Transport Engineering Advice Mark Rowland Associate Transport & Cities Planning 16 August 2018

Infrastructure Victoria Automated and Zero Emission Vehicles

1. Our Advice

Aims to assist IV in understanding:

• The capabilities and impacts on Victoria’s road infrastructure, including the roadside environment and all road users

• Potential impacts to planning, designing, operating and maintaining Victoria’s road network

• The type of responses to address the impacts.

• Expert and different perspectives

1. Our Advice Risk and Evidence Based Advice

2. Background

2. Background

2. Background

3. Changes Documents and discusses some of the potential key changes: • Vehicles and Users

• Road Operations

• Travel and Freight Demands.

Case Study: Preparing for Change – Highways England

3. Changes

Vehicle and Users • Vehicle Types

• Fleet Configuration and Lifecycle

• Energy

• Connected Vehicles

• Road Safety and Community Acceptance

Road Operations • ‘Flow’ Density

• Heavy Vehicle Platooning

• Lane Positioning

• Noise Pollution

• Speed

• Signage and Wayfinding

Travel and Freight Demands • Ownership Versus Shared

• Vehicle Kilometres Travelled

• Freight Demand

4. Planning for All Users Discusses & assesses all road users, such as:

• Key concepts and approaches to network planning, street form, and human behaviour

• Identified risks/opportunities, impacts and responses

• Response options further explored

4. Planning for All Users Key Findings & Recommendations:

• Plan and Encourage Active Travel in an AV Future

• Consistency and Predictability of Active Travel Infrastructure

• Support AV Technology to Improve Safety for Vulnerable Road Users

• Walkability of Neighbourhoods and Activity Centres

• A Need for Flexible and Adaptable Streets into the Future

4. Planning for All Users

Re-Charge Parklet (Source: © Arup) FlexKerb (Source: © Arup)

4. Planning for All Users

5. Physical Road Asset Discusses the possible impacts on the physical road asset from a design, build, operation and maintenance perspective:

• Key road assets identified and risks assessed against the transition phase/Slow Lane scenario and a full AV scenario

• Assessed whether the minimum requirements have been meet for acceptable AV operation

• General discussion on impacts and potential responses for existing and future road infrastructure

5. Physical Road Asset Impacts and Potential Responses

For each road asset we have identified:

• The possible impact in relation to either the transition phase/Slow Lane scenario or full connected AV scenario

• Potential responses for existing and future road infrastructure.

Assets Explored

• Physical Signage • Lane Widths • Line marking • Pavement • Bridge Structures • Barriers • Road Geometry and Intersections

• Other Physical Infrastructure • Improving Public Transport Priority • Drainage • Noise Attenuation • Emergency Parking Bays

• Case Studies – Local Road Challenges

5. Physical Road Asset Key Findings & Recommendations:

• Build in an Ability to Adapt and Change Design Standards and Performance Requirements

• Physical Road Assets Could Be Considerably Impacted by Unplanned and Uncoordinated AV Deployment

• A Clear Plan to Manage the Transition Phase is Needed

• A Need to Monitor Heavy Vehicle Platooning

• The Ownership Model Will Impact on Parking and Drop-Off Facilities

• A number of potential responses

• Minimum Requirements Met?

Pavement

Level 1/2 Level 3 Level 4/5 Level 1/2 Level 3 Level 4/5 All Levels

Motorway

Arterial Road

Streets with Conflicts

Unsealed Roads

Level 1/2 Level 3/4/5 Level 1/2 Level 3 Level 4/5 Level 1/2/3 Level 4/5

Motorway

Arterial Road

Streets with Conflicts

Unsealed Roads

Structures Barriers Road Geometry

Physical Signage Line Marking

AV Level Motorway Arterial Roads Streets with

Conflicts Unsealed Road

L1/L2 Every once in a while Sometimes Often Frequently

L3 Rarely Every once in a while Sometimes Often

L4 Never Rarely Every once in a while Sometimes

L5 Never Never Rarely Every once in a while

6. On-Road Electric Charging Infrastructure

Highlights key considerations of electric vehicle charging infrastructure, which may have a direct impact on the road network.

It is important to highlight that EV charging may be quite different for light and heavy vehicles due to the power requirements and uses.

High-level considerations have been made under the following three headings:

• Stationary Charging

• Charging In-Motion

• Removable Batteries (Light Vehicle)

6. On-Road Electric Charging Infrastructure Key Findings & Recommendations:

• Decision or intervention from the Government is Required

• Battery Powered Light Vehicles Likely to be the Winner

• Charging for Light Vehicles

• Transition Phase/Slow Lane Scenario

• Full AV/EV Scenario

• Public Transport Charging Similar to Light Vehicle Approach

• High Level of Uncertainly Around Heavy Vehicles

EV Future Readiness Tool (Source: Arup)

7. Road Operations and Management

Discusses how movement currently occur on the Victorian road network, how AVs could be considered within this context and how they would impact on the operation and management of the network.

• Road operations encompasses network monitoring, road maintenance, traffic control, user information, and demand management.

• Traffic management involves the management of traffic flows (people, vehicles and goods) by demand management, traffic information, traffic control and other measures.

• Systems Engineering and Concept of Operations

V-Diagram Systems Engineering - Victoria's Managed Motorway System

7. Road Operations and Management Key Considerations:

• On-Road Lane Management

• Lane Allocation:

- Separated - Dedicated - Designated - Shared

• Contraflow

• Kerbside Management - ‘FlexKerbs’

• Refining the Safe Systems Approach

The Safe System – Incorporating AVs

7. Road Operations and Management Key Findings & Recommendations:

• The Need for Connected Vehicles to Deliver Full Benefits

• Road Operations Needs to be Outcomes and Performance Led

• Time to Bring All Control Centres Under One Roof

SmartRoads Classification of Inner East Melbourne Suburbs

8. Parking and Land Use

Outlines analysis of the impact of AVs and ZEVs on the design, management and operation of car parking.

Explores case studies and the repurposing of car parking for alternative uses.

• Mobility as a Service (MaaS) already reshaping transport behaviours, independent of AVs & ZEVs.

• Significant number of findings:

• General

• On-Street

• Off-Street

8. Parking and Land Use

Decreased total demand

Parking land reuseopportunities

Decreased resi. demand

Decreased commuter demand

Decreased rec/retail demand

Increased kerbside demand

Layout efficiency gains

Decreased parking revenue

Increased stablingrequirements

Refuelling requirements

Direct implications Derived impacts

Decreased parking revenue

Layout efficiency gains

3 2 1 Score Magnitude of impact 1 Significant 2 Minor 3 Negligible

Implications of IV Scenarios on Parking and Land-Use

8. Parking and Land Use

Delivery of Parking • On-street parking

• Kerbside Parking Supply • Kerbside Parking Management

• Off-street parking

• Implications for Parking Supply • Opportunities for Parking Area

Reuse • Provision of Additional Stabling

Facilities

Design of Parking • On-street parking

• Integration of Refuelling Infrastructure with Parking

• Off-street parking • Refuelling Requirements and

Considerations • Parking Layout Efficiency • Designing for Resilience • Building and Structural

Considerations • Payment Method

Case Studies • Spencer Street (CBD) • Station Street, Box Hill • Sturt Street, Ballarat • Springvale Road, Springvale

8. Parking and Land Use

Potential Focus Areas Residential

parking supply Long-stay

parking supply Short-stay

parking supply Kerbside

management Stabling facilities Parking area design Parking revenue Refuelling

infrastructure.

Change Very High Very High Very High Very High Moderate High Very High High

Impact Negative Very negative Negative Very negative Negative Very negative Very negative Negative

Intervention Very Short 1-3 years

Short 3-10 years

Short 3-10 years

Very Short 1-3 years

Medium 10-20 years

Very Short 1-3 years

Short 3-10 years

Very Short 1-3 years

Outcome Very Positive Very Positive Very Positive Very Positive Very Positive Very Positive Very Positive Very Positive

Implementation Long 20-35 Yrs.

Medium 10-20 Yrs.

Medium 10-20 Yrs.

Short 3-10 Yrs.

Medium 10-20 Yrs.

Long 20-35 Yrs.

Medium 10-20 Yrs.

Short 3-10 Yrs.

Criticality High Very High High Very High High Very High Very High High

9. Strategic Priority Actions Reflecting on the study’s findings and recommendations, the project team developed nine strategic priority actions from a transport engineering perspective, from a ‘VUCA’ perspective:

Vision

• Responsibility and Governance

• Community and Stakeholder Engagement

Understanding

• Cooperation with Other Jurisdictions

• Readiness and Testing

Clarity

• Movement and Place

• Outcome Led Design

Adaptability

• Real Options Analysis

• Road Standards and Guidelines

• Funding Mechanisms.