Information Information Technology TrendsTechnology Trends

Dr. Merle P. MartinDr. Merle P. MartinMIS DepartmentMIS DepartmentCSU SacramentoCSU Sacramento

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Dr. Russell Ching (MIS Dept) Dr. Russell Ching (MIS Dept) Source Materiel / GraphicsSource Materiel / Graphics

Edie Schmidt (UMS) - Graphic DesignEdie Schmidt (UMS) - Graphic Design Prentice Hall Publishing (Permissions)Prentice Hall Publishing (Permissions)

Martin, Martin, Analysis and Design ofAnalysis and Design of Business Information SystemsBusiness Information Systems, 1995, 1995

AgendaAgenda Information as PowerInformation as Power The IT SystemThe IT System IT TrendsIT Trends IT IssuesIT Issues Chief Information Officer (Chief Information Officer (CIOCIO))

Information as PowerInformation as Power Collapse of CommunismCollapse of Communism Information and Information and

TotalitarianismTotalitarianism Information and Information and

OrganizationsOrganizations PowerPower Just in caseJust in case Information OverloadInformation Overload

Relevance Relevance IT is a IT is a criticalcritical resource resource Requires mgmnt decisions Requires mgmnt decisions IT people have been making IT people have been making

these decisions by defaultthese decisions by default lack of management lack of management awarenessawareness lack of management lack of management knowledgeknowledge inpenetrable inpenetrable jargonjargon ((binary curtainbinary curtain))

The IT SystemThe IT System

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENTCOMPUTERCOMPUTER USERUSER

Hardware/Soft-Hardware/Soft-ware ware

InterfaceInterface

Change Change ManagementManagement

Decision Decision SupportSupport

Application Application ProgrammingProgramming

Systems Systems DevelopmentDevelopment

DatabaseDatabase

IT Operations IT Operations ManagementManagement

ConnectivityConnectivity

Shneiderman’s Shneiderman’s 10 Plagues 10 Plagues of the Information Ageof the Information Age Who is Ben Shneiderman?Who is Ben Shneiderman?

Univ Maryland (Univ Maryland (College ParkCollege Park)) Computer ScienceComputer Science Human Factors InstituteHuman Factors Institute System PhilosopherSystem Philosopher

The Ten PlaguesThe Ten Plagues AnxietyAnxiety

““computer shockcomputer shock”” ““terminal terrorterminal terror”” ““network neurosisnetwork neurosis””

AlienationAlienation less connected to other peopleless connected to other people ““Whose voice is that, anywayWhose voice is that, anyway””

Ten Plagues (Ten Plagues (cont.cont.)) Information-poor minorityInformation-poor minority

another way for another way for disadvantaged to disadvantaged to be more disadvantagedbe more disadvantaged

Impotence of individualImpotence of individual everyone treated the sameeveryone treated the same no special treatment for exceptionsno special treatment for exceptions

Ten Plagues (Ten Plagues (cont.cont.)) Bewildering complexity Bewildering complexity

and speedand speed Windows 98?Windows 98?

Organizational fragility (Organizational fragility (SciFi)SciFi) Invasion of privacyInvasion of privacy

Alaskan jury listAlaskan jury list

Ten Plagues Ten Plagues Unemployment Unemployment

and displacementand displacement clerks / typesettersclerks / typesetters VP - mortgage loan decision VP - mortgage loan decision

replaced by Expert System (ES)replaced by Expert System (ES) Lack of professional responsibilityLack of professional responsibility

““Sorry, the computer won’t let Sorry, the computer won’t let me me ________________..””

Ten Plagues Ten Plagues Deteriorating image Deteriorating image

of peopleof people ““smart machinessmart machines”” ““intelligent terminalsintelligent terminals”” ““expert systemsexpert systems”” ““Maybe they’ll keep us as petsMaybe they’ll keep us as pets.”.” Shneiderman’s computer with Shneiderman’s computer with

arms and legs.arms and legs.

Ten Plagues (Ten Plagues (contcont.).)

What are some of What are some of your experiences?your experiences?

IT TrendsIT Trends HardwareHardware SoftwareSoftware DataData TelecommunicationsTelecommunications Systems DevelopmentSystems Development End-usersEnd-users

Hardware TrendsHardware Trends Batch to on-lineBatch to on-line

Batch is delayed Batch is delayed processingprocessing Airport limousineAirport limousine Monthly billing applicationMonthly billing application

On-line is instantaneous processingOn-line is instantaneous processing Airport taxiAirport taxi Airline Reservation SystemAirline Reservation System

On-line with Delayed ProcessingOn-line with Delayed Processing

On-lineOn-line BatchBatch

TicketTicket

Credit Card

Monthly Statement

Hardware Trends Hardware Trends Central to distributed Central to distributed

processingprocessing Mainframe to PCMainframe to PC Individual productivityIndividual productivity

Centralized to decentralized Centralized to decentralized resource controlresource control Departmental purchases Departmental purchases

Software TrendsSoftware Trends Large to small system Large to small system

developmentdevelopment Reusable code (Reusable code (packagespackages)) OutsourcingOutsourcing PrototypingPrototyping 3GL to 4GL3GL to 4GL

concept of the Macroconcept of the Macro

Concept of the MacroConcept of the Macro Computer processes Computer processes

one instruction at a timeone instruction at a time CAD PAYCAD PAY ADD BONUSADD BONUS STO NEWPAYSTO NEWPAY

Macro is one-to-manyMacro is one-to-many ADD PAY, BONUS, NEWPAYADD PAY, BONUS, NEWPAY

Third Vs. Fourth GLsThird Vs. Fourth GLs

COBOLCOBOLOPEN INPUT EMPLOYEE-FILE.OPEN INPUT EMPLOYEE-FILE.READ EMPLOYEE-FILE.READ EMPLOYEE-FILE.PERFORM WHILE NOT EOFPERFORM WHILE NOT EOF

IF EMP-ID = SEARCH-KEYIF EMP-ID = SEARCH-KEYDISPLAY EMP-ID " " DISPLAY EMP-ID " " EMP-FIRST-NAME " "EMP-FIRST-NAME " "EMP-LAST-NAME " "EMP-LAST-NAME " "EMP-YTD-PAYEMP-YTD-PAY

END-IFEND-IFREAD EMPLOYEE-FILEREAD EMPLOYEE-FILE

END-PERFORM.END-PERFORM.

SQLSQLSELECT EMP-ID,SELECT EMP-ID, EMP-FIRST-NAME,EMP-FIRST-NAME, EMP-LAST-NAME,EMP-LAST-NAME, EMP-YTD-PAYEMP-YTD-PAY FROM EMPLOYEEFROM EMPLOYEE WHERE EMP-ID=1234WHERE EMP-ID=1234

Data TrendsData Trends Centralized to Centralized to

decentralizeddecentralized mainframe to PCmainframe to PC

Keystroke to optical scanningKeystroke to optical scanning voice?voice?

MultimediaMultimedia voice / animation / video, etc.voice / animation / video, etc.

Data to informationData to information

Telecomm TrendsTelecomm Trends Link organizations toLink organizations to

customers customers Amer Hosp Supply (Amer Hosp Supply (AHSAHS))

supplierssuppliers Porter ModelPorter Model

LAN to WANLAN to WAN InternetInternet

Development TrendsDevelopment Trends

““Information systems are Information systems are becoming too complex to becoming too complex to develop by conventional means.”develop by conventional means.”

John PodlipnikJohn Podlipnik Vice President, Vice President,

American Management SystemsAmerican Management Systems

Increasing ComplexityIncreasing Complexity Program Lines of CodeProgram Lines of Code

1970’s - 10,0001970’s - 10,000 1980’s - 100,00+1980’s - 100,00+ 1990’s - 1,000,000+1990’s - 1,000,000+

Type HardwareType Hardware 1970’s - Standalone1970’s - Standalone 1980’s - Networked1980’s - Networked 1990’s - Distributed1990’s - Distributed

Increasing ComplexityIncreasing Complexity Type of DataType of Data

1970’s - Text1970’s - Text 1980’s - Graph User Intrface (GUI)1980’s - Graph User Intrface (GUI) 1990’s - Object-oriented User 1990’s - Object-oriented User

Interface (OOUI)Interface (OOUI) Data OrganizationData Organization

1970’s - Files1970’s - Files 1980’s - Databases1980’s - Databases 1990’s - Relational Databases1990’s - Relational Databases

Increasing ComplexityIncreasing Complexity Software LanguagesSoftware Languages

1970’s - 3GL1970’s - 3GL 1980’s - 3GL / 4GL1980’s - 3GL / 4GL 1990’s - 3GL / 4GL / Objects1990’s - 3GL / 4GL / Objects

Application of Blaab’s LawApplication of Blaab’s Law

Blaab’s LawBlaab’s Law

““Old technologies persist Old technologies persist in the face of new in the face of new technologies.”technologies.”

Magnetic tapeMagnetic tape Windmill east of LivermoreWindmill east of Livermore

IssueIssue

““Our company is committed to Our company is committed to providing each employee with providing each employee with the latest technology.”the latest technology.”

Anonymous CEOAnonymous CEO

WHAT DO YOU THINK WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THIS POLICY ?ABOUT THIS POLICY ?

Increasing ComplexityIncreasing Complexity StandardsStandards

1970’s - None1970’s - None 1980’s - Some1980’s - Some 1990’s - “Open”1990’s - “Open”

Podlipnik’s Question:Podlipnik’s Question:

““How do we deal with changing:How do we deal with changing: business environment , business environment , technology landscape technology landscape ANDAND increasingly complex systems?”increasingly complex systems?”

Podlipnik’s AnswerPodlipnik’s Answer Advanced user interfacesAdvanced user interfaces

user-centered user-centered methodologiesmethodologies

Client / server solutionsClient / server solutions integration to legacy systemsintegration to legacy systems

Object-oriented techniquesObject-oriented techniques Open systemsOpen systems

to address technology evolutionto address technology evolution

Legacy SystemsLegacy Systems

Client/ServerClient/Server Object TechnologyObject Technology

End-user TrendsEnd-user Trends More knowledgeable usersMore knowledgeable users

More demanding of ITMore demanding of IT More opportunities forMore opportunities for

misuse of IT resourcesmisuse of IT resources mischiefmischief computer crimecomputer crime

IT people as communicatorsIT people as communicators

IT Issues ModelIT Issues Model

End-user

IT Dept

Company

Society

End-user IT IssuesEnd-user IT Issues Computer LiteracyComputer Literacy

What is it?What is it? Costs Costs How do we deliver?How do we deliver? Changing contentChanging content Shneiderman plaguesShneiderman plagues

anxiety and alienationanxiety and alienation information poor minorityinformation poor minority

End-user Issues End-user Issues User developmentUser development

how much?how much? power / control / misusepower / control / misuse

Safe IT work environment Safe IT work environment ((Ergonomics)Ergonomics)

IT humanizationIT humanization Human FactorsHuman Factors deteriorating image of peopledeteriorating image of people

IT Department IssuesIT Department Issues Centralize or decentralize Centralize or decentralize

IT resourcesIT resources InterconnectivityInterconnectivity

islands of technologyislands of technology Alignment of IT dept. goals Alignment of IT dept. goals

with organizationwith organization Organizational levelOrganizational level

VP? Report to whom?VP? Report to whom?

Department Issues Department Issues Technology transferTechnology transfer

““bewildering complexity bewildering complexity and speedand speed””

scouting the futurescouting the future predicting trendspredicting trends technology mappingtechnology mapping prototyping / demonstrationsprototyping / demonstrations technology implementationtechnology implementation

Company IT Issues Company IT Issues Strategic role of ITStrategic role of IT Computer crime / securityComputer crime / security Reengineering with ITReengineering with IT Business value of IT (Business value of IT (e.g, wastee.g, waste)) IT Top-down planningIT Top-down planning

Company Issues Company Issues Organizational fragilityOrganizational fragility

Worst case scenariosWorst case scenarios Contingency ManagementContingency Management

Electronic Data Systems Electronic Data Systems ((EDS)EDS) example example

Change ManagementChange Management

Societal IssuesSocietal Issues EthicsEthics

““professional responsibility”professional responsibility” Individual privacyIndividual privacy Unemployment / displacementUnemployment / displacement Social responsibilitySocial responsibility

Chief Information Chief Information Officer ( Officer (CIOCIO)) VP for IT ServicesVP for IT Services Understands businessUnderstands business Technology transferTechnology transfer Create IT visionCreate IT vision

sell it ! sell it ! Implement IT infrastructureImplement IT infrastructure

chassis for building onchassis for building on

IssueIssue

Does your firm have a CIO?Does your firm have a CIO? To whom does the CIO report?To whom does the CIO report? Has the CIO created an IT vision?Has the CIO created an IT vision? Does the CIO have a technical or Does the CIO have a technical or

management background?management background?

TELL US YOUR EXPERIENCES!TELL US YOUR EXPERIENCES!

Points to RememberPoints to Remember IT TrendsIT Trends IT IssuesIT Issues CIOCIO Apply to a business organizationApply to a business organization

Exercises Exercises Research paperResearch paper