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Information Technology: Hardware

Copyright 1996-98 © Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc.

by

Kudang B. Seminar, PhD

Abacus • An abacus is a calculator used first by the Chinese

since about 500 BC, for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as fractions and square root.

• The inventor is unknown. However, the abacus as we know it today did not appear in China until about 1200 A.D.

• Contests have been held between users of the Japanese abacus and an electric calculator.For addition and subtraction the abacus user was much faster than the calculator user, but for multiplication and division the advantage of the abacus was less decisively demonstrated.

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ABC (Atanasoff & Berry Computer) 1939, Iowa Univ. Consisting of 11 Vacuum Tubes

•Vacuum Tubes

• Berfungsi

sebagai

penguat,

pengubah,

dan pencipta

sinyal elektrik

• Banyak

dipakai di

peralatan

komunikasi

seperti radio,

televisi, radar,

komputer,

telephon

network.

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ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) 1946, Pennsylvania Univ. Consisting of 17,468 vacuum tubes

EDSAC (Elecronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator/Computer) 1949, Cambridge University Uses: Vacuum Tubes

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MARK I Computer 1949 – Consisting of 1300 Vacuum Tubes I/O Devices: Saklar, pita dan pencetak

•Manchester Mark I •Havard Mark I

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 1951 – Consisting of 5200 Vacuum Tubes

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IAS Computer Developed By John Von Newmann at Princeton Univ. 1952 • 1st General

Purpose Computer

• Consists of 23,000 vacuum tubes

• Used for solving complex applications: metereology, astonomy, hydrodynamics, atomic weapons

• Consist of 3 sub-systems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices

IBM 701 developed at 1952 by IBM President:

Thomas J. Watson, Jr.

• Known as the Defense Calculator while in development

• Publically announced in 1953.

• Known as IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines

• Consist of 3 sub-systems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices

• Key to IBM's transition from punched-card machines to electronic computers.

• The first of the pioneering line of IBM 700 series computers, including the 702, 704, 705 and 709.

• Uses 72 Williams Tubes

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Generasi Komputer Dengan Rangkaian Terpadu (Integrated Circuit/IC)

• Jack Kilby adalah penemu sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) yang sekarang digunakan untuk pembuatan mikroprosesor komputer, ketika Kilby bekerja di Texas Instruments pada tahun 1958.

• Pada tahun 2000, Kilby mendapatkan penghargaan Nobel dalam bidang Fisika berkat penemuan sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) tersebut.

• Rangkaian terpadu yang terdiri dari ratusan/ribuan/jutaan komponen elektronik semi konduktor (transistor) yang dikemas dalam bentuk yang kompak dan ringan dalam bentuk chip, disebut juga micro-circuit, microprocessor, atau slicon-chip.

• Melahirkan penemuan Mikroprosesor 4004 di tahun 1971.

IBM’s 7000 Series – Generation of Transitorized or Chip-Based Computers

• IBM 7010 - high end version of IBM 1410 - introduced in 1962

• IBM 7030 - Stretch supercomputer - introduced in 1961

• IBM 7040 - scientific - introduced in 1963

• IBM 7044 - scientific - introduced in 1963

• IBM 7070 - decimal - introduced in 1960

• IBM 7072 - decimal - introduced in 1962

• IBM 7074 - decimal - introduced in 1961; used by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service in 1962 [1]

• IBM 7080 - commercial - introduced in 1961

• IBM 7090 - scientific - introduced in 1959

• IBM 7094 - scientific - introduced in 1962

• IBM 7094 II - scientific - introduced in 1964

•IBM 7090's at NASA's Project Mercury, 1962.

•An IBM 7040 in operation from 1964 to 1974

at the German university Technische

Hochschule Darmstadt with IBM 1401 on the

right.

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PDP (Programmed data Processor)-1 Computer

• Designed by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)

• Built using chip technology.

• The entire computer occupies only 17 square feet of floor space.

MITS Altair 8800 Computer • It was a microcomputer

designed in 1975.

• Produced by Micro

Instrumentation and

Telemetry Systems (MITS)

• based on the Intel 8080

CPU

• It is considered as 1st PC

(Personal Computer)

generation.

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Jenis Komputer

• Mainframes (Super Computers)

• Minicomputers

• Microcomputers

Mainframes (Super Computer) • Large in Physical Size

• Fast Computing Speed

• Large Memory Capacity

• Consist of Multiple Processors (CPUs)

• Provides many connections to I/O devices

• Mainly used for Large Scale Computer Server

• First Generation: Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701, IBM 360

• Current generation: Cray-2, IBM ES/9000, IBM S/390,

•IBM 360 •Cray-2

•The Columbia Supercomputer at

NASA's Advanced Supercomputing

Facility at Ames Research Center.

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Minicomputers • Mini physical size

• Fairly fast computing speed

• Fairly large memory capacity

• May consists of multiple CPU/processors

• Used for Library Otomation in since 1970

• First Generation: PDP-1, IBM AS/400

• Used as Computer Servers

• Current Generation: midrange systems (IBM parlance), workstations (Sun Microsystems and general UNIX/Linux parlance), HoneyWell 316, GEC 4000 Series, PDP-11

Microcomputers • Micro physical size

• Slower computing speed

• Smaller memory capacity

• Mostly consists of single or can be 2 CPU/processors

• Banyak digunakan untuk layanan transaksi front-end: OPAC, sirkulasi, Cash Register, Layanan Pengguna

• First Generation: PC (Personal Computer) seperti XT, AT (286,386,486)

• Current Generation: Notebook, Laptop, Palmtop, PDA (personal Digital Assistant)

• Used as Client Computers

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Sistem Komputer

• Kombinasi elemen-elemen fungsional secara terpadu yang mencakup piranti keras (hardware), piranti lunak (software), piranti data (dataware) dan aturan/standar (ruleware) untuk melaksanakan program/komputasi berbasis komputer.

• Notes: tidak termasuk manusia (brainware) -> Berbeda dengan definisi Pusnas.

Komponen Sistem Komputer • Hardware: Main Processor (CPU), Memory, Input-Output (I/O).

• Software: Sistem Operasi (Operating System/OS), Sofware Utilisasi,

Pengembangan (Development Sofware), Software Aplikasi

(Application Sofware).

• Sofware mengendalikan mekanisme kerja operasional hardware.

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Hardware Resources

• I/O (Input/Output)

devices

• Processor

• Memory

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I/O Devices

• I/O Devices: to exchange data between

computer systems and external sources

• Input Devices: to enter data into a

computer system

• Output Devices: to send data out of a

computer system

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Input Devices pada Pemetaan Digital

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Pengolahan Citra & Digitisasi Peta

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Output Devices Pada Pusat Informasi Geografis

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Kriteria Pemilihan I/O Devices

• Kecepatan (Speed)

• Kemudahan (Ease of Use)

• Keandalan (Reliability)

• Obyektivitas & Akurasi

• Kesesuaian dengan jenis data

• Durasi (endurance)

• Kompatibilitas

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Identification of Crop Canopy Area Using Camera

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GREENHOUSE PROTOTYPE

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SENSORS WITH IN GREENHOUSE

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0

10

20

30

0 300 600 900 1200

Time (seconds)

Tem

pera

ture

0

1.25

2.5

3.75

5

Temperature

Set point

Voltage

Voltage

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 100 200 300 400

Time (seconds)

Hu

mid

ity (

%)

0

1.25

2.5

3.75

5

Humidity

Set point

Voltage

Voltage (v)

Temperature & Humidity Control

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3.5

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

0 300 600 900 1200

Time (seconds)

Lig

ht

In

ten

sit

y

0

1

2

3

4

5

Light IntensitySet pointOpening Angle

Fin opening Angle

Light Intensity Control

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•Yield Monitoring Using Satellite

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Weed detection for site-specific weed management

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•HALOGEN

•LAMP •CHOPPER •MONOCHROMATOR •INTEGRATING

•SPHERE

•MOTOR

•AMP.

•A/D •COMPUTER

•DO

•CONT.

•NIR APPARATUS SYSTEM FOR THE EXPERIMENT

untuk DETEKSI KEMATANGAN MANGGA

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BioControl Systems (BCS)

• BCS development efforts utilize five different types of bioelectric signals: Electrooculogram (EOG), Electromyogram (EMG), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electrocardiogram (EKG), and Galvanic skin response (GSR)

• The essence of the biocontroller interface involves three processes: (1) bioelectric signal acquisition, (2) signal processing for pattern recognition or extraction of desired elements of the biosignal, and (3) mapping the results of the signal processing algorithm to some desired output code - which controls external electronic devices.

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BioSensors

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•Sortasi dengan mesin skala besar

•Teknologi

•Sortasi

•Digunakan pada industri besar •Komputerisasi, mata elektronik

untuk mengimbangi jumlah objek

yang sangat besar

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Processors the device unit that performs data processing

• High speed: micro, mini, super computer

• Multiprocessors: support processor,

coupled processor, parallel processor

• Execution time: microsecond,

nanosecond, picosecond

• Speed measures: clock speed (Hz), MIPS

(Million Instructions Per Second), FLOPS

(Floating Point Operations per Second)

Features:

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1971 1976

Perkembangan awal Prosesor Intel

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Data acquisition & processing

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Produksi Peta dengan Teknologi SIG

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Profil kota

Profil sumber air Profil suhu permukaan bumi

Profil mineral bumi

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Memory

• Memory Internal (primary storage):

Register, Buffer, Cache, RAM, ROM

• Memory External (secondary storage):

Hardisk, Floppy Disk, Diskettes, Drum

DIsk, CD-ROM, Laser Disk, Optical Disk,

Tape, MO disk, ZIP disk, USB

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Memory Features

• Internal: higher speed, lower storage capacity, volatile, expensive, required for program execution, fully electronic

• External: lower speed, higher storage capacity, non-volatile, cheaper, long-term storage, mechatronic

• Measures: access speed & storage capacity (MByte, GByte, TByte)

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1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

MB

yte

s

80 84 88 92 96 00

1.8”

2.5”

3.5”

5.25”

8-14”

80%/year

Magnetic Disk Capacity

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Form factor:

.5-1” 4” 5.7”

Storage:

18-73GB

Form factor:

.4-.7” 2.7” 3.9”

Storage:

4-27GB

Form factor:

.2-.4” 2.1” 3.4”

Storage:

170MB-1GB

Storage Devices

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Storage Hierarchy

Cost

$600 a chip

$10-2 per byte

$10-4 per byte

$10-8 per byte

Size

213 bytes

227 bytes

230 bytes

240 bytes

CPU, Reg

Cache

Memory

Secondary Storage

32-64 bits

4-128 words

512-16k words