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Chapter 10 . Information Systems. Overview. Explain Organizational Functional View Describe Organizational Management Levels Discuss Organizational Flow Of Information Discuss Information Systems Distinguish Different Information Systems Differentiate Data vs. Knowledge Workers - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Professor Michael J. LosaccoCIS 1150 – Computer Information Systems
Software Programming
Chapter 10
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Overview
System Development Life Cycle
Project Management
Project Challenges
Programming
Program Development Life Cycle
Language Generations
Languages Commonly in Use
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Information System
People (AKA End Users)
ProceduresGuidelines for Hardware & Software Use
Software
Hardware
DataRaw, Unprocessed Facts
ConnectivityShare Information with Other Users
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System Development Life Cycle
Steps of the SDLC
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System Development Life Cycle
Steps of the SDLC
Problem and Opportunity Identification
Analysis by Developing the Program Specification
Design Using Data Flow Diagrams
Development of Actual Program
Testing and Installation to Insure it Works
Maintenance to Maintain Usefulness
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Project Management
Project Manager
Plans, Schedules, & Controls Activities
Goals, Objectives, & Expectations of Project
List Required Activities
Time Required
Cost Estimate
Order & Dependency
Establishes Scope
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Project Management
Software
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Project Success
SuccessfulOn-time, On-budget, All Features
ChallengedLate, Over Budget, Less Features
Failed Cancelled or Delivered but Never Used
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Project Success
Smaller Projects Have Better Success
$10M+
$6-10M
$3-6M
$750K-3M
<$750K
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Success
Budg
et
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Project Success
Shorter Projects Have Better Success
6 9 12 18 240%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Months
Succ
ess
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Project Challenges
Large Project Cost Overruns
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Project Challenges
Large Project Cost Overrun Reasons
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Project Challenges
Large Project Schedule Overruns
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Project Challenges
Successful IT Project Outcomes by Type
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Project Failures
FAA Air Traffic Control ($1.5B – 1994)
IRS Modernization ($3.4B – 1997)
DoD Business Modernization ($19B – 2004)200 Inventory / 450 Personnel Systems
Air Force Combat Support ($1.1B – 2005)
Healthcare.gov ($1.5B – 2013)$94M Projected, 1% Successfully Enrolled in First Week
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh (2002)Dramatically Higher Death Rates
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Preliminary Investigation
Define the Problem
Information Needed
By Whom, When, and Why
Suggest Alternative Systems
Prepare a Short Report
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System Analysis
Data Collected About Present System
Analyze Data
Learn How Information Currently Flows
Understand Why There Are Issues
Research
Questionnaire
One-on-one Interview
Observation
Determine New Requirements
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System Analysis
Tools
Grid Chart
Decision Table
System Flowchart
Data Flow Diagram
Culminating Report
Describe Current System
Requirements for New System
Possible Development Schedule
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System Design
Designing Alternative SystemsFeasibility Study
EconomicTechnicalOperational
Selecting the Best SystemOverall Fit with Current Information SystemFlexibilitySecurityCost / Benefit Analysis
ROI (Hard vs. Soft)
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System Design
Develop All Details of System
Write Technical Specifications
Details Functionality & Scope of Project
Request for Quotation (RFQ)
Vendor Quotes Price For Listed Hardware
Request for Proposal (RFP)
Vendor Quotes Price For Software
Based on Specification
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System Development
Create or Acquire SoftwareDesign
PurchaseOutsource
Acquire HardwareTurnkey Solution
Complete System Provided by VARValue-added Reseller
Purchases Products from Manufacturer
Resells Them, Offering Additional Services
Must Meet Certain Requirements
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System Development
TestingPhases
Alpha (Employees)Beta (Customers)
UnitEach Individual Program Works
SystemAll Programs in Application Work Together
IntegrationApplication Works with Other Applications
AcceptanceVerifies New System Works with Actual Data
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System Implementation
Types of Conversion
Direct
Parallel
Pilot
Phased
Training
One of Most Commonly Overlooked Activities
Scheduling Conflicts
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System Maintenance
Ongoing
More Time and Money Spent than Other Phases
75% of Total Lifetime Cost
Patches and Updates
Systems Audit
System Performance Compared to Original Design
Periodic Evaluation
Determine Whether Goals Are Being Met
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Program Development Life Cycle
Programming
Problem Solving Procedure
Translate Task into Commands
Instructions for Computer to Follow
Computer Follows Instructions to Perform Task
Processes Data into Information
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Problem Statement
Interact with Users
Create Specification Document
Program Objectives
Input Data
Processing Requirements
Desired Output
Error Handling
Includes Testing Plan
Addresses Probable Errors
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Algorithm Development
Steps to Complete Task
Algorithm Representation
Flowchart
Geometric Shapes
Depict Sequence of Steps
Pseudocode
Outline of Program Logic
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Algorithm Development
Flow Control
Logic Structures
Sequence
Selection
Test Condition
Repetition
AKA Loop
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Algorithm Development
Top-Down Design
Problem Broken into Series of High-level Tasks
Detailed Subtasks Created from High-level Tasks
Continue Until Steps Approximate Programming Commands
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Coding
Translate Algorithms into CPU Instructions
Programmers Convert Algorithm to CodeIdentify Key Pieces of Information
Identify Flow of Each Step
Convert to Programming Language Instructions
Programming Language InstructionsProcedural Languages
Instruct Computer to Perform Specific Operations
Content-markup Languages
Instruct Computer to Structure Information for Display
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Coding
PortabilityCapability of Moving Solution
From One Type of Computer to Another
CompilationProcess Converting Code into Machine Language
CompilerConverts Entire Code to Machine Language
InterpreterTranslates One Statement at a Time
Must Be Interpreted Before Every Execution
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Coding
Integrated Development Environment
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Debugging
Debugging
Process of Testing and then Eliminating Errors
Syntax Errors
Violation of Programming Language Rules
Logic Errors
Incorrect Calculation
Missing Procedure
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Testing and Documentation
TestingDesk Checking
Attempt at Translation
Testing with Sample Data
Testing By a Select Group of Potential UsersBeta
DocumentationDescription of How to Use Program
Users
Operators
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Programming Languages
CategoriesLow-level Languages
First and Second Generation
Machine Dependant
Typically Determined by Processor
Faster Execution, More Code Required
High-level Languages
Third, Fourth, and Fifth Generation
Machine Independent
Slower Execution, Less Code Required
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Programming Languages
Language ConsiderationsSpace Available
Speed Required
Organizational Resources Available
Type of Target Application
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Programming Languages
Common Languages in UseBy Demand and Popularity
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Programming Languages
Top LanguagesIn Demand by Employers
IEEE 2017
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Programming Languages
Top LanguagesIoT (Internet of Things) Development
