARCH ON THE FATTENING TECHNOLOGY AND
IMPROVEMENT EFFECT IN BEEF PRODUCTION OF
GENUINE BREEDS CROSSED WITH ABERDEEN ANGUS
BREED
Developed by engineer Moldovan Ioan Radu, under the scientific
coordination of Prof. MURESAN GHEORGHE Ph.D. Engineer, from the
University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Faculty
of Animal Science and Biotechnologies.
SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR
Prof. MUREŞAN GHEORGHE Ph.D. Engineer
CLUJ NAPOCA
2012
4
Contents PREAMBLE .................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................... 12
THE IMPORTANCE OF BREEDING BEEF COWS ................................................. 12
1.1. THE IMPORTANCE OF BEEF ......................................................................... 13
CHAPTER II.................................................................................................................. 18
ACTUALITY AND PERSPECTIVE IN BEEF COWS BREEDING AND
EXPLOITATION .......................................................................................................... 18
2.1. THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL BEEF PRODUCTION STATUS .... 18
2.2. THE DYNAMICS OF BEEF CONSUMPTION .................................................... 24
2.3. THE CONFIGURATION OF CATTLE EFFECTIVES ........................................ 26
2.4. DIRECTIONS IN THE WAY OF BEEF PRODUCTION ..................................... 36
CHAPTER III ................................................................................................................ 38
THE MAIN CATTLE BREEDS USED FOR BEEF PRODUCTION IN EUROPE .. 38
CHAPTER IV ............................................................................................................... 44
TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF FATTENING ...................... 44
4.1. PROCEDURES OF BREEDING AND FATTENING CALVES IN DIFFERENT
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES .......................................................................................... 46
4.2. AGENTS INFLUENCING BEEF PRODUCTION................................................ 53
CHAPTER V ................................................................................................................. 56
THE PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH.............................................. 56
5.1. THE NECESITY AND PURPOSE OF RESEARCH............................................. 56
5.2. THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES .......................................... 60
5.3. GEOGRAPHICAL, CLIMATIC, SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS
IN THE AREA OF RESEARCH .................................................................................. 61
CHAPTER VI ................................................................................................................ 63
RESEARCH CONCERNING THE FATTENING OF CALVES TOWARDS
IMPROVING THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BEEF .................................... 63
6.1. BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL AND THE WORKING METHOD........................... 63
6.2. THE DESCRIPTION OF THE FARM WHERE THE RESEARCH TOOK PLACE
..................................................................................................................................... 68
5
6.3. RESULTS CONCERNING THE BREEDING DYNAMICS AS A RESULT OF
FATTENING CALVES WITHIN AN INTENSIVE SYSTEM .................................... 75
6.3.1. The main technical and economical indices for the half-breed calves of Bălţată
Românească X Aberdeen Angus ............................................................................... 76
6.3.2. The main technical and economical indices for the half-breed calves of Brună
de Maramureş X Aberdeen Angus ............................................................................ 88
6.3.3. The main technical and economical indices for the half-breed calves of Bălţată
cu Negru Românească X Aberdeen Angus .............................................................. 100
6.3.4. The main techical and economical indices for the half-breed calves of F1 X
Aberdeen Angus ..................................................................................................... 112
6.3.5. Comparative results concerning the productive potential towards beef
production............................................................................................................... 123
6.3.5.1. The difference and its importance on the peculiarities between the
experimental lots ................................................................................................ 136
CHAPTER VII ............................................................................................................. 141
RESEARCH ON THE QUALITY OF CARCASSES OBTAINED FROM THE F1
HALF-BREEDS, AS A RESULT OF CROSS-BREEDING ABERDEEN ANGUS
WITH LOCAL BREEDS ............................................................................................ 141
7.1. THE BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL STUDIED AND THE WORKING METHODS
................................................................................................................................... 142
7.2. RESULTS CONCERNING QUALITY INDICES AFTER AND BEFORE
SLAUGHTERING ..................................................................................................... 144
7.2.1.The quality of the carcasses obtained from the cross-breeds of Bălţată
Românească X Aberdeen Angus ............................................................................. 146
7.2.2. The quality of carcasses obtained from the cross-breeds of Brună de Maramureş
X Aberdeen Angus ................................................................................................. 154
7.2.3. The quality of the carcasses obtained from the cross-breeds of Bălţată cu Negru
Românească X Aberdeen Angus ............................................................................. 162
7.2.4. The quality of the carcasses obtained from the cross-breeds of F1 X A.A. .... 169
7.2.5. Combination ability of the local breeds with Aberdeen Angus beef breed .... 177
6
7.2.5.1. The difference and its importance on the peculiarities between the
experimental lots ................................................................................................ 184
CHAPTER VIII ........................................................................................................... 197
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION ........................................................ 197
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ 205
1
The study “RESEARCH ON THE FATTENING TECHNOLOGY AND
IMPROVEMENT EFFECT IN BEEF PRODUCTION OF GENUINE BREEDS
CROSSED WITH ABERDEEN ANGUS BREED” consists of two parts structured
in eight chapters.
The present study, in the first part of bibliographical analysis, aims to
marking out the current situation and the problems in breeding beef cows, both at
national and international levels, as well as their breeding and exploiting
perspectives.
The second part is dedicated to knowledge and thoroughgoing of some
aspects reffering to beef breeding cows, undelying the advantages of the industrial
crossings between Aberdeen Angus breed and the genuine breeds, and their
offspring.
This is the context in which the present research was done, and the main idea
of it was that of efficiently combining the scientific foundation character with the
applied one, as far as beef cows breeding and exploitation is concerned. It was also
taken into account that beef breeds crossings represnts a breeding method that lead
to a rapid increase of beef production, without excessive investment and immediate
results.
Within the specific topic approached, the main objective is to perform
comparative research on increasing beef production, and slaughter yield, by simple
industrial crossings between Baltata Romaneasca, Bruna de Maramures, Baltata cu
Negru Romaneasca genuine breeds, and Aberdeen Angus beef breed.
The first part of the doctoral thesis has four chapters, which contain an ample
study about the present and future situation that characterize the global beef cow
breeding, and especially in Romania, seen through human society’s development
and evolution in time, according to areas and economical situation.
Chapter 1 presents the importance of breeding beef cows and the importance
of this branch in assuring a complex food and population’s health, in fighting
malnutrition and protein hunger. Therefore, cattle provide a great and various
volume of productions and animal products, of great importance for the
population’s consumption and raw materials for the manufacturing industry.
2
Cattle’s main function is to assure the means of subsistence that human
needs. Hereby, cattle provide 96% of the total milk volume that is worldwide
consumed, 33% of the meat volume, and 90% of the heavy leather processed in
industry.
The attention given lately to cattle, as important provision in increasing beef
production, was determined by the followings:
- refinement of varieties of cheap feed (green mass, fibrous, coarse),
and some agriculture subproducts;
- meat represents food that excels in nutritional and biological value;
- meat production that is being obtain nowadays is far from the real
potential that the species can offer.
As far as beef cow breeding and exploitation in countries having an
advanced animal science is concerned, this process is being done in small, middle
and big farms, with a bent for growing the number of the great-sized exploitations,
simultaneous with production concentration, specialization, and intensification.
Chapter 2 offers an ample description and analysis of the present and future
situation concerning beef cow breeding, worldwide and in Romania.
At the global level, beef production has increased with about 17% between
1990 and 2010, determined by: the growing body mass slaughter and the slaughter
yield, the remission of the productive performances and continuous improvement of
maintaining and feeding technologies, proper for the category in view.
It can be determined that the rate and the tendency of growth varies in large
limits, from one continent to another, with differences that reflect the distinct
ecological, economic and social conditions.
The meat production growing curve records good values in Asia (267%),
Africa (199%), Central America (151%), and lower values in South America
(136%), Oceania (127%), and North America (117%). In large beef producing
countries (European countries) the rate dropped significantly, reaching in 2010
11034 thousand tons of beef production, which represents 55% of the amount
produced in 1990 (20067 thousand tons).
3
Table 4 The global dynamics of beef production
(thousand tons, carcass equivalent)
Specification
Reference year
%
Growth rate
1990 / 2010
(%) 1990 1995 2000 2007 2008 2009 2010
TOTAL GLOBAL 53051 53759 56234 63261 61201 61753 62325 100 117,5
(+0.87% /year)
Africa 3309 3425 4039 5813 6184 6387 6594 10.58 199.3 North America 11365 12513 13561 13258 13451 13143 13319 21.37 117.2 Central America 1464 1764 1765 2046 2101 2143 2211 3.55 151.0 South America 9368 10604 11846 15538 12861 13141 12785 20.51 136.5 Asia 5010 8828 10440 12361 12586 13015 13384 21.47 267.1 Europe 20067 13961 11775 11142 11000 10907 11034 17.70 55.0 Oceania 2176 2447 2581 2879 2787 2781 2763 4.43 127.0
Source: FAO, 2010
It is estimated that worldwide there are almost 1.6 billion cows, the greatest
effectives being concentrated in 6 big important centers: North America (USA,
Mexico, and Canada), Europe and Asia (China and India), Africa and Australia,
Oceania.
Table 9 Cows effective evolution, total and on continents
(thosand heads)
Specification 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 2010
Worldwide total 1478928 1496201 1527764 1565543 1598371 1609954 1622804
Africa 231835 240772 246925 260389 278711 281262 287075
North America 111399 110475 109443 111357 109930 107701 106895
Central America 41881 43440 43517 44062 45314 45983 46363
South America 299570 320605 346963 352586 350339 352068 351375
Asia 601130 592909 599429 621488 639732 649410 660251
Europe 147190 141141 134787 128722 127837 126129 124615
Oceania 37343 38230 37793 38712 37785 38612 37341
Source: F.A.O. 2010
4
The dynamics of beef cow stocks is characterized by a slightly upward slope,
recording a global effective accession with 21434 thousand heads, meaning a
growth of 7.8% in the year 2010, reported to the year 2000.
Table 12
Beef cows effective evolution
(thousand heads)
Specification 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2009 2010
Worldwide total 274338 275538 285644 295558 290691 294045 295772
Africa 27691 29696 31923 36987 39632 40905 41613
North America 41424 40806 38197 38005 39351 38173 39076
Central America 8921 9044 9639 9955 10393 10606 10986
South America 56155 57894 63330 69271 57998 58668 56054
Asia 72209 72233 77667 81276 83898 86858 89148
Europe 54554 52332 50315 46659 45558 45029 45260
Oceania 12071 12236 13342 12213 12576 12502 12324
Source: processed data F.A.O., 2011
Despite the general trend of global numerical increase, one can notice, on the
European continent, a pronounced decrease of the cattle meant for slaughter with
the purpose of beef production.
This 17% decrease in the last ten years is vastly due to animal breeders’
trend to increase the production of goods by means of growing animal
performances, and not through enlarging the effectives. The same chart is followed
by the technologies in the USA, and North America in general. On the opposite, on
the continents considered still in development, like South America and Africa, a
sustained increase of the number of animals at the expense of individual
performance is practiced.
In Romania, the importance of breeding beef cows results from aspects
specified by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development:
- breeding cattle is a traditional activity, which is specific to people
belonging to rural areas, especially mountain;
5
- the variety of productions they carry out, the low energy consumption,
the nature of the exploited feed, invest cattle breeding and exploiting
with the character of a sustainable and future activity;
- there is the possibility of carrying out productions in order to cover
the internal and external beef needs, which are meant to bring great
income to the producers;
- source for commercial exchanges;
- assures labor stability in rural and mountain areas (MARD).
There are multiple restrictive causes in the way of growing beef production
in Romania:
- reduced number of animals;
- failure to ensure the quality and quantity forage base;
- maintaining and exploitation technology;
- reduced reproduction indices at cattle;
- reduced growth gain;
- low body mass slaughter and a reduced slaughter yield.
In the present international context, Romania has to face the difficulties
related to the economic crisis, under the conditions of a more and more active
competition, in order for the Romanian products to be competitive, ethnically and of
the same quality to similar products the market offers.
We find it useless to underline that our country possesses an enormous
production potential in this field. This potential must only be turned to advantage
throughout proper technologies, by specialists who really deserve a title, all these in
the context of a social and economic frame, built on the healthy and motivating
bases for beef producers.
The great diversity in what concerns our country is represented by the
growing effectives, from the point of view of the breeds it contains. The main
breeds are the local ones (Baltata cu Negru Romaneasca, Baltata Romaneasca,
Bruna de Maramures, Pintzgau de Transilvania), and imported breeds (Friza, Jersey,
Simmental, Shorton, Aberdeen Angus, Limousine, Charolaise, etc.). The
6
distribution of cattle herds in Romania according to geographical regions in the year
2010 was the following:
North-West Region: 17.41%
Central Region: 15.97%
North-East Region: 25.81%
South-East Region: 11.47%
South-Muntenia Region: 11.89%
Bucharest-Ilfov Region: 0.41%
South-West-Oltenia Region: 9.50%
West Region: 7.55%
The increase of the beef production is based on actual growth, as well as on
the growing carcass average weight.
Table 6 The dynamics of effectives and beef production
SPECIFICATION UM 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Cattle effective Thousand heads 2.800 2.897 2862 2819 2684 2512 1.985 2.130
Total live beef production mii tone 295 378 383 333 306 264 205 289,3
Middle slaughter weight kg/head 208 321 333 280 285 287 264 333
Source: MARD
Based on the effectives shown in Table 6, beef production has increased in
the period 2003-2008, decreasing afterwards, as a result of reducing the heads
number and the slaughter weight.
Because the main purpose of the thesis is to mark out the advantages of
industrial breeding of beef breed bulls with the local breeds and their offspring, in
the way of raising the quality and quantity of beef production in our country,
chapter III exposes the main beef breeds, and chapter IV presents the fattening
systems and methods applied in young bulls rearing.
The second part of the thesis contains four chapters, beginning with chapter
V, where the purpose is presented, the objectives and research activities, the
7
geological, climatic and socio-economic conditions of the area in which the
research is done.
The main objective of the thesis was accomplished by research activity:
- obtaining F1 first generation calves by crossing genuine breeds with
Aberdeen Angus breed;
- fattening the calves obtained in an intensive system of 14 months;
- following the growth evolution of the calves from the four lots and
their average daily gains at different ages (0-3 months old, 3-6 months
old, and 6-14 months old), respectively on the entire fattening period;
- calculating the average daily gain realized, determining the specific
consumption by kilogram gain;
- performing control slaughtering of fattened young bulls, evaluating
the quality of the carcass;
- slaughtering the carcasses obtained from the fattened young bulls.
The reasons that stand for these tests are related to the low level of the
technical and economic indices the local breeds realized within the fattening period;
in a context in which the objectives enfolded in the program of genetic
improvement of the livestock is orientation especially for beef cattle.
Chapter IV contains the results of the research concerning the breeding
dynamics of fattening young bulls.
The farm in which the research was done is ABERDEEN ANGUS, situated
in Dostat, Ferma str., no. 1, Alba County, at a distance of 17 km from Sebes, having
beef cows breeding as main activity branch.
The biological material studied was represented by four lots of intensively
fattened calves, meaning 97 heads, raised within Aberdeen Angus farm,
respectively:
- the first lot of 37 heads of calves resulted from crossings between
Baltata Romaneasca females with an Aberdeen Angus bull, imported
from the USA;
- the second lot of 19 calves resulted from crossings between Bruna
females with an Aberdeen Angus bull;
8
- the third lot consists of 19 heads of calves, as a result of crossings
between Baltata Romaneasca females with Aberdeen Angus bull;
- the fourth lot consists of 22 heads of calves resulted from crossings
between F1 hybrids from genuine females with an Aberdeen Angus
bull.
In order to intensively fatten young bulls, a 14 months fattening pattern was
used, structured in 3 stages:
- the 1st stage “nursing-weaning” during 90 days. The basic diet
consists of milk replacer and supplemented with hay and combined
fodder. The average daily again realized in this phase has a par of 889
g, and feed bioconversion indices is 2.61 U.N.C. per 1 kg gain.
- the 2nd stage “breeding-fattening” when animals get used to the new
feeding conditions and forage administration; realizing a unique
mixture administered in 3 daily meals, the daily nutritional feed
content being 5.97 U.N.C. and 463 g P.D.I.N.; ad libitum water and
salt were supplied;
- the 3rd stage “fattening-refinishing” is a phase of forage
administration, in a unique mixture, again, the daily nutritional
content being 12.79 U.N.C. and 809 g P.D.I.N. The average daily
consumption is 3.5 kg combined forage, 4 kg of hay, and 20 kg of
corn silage. The average daily gain is 1745 g and feed bioconversion
indices per 1 kg gain is 7.33 U.N.C.
An overall appreciation of the F1 hybrids’ fattening and breeding process,
obtained by crossings between genuine breeds with Aberdeen Angus breed, based
on the main growth indices captured in their dynamics according to age, the
following aspects were observed:
- the products resulted from crossings have had a pretty reduced birth
weight, meaning 29.58 ± 0.24kg, with limits between 25kg and 38 kg,
but increased their weight at slaughter (having the same age and the
same feeding conditions), and a superior behavior than the one of the
9
crossed breed, as far as the growth gain and specific consumption is
concerned;
- the growth gain registered by the hybrids are due especially to the
heterosis phenomena, as a result of crossings between breeds, and also
to the aptitude of the maternal breed for beef production;
- the most obvious genetic improvements, from this point of view, were
noticed to be present in dairy breeds, Baltata cu Negru Romaneasca,
whose hybrids responded very well to the feeding system, achieving
performances that were very closed to the other breeds;
- analyzing the results obtained, the balance is tilted in favor of F1
hybrids X Aberdeen Angus, closely followed by Bruna de Maramures
hybrids X Aberdeen Angus, whose main qualities might be
summarized as follows:
- higher growth rate;
- higher weight in live under equal conditions of feeding and age.
- the growth energy registers the highest values for the F1 hybrids X
A.A., which get up to 14 months old an average body weight of
649.32 ± 7.69 kg, followed by the hybrids of Br. X A.A., having an
average weight of 644.11 ± 9.04, and the hybrids of B.R. X A.A., with
an average weight of 626.47 ± 7.88 kg; this lot has had the lowest
growth energy of all hybrid lots.
- the specific average consumption for the F1 young bulls X Aberdeen
Angus was 6.15 U.N.C./Kg gain, and 420.47 g P.D.I.N./kg gain; for
Bruna de Maramures hybrids X Aberdeen Angus it was 6.21
U.N.C./kg gain, and 425.27 g P.D.I.N./kg gain; for Baltata
Romaneasca hybrids X Aberdeen Angus it was 6.32 U.N.C./kg gain,
and 432.79 P.D.I.N./kg gain; and for young bulls of Baltata cu Negru
Romaneasca X Aberdeen Angus it was 6.38 U.N.C./kg gain and
436.43 g P.D.I.N./kg gain, having a reduced specific consumption,
also.
10
Table 75
Results concerning the fattening of young bulls
Issue Fattening
period (days)
Body mass Mass gain
Specific consumption
(UNC/kg) Initial (kg)
Final (kg)
Total (kg)
Daily average
(g)
Bălţată Românească X Aberdeen Angus
0-3 months category 90 30,11 108,73 78,62 874 2,65
3-6 months category 90 108,73 217,35 108,62 1207 4,94
6-14 months category 240 217,35 633,03 415,68 1732 7,38
Total 420 30,11 633,03 602,92 1436 6,32
Brună de Maramureş X Aberdeen Angus
0-3 months category 90 30,53 113,63 83,11 923 2,51
3-6 months category 90 113,63 223,58 109,95 1220 4,88
6-14 months category 240 223,58 644,11 420,53 1750 7,30
Total 420 30,53 644,11 613,58 1460 6,21
Bălţată cu Negru Românească X Aberdeen Angus
0-3 months category 90 28,58 103,21 74,63 829 2,80
3-6 months category 90 103,21 209,89 106,68 1185 5,04
6-14 months category 240 209,89 626,47 416,58 1736 7,37
Total 420 28,58 626,47 597,89 1424 6,38
F1 X Aberdeen Angus
0-3 months category 90 28,73 112,23 83,50 928 2,50
3-6 months category 90 112,23 226,64 114,41 1271 4,70 6-14 months category 240 226,64 649,32 422,68 1761 7,26
Total 420 28,73 649,32 620,59 1478 6,15
For a more complete evaluation of fattening status of the hybrid lots, in the
way of recognizing the differences between them as far as quality and quantity is
concerned, carcasses were evaluated, after slaughtering 12 samples of each
experimental lot, and the data were presented in chapter VII.
The biological material under research was represented by 48 first-generation
hybrids, obtained by crossings, and experimental lots were organized with the
11
intention of comparing the results and determining the genetic improvement effect
on the capacity of F1 individuals for producing beef:
- the first lot of calves resulted from crosing between females from
Baltata Romaneasca breed with a bull of Aberdeen Angus breed,
imported from the USA;
- the second lot consists of calves resulted from crossings between
Bruna females with an Aberdeen Angus bull;
- the third lot is the result of crossings between Baltata cu negru
Romaneasca females with Aberdeen Angus bull;
- the fourth lot consists of calves resulted from crossings between some
F1 hybrid genuine females with Aberdeen Angus bull.
The results of the experiences concerning the combining capacity of the
genuine breeds (Baltata Romaneasca, Bruna de Maramures, Baltata cu Negru
Romaneasca, and first generation hybrids) with the Aberdeen Angus beef breed,
have led to different results. The research has revealed the followings:
- our breeds are very well suited to intensive fattening, with refinement
at 14 months old, achieving good beef production parameters
(slaughter average of 644 kg, subsequent to a gain of 1450 g, carcass
of 415 kg, and slaughter yield of 64.48%);
- by crossing genuine breeds with beef production specialized breeds,
the slaughter yield is growing, and the carcasses hold significantly
much more beef compared to maternal breeds;
- body mass slaughter of steers was 649 kg, with variations between
585 kg and 715 kg, achieving an average daily gain of 1478 g (the
absolute growth rate was achieved by the category of 6-14 months old
– 1761 g);
- the average carcass weight is 427 kg, with limits between 377 kg and
479 kg, corresponding to a slaughter yield of 65.42%;
- the areas that provide 1st quality beef have a share of about 51.98%
within the carcass’s structure, and those providing 2nd quality beef
have a share of about 26.90%;
12
- the fillet is well grown, and it’s weight varies between 1.5 kg and 2.3
kg; the T-bone steak (TBS), with an average of 20.54 ± 0.55 kg
represents 4.81% of the carcass’s weight, having the peak fluctuation
coefficient of 9.24%;
- carcasses’ slaughter attests the fact that by means of crossings there
takes place a growth of the slaughter areas’ share, having superior
body masses.
Table 93
Average values and variability of meat production indices in hybrids from the experimental lots
Hybrids Issue n X ± s x S V% Min Max
B.R. X A.A.
Calving weight 12 29.83 ±0.60 2.08 6.98 27 33
Average daily gain 12 1462 ± 0.01 0.03 2.01 1419 1507
Slaughter weight 12 644 ± 3.71 12.85 2.00 625 665
Yield 12 64.50 ± 0.68 2.35 3.65 62 68
Carcass weight 12 415.34 ± 4.69 16.25 3.91 391.84 452.20
Br. X A.A.
Calving weight 12 31.25 ± 0.78 2.70 8.64 27 36
Average daily gain 12 1478 ± 0.03 0.09 5.91 1300 1633
Slaughter weight 12 652 ± 10.70 37.05 5.68 575 718
Yield 12 64.25 ± 0.59 2.05 3.19 60 67
Carcass weight 12 419.11 ± 8.70 30.12 7.19 362.25 465.65
B.N.R. X A.A.
Calving weight 12 28.75 ±0.43 1.48 5.16 27 32
Average daily gain 12 1430 ± 0.03 0.09 6.17 1302 1567
Slaughter weight 12 629.25 ± 10.85 37.60 5.97 575 687
Yield 12 63.75 ± 0.60 2.09 3.29 61 67
Carcass weight 12 400.86 ± 6.35 22.01 5.49 358.07 425.75
F1 X A.A.
Calving weight 12 29.75 ± 0.76 2.63 8.85 26 35
Average daily gain 12 1482 ± 0.02 0.08 5.46 1331 1619
Slaughter weight 12 652.33 ± 10.01 34.67 5.31 590 715
Yield 12 65.42 ± 0.48 1.68 2.56 63 68
Carcass weight 12 427.00 ± 8.60 29.78 6.97 377.60 479.05
MEDIA
Calving weight 12 29.90 ± 0.34 2.38 7.96 26 36
Average daily gain 12 1463 ± 0.01 0.08 5.19 1300 1633
Slaughter weight 12 644.40 ± 4.70 32.58 5.06 575 718
Yueld 12 64.48 ± 0.30 2.08 3.23 60 68
Carcass weight 12 415.57 ± 3.78 26.21 6.31 358 479
13
Table 94 Results concerning beef production of the genuine breeds crossed with Aberdeen Angus
Issues
Live weight (kg)
Carcass weight
(kg)
Efficiency
%
Speciality
(kg)
Veal I
(kg)
Veal II
(kg)
Fillet (kg)
TBS (kg)
Fat (kg)
X ± s x
B.R. X A.A. 644 ± 3.71 415.34 ± 4.69 64.50 ± 0.68 79.02 ± 1.39 214.05 ± 2.50 113.72 ± 1.68 1.74 ± 0.09 19.63 ± 0.50 8.55 ± 0.28 Br. X A.A. 652 ± 10.70 419.11 ± 8.70 64.25 ± 0.59 79.21 ± 2.11 216.69 ± 4.77 114.30 ± 2.42 1.76 ± 0.07 19.17 ± 0.49 8.91 ± 0.33 B.N.R. X A.A. 629.25 ± 10.85 400.86 ± 6.35 63.75 ± 0.60 73.90 ± 1.64 206.59 ± 3.31 112 ± 2.48 1.58 ± 0.09 18.96 ± 0.68 8.37 ± 0.32 F1 X A.A. 652.33 ± 10.01 427.00 ± 8.60 65.42 ± 0.48 81.66 ± 2.09 222 ± 4.65 114.78 ± 2.22 1.96 ± 0.07 20.54 ± 0.55 8.55 ± 0.15 TOTAL 644.40 ± 4.70 415.57 ± 3.78 64.48 ± 0.30 78.45 ± 0.98 214.83 ± 2.06 113.70 ± 1.09 1.76 ± 0.04 19.58 ± 0.29 8.60 ± 0.14
S
B.R. X A.A. 12.85 16.25 2.35 4.81 8.65 5.81 0.31 1.74 0.98 Br. X A.A. 37.05 30.12 2.05 7.32 16.52 8.38 0.24 1.70 1.16 B.N.R. X A.A. 37.60 22.01 2.09 5.67 11.45 8.60 0.31 2.36 1.12 F1 X A.A. 34.67 29.78 1.68 7.25 16.12 7.69 0.24 1.90 0.52 TOTAL 32.58 26.21 2.08 6.77 14.30 7.53 0.30 1.98 0.97
V%
B.R. X A.A. 2.00 3.91 3.65 6.08 4.04 5.11 18.07 8.86 11.50 Br. X A.A. 5.68 7.19 3.19 9.24 7.62 7.33 13.38 8.85 12.96 B.N.R. X A.A. 5.97 5.49 3.29 7.67 5.54 7.68 19.73 12.44 13.40 F1 X A.A. 5.31 6.97 2.56 8.88 7.26 6.70 12.40 9.24 6.05 TOTAL 5.06 6.31 3.23 8.63 6.66 6.62 17.20 10.10 11.25
Min
B.R. X A.A. 625 391.84 62 72.61 202.26 105.32 1.20 17 7.54 Br. X A.A. 575 362.25 60 67.38 184.39 103.52 1.40 17 6.52 B.N.R. X A.A. 575 358.07 61 64.45 179.04 99.99 1 15.50 6.80 F1 X A.A. 590 377.60 63 69.10 192.58 102.81 1.50 17 7.77
TOTAL 575 358 60 64 179 100 1 16 7
Max
B.R. X A.A. 665 452.20 68 88.63 235.14 123.68 2.20 23 10.48 Br. X A.A. 718 465.65 67 91.73 243.07 129.10 2.10 22 10.20 B.N.R. X A.A. 687 425.75 67 83.81 219.49 125.60 2 24 10.64 F1 X A.A. 715 479.05 68 93.16 247.19 131.74 2.30 23.80 9.64 TOTAL 718 479 68 93 247 132 2 24 11
14
These results lead to the conclusion that Baltata Romaneasca, Bruna de
Maramures, Baltata cu Negru Romaneasca breeds, show great beef abilities when
combined with Aberdeen Angus breed.
The growing quality of the carcasses obtained from hybrids recommends
Aberdeen Angus race for industrial crosings with genuine breeds, when a quick
quantity growth is wanted, and also involving this breed in a pattern of producing
beef hybrids, when growing beef production quality is wanted.
Production and obtaining adequate quantity and quality carcasses is primarily
influenced by the biological material, which, depending on the morphoproductive
type and the genetic improvement rate, turns breeders’ attention especially towards
beef specialized breeds, and mixed ones, without neglecting dairy breeds and
hybrids.
There are multiple ways of influencing beef production. Taking into
consideration the conditions in our country, they can be organized as follows:
- the annual growth of the effectives intended for slaughtering;
- achieving a higher average slaughter weight for all bull category;
- improving the fattening technology;
- improving the value of technological indices considered as average
daily gain, the specific consumption, the slaughter yield;
- the use of biological material specialized on beef breeds;
- the use of industrial cross-breeding with beef breed bulls;
- economy.
Taking into account the necessity of raising beef production in our country,
beef breeds could be efficiently used in industrial crossings with our breeds.
205
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132. www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle
133. FAO
