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Español V Realidades 3
Capítulo 3
El 20 de marzo 2015
META1. Las Obras a la pizarra
2. Vocabulario
3. Mandatos
4. El Subjuntivo
Los MandatosInformal Commands ("tú")
Compra (tú) el anillo.(You) Buy the ring.
Escribe (tú) la tarea.(You) Do the homework.
Compra (tú) los libros.(You) Buy the books.
Come (tú) la patata.(You) Eat the potato.
Remember that Spanish has both a formal and an informal style of speech (tú/Ud.). This distinction applies to commands.
Compre Ud. el anillo.Buy the ring. (formal)
Compra (tú) los dulces.Buy the candy. (familiar
Remember, formal speech is generally used to be polite or to express respect. Informal, or familiar, speech is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child.
The affirmative informal (tú) commands are formed the same way as the present indicative Ud. form:(hablar - ar + a = habla)(comer - er + e = come)
Be sure to note that the "tú" commands use the usted form, not the tú form!
The following examples of commands use three regular verbs: hablar, comer, and escribir.Habla (tú) más lentamente.(You) Speak more slowly.
Come (tú) la cena.(You) Eat the dinner.
Escribe (tú) la carta.(You) Write the letter.
Note that the negative informal commands use the tú form of the present subjunctive.No cuentes tus beneficios.Don't count your blessings.
No hables más lentamente.Don't speak more slowly.
Be sure to note that this is the tú form!
Compare the affirmative informal (tú) commands with the negative informal (tú) commands:
Cuenta tus beneficios.
Count your blessings.
No cuentes tus beneficios.
Don't count your blessings.
Habla más lentamente.
Speak more slowly.
No hables más lentamente.
Don't speak more slowly.
Also note that the subject pronoun tú is not normally used with imperative form.
Habla más lentamente.(You) Speak more slowly.
Come la cena.(You) Eat the dinner.
Escribe la carta.(You) Write the letter.
Complete List
Informal (tú) Commands (Imperative)
Affirmative: Use the present indicative Ud. formNegative: Use the present subjunctive tú form
Habla.Speak.
No hables.Don't speak.
Come.Eat.
No comas.Don't eat.
Escribe.Write.
No escribas.Don't write.
Formal Commands
Commands are used when ordering, or telling someone to do something. This is often referred to as the "imperative" form of the verb.
Compre Ud. el anillo.
(You) Buy the ring.
Compren Uds. los libros.
(You-all) Buy the books.
Hagan Uds. el trabajo.
(You-all) Do the work.
By now, you are well acquainted with the fact that Spanish has both a formal and an informal style of speech (tú / Ud.). This distinction applies to commands.Compre Ud. el anillo.
Buy the ring. (formal)
Compra (tú) los dulces.
Buy the candy. (familiar)
Informal, or familiar, speech is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child. Formal speech is generally used to be polite or to express respect. For that reason, the formal commands are often referred to as polite commands.
The formal commands are formed the same way as the present subjunctive:
1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.2. Then drop the -o ending.3. Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)-er and -ir verbs:-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)
The following examples of formal commands use three regular verbs: hablar, comer, and escribir.Hable Ud. más lentamente.Hablen Uds. más lentamente.Speak more slowly.
Coma Ud. la cena.Coman Uds. la cena.Eat the dinner.
Escriba Ud. la carta.Escriban Uds. la carta.Write the letter.
Remember, if the first person singular (yo) form is irregular, that irregularity is carried over into the formation of the formal command.
Tengan Uds. un buen viaje. (yo tengo)
Have a good trip.
Traiga Ud. el dinero. (yo traigo)
Bring the money.
Venga Ud. conmigo. (yo vengo)
Come with me.
This also applies to stem-changing verbs.Cuente Ud. sus beneficios. (yo cuento)
Count your blessings.
Vuelvan Uds. pronto. (yo vuelvo)
Return quickly.
Pida dinero. (yo pido)
Ask for money.
As with the present subjunctive, the following verbs are irregular:Dar
dé Ud.den Uds.
estaresté Ud.estén Uds.
irvaya Ud.vayan Uds.Sersea Ud.sean Uds.
sabersepa Ud.sepan Uds.
Note that affirmative and negative commands use the same verb forms.Hable Ud.
Speak.
No hable Ud.
Don't speak.
Coma Ud.
Eat.
No coma Ud.
Don't eat.
Escriba Ud.
Write.
No escriba Ud.
Don't write.
Also note that the subject pronouns Ud. and Uds. may or may not be used. Using them adds a degree of formality or politeness to the command.Hable.
Speak.
Hable Ud.
Speak (sir). (more respectful)
Coma.
Eat.
Coma Ud.
Eat (sir). (more polite)
Complete ListFormal Commands (Imperative)Use the present subjunctive forms
Hable Ud.Speak.
No hable Ud.Don't speak.
Coma Ud.Eat.
No coma Ud.Don't eat.
Escriba Ud.Write.
No escriba Ud.Don't write.
Irregular Formal Commands (Imperative)Same irregulars as the present subjunctive forms
dardé Ud.den Uds.
estaresté Ud.estén Uds.
irvaya Ud.vayan Uds.
sersea Ud.sean Uds.
sabersepa Ud.sepan Uds.
Spanish commands, otherwise known as imperatives, are verb forms used to directly address someone and give them an order. Given their nature, commands in Spanish are almost always found in the familiar second person (tú, vosotros). When forming a command, the verb has different conjugations depending on 3 factors:
informal or formal
affirmative (do something) or negative (don't do something)
singular (giving the order to one person) or plural (more than one person)
Informal Spanish Commands - Affirmative & Negative
Commands are almost always found in the informal - or familiar - form and are used when addressing friends, family, children, coworkers, etc.
Affirmative tú commands
The affirmative "tú" (you) command is fairly easy to learn, in that it is almost always identical to the third person singular form of the Spanish present tense. Basically, you just drop the "-r" off the infinitive and voila! A command is born. The only exception comes into play with verbs ending in "-ir", in which case the ending changes from an i to an e. For example:
verb endin
g
infinitive command example
-arhablar(to talk)
hablaHabla
conmigo.(Talk with me.)
-erleer
(to read)lee
Lee el libro. (Read the
book.)
-ircubrir
(to cover)
cubreCubre la olla.
(Cover the pot.)
This is the case for most "regular" verbs, meaning verbs that generally follow the rules. There are several Spanish verbs, however, that have special forms when used as an affirmative tú command. Here are a few commonly used ones:
verb tú example
command (affirmative
)
decir(to say, to
tell)di
Dime cuántos años tienes.
(Tell me how old you are.)
hacer(to do, to
make)haz
Haz la cama.(Make the bed)
ir(to go)
veVete.
(Go away)
poner(to put, to
place)pon
Ponlo en mi habitación.(Put it in my room)
salir sal Sal de aquí.
(to go out, to leave)
(Get out of here)
ser(to be)
séSé un buen chico.(Be a good boy.)
tener(to have)
tenTen cuidado.(Be careful)
venir (to come)
venVen a mi casa.
(Come to my house)
Negative tú commands To form a negative command (don't do that, don't run, etc.), the tú form of hte present subjunctive is used.Here are some examples of informal negative commands, using the same verbs (hablar, leer and cubrir) from earlier.
verb endin
g
infinitive
tú comman
d
example
(negative)
-arhablar(to talk)
no hables
No hables conmigo.
(Don't talk with me.)
-erleer
(to read)no leas
No leas el libro. (Don't read the
book.)
-ircubrir
(to cover)
no cubrasNo cubras la olla. (Don't cover the
pot.)
Formal Spanish Commands - Affirmative and Negative Formal commands, which are used to be polite or express respect towards the person you are addressing, are formed by using the third person form (usted) of the present subjunctive. This applies
to affirmative and negative formal commands. *** Learn how to conjugate verbs into the subjunctive: Spanish subjunctive For example:
verb endin
g
infinitive
formal command
(affirmative)
formal command(negative)
-arhablar(to talk)
Hable.(Talk.)
No hable.(Don't talk.)
-erleer
(to read)Lea.
(Read.)No lea.
(Don't read.)
-ircubrir
(to cover)
Cubra.(Cover.)
No cubra.(Don't cover.)
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE IN SPANISH I
All too frequently, the topic of the subjunctive is made far more difficult than is necessary. Let's try a slightly different approach, with the goal of making this topic less troublesome.
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.
Here are some examples of the subjunctive being used in English:
The doctor recommends that he take the pills with food.Subjunctive conjugation: he take
The law requires that you be 18 years old to vote.Subjunctive conjugation: you be
If I were a rich man, I wouldn't have to work hard.Subjunctive conjugation: I were
So far, you have studied verb tenses in the indicative mood. The indicative mood is used to express factual information, certainty, and objectivity.
Usted va al Perú en diciembre.
You are going to Peru in December.
The above sentence merely reports the fact that you are going to Peru in December, so the indicative mood is used.
Let's change the above example slightly:
No dudo que usted va al Perú en diciembre.
I don't doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
In the above sentence, the clause "no dudo" introduces a quality of certainty, -- the speaker has no doubt, so the indicative mood is used in the second clause (va) as well as the first (no dudo).
Let's make another slight change to our example:
Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
In the above sentence, the clause "dudo" introduces a quality of uncertainty, -- the speaker does have
doubt, so here the subjunctive mood is used in the second clause (vaya).
The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.
Yo dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
Since the above statement does not express certainty, the subjunctive (vaya) is required in the second clause.
The difference between indicative and subjunctive is the difference between certainty/objectivity (indicative) and possibility/subjectivity (subjunctive).
Indicative
John goes to the store.(This sentence merely states the certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
I know that John goes to the store.(The clause "I know" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
There is no doubt that John goes to the store.(The clause "there is no doubt" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
Subjunctive
I want John to go to the store.(The clause "I want" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
I hope that John goes to the store.(The clause "I hope" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
It is possible that John will go to the store.(The clause "it is possible" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
It's good that John goes to the store.(The clause "it's good" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)
It's important that John goes to the store.(The clause "it's important" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)
Because there must be some uncertainty or subjectivity to warrant the use of the subjunctive, you will usually see it in sentences that contain a main clause which introduces a quality of uncertainty or subjectivity.
I hope she will come.I hope = main clause
I know she will come.I know = main clause
I feel she will come.I feel = main clause.
The above examples all have main clauses, but only the first and the third introduce an element of uncertainty or subjectivity.
In learning to use the subjunctive, it is quite helpful if one can first recognize such clauses. The following is a list of clauses commonly associated with the use of the subjunctive:
a menos que ...unless ...
antes (de) que ...before ...
con tal (de) que ...provided that ...
cuando ...when ...
conviene que ...it is advisable that ...
después (de) que ...after ...
dudar que ...to doubt that ...
en caso de que ...in case ...
en cuanto ...as soon as ...
es aconsejable que ...it's advisable that ...
es bueno que ...it's good that ...
es difícil que ...it's unlikely that ...
es dudoso que ...it is doubtful that ...
es fácil que ...it's likely that ...
es fantástico que ...it's fantastic that ...
es importante que ...it's important that ...
es imposible que ...it's impossible that ...
es improbable que ...it's unlikely that ...
es incierto que ...it's uncertain that ...
es increíble que ...it's incredible that ...
es (una) lástima que ...it's a pity that ...
es malo que ...it's bad that ...
es mejor que ...it's better that ...
es menester que ...it's necessary that ...
es necesario que ...it's necessary that ...
esperar que ...to wish that ...
es posible que ...it's possible that ...
es preciso que ...it's necessary that ...
es preferible que ...it's preferable that ...
es probable que ...it's probable that ...
es raro que ...it's rare that ...
es ridículo que ...it's ridiculous that ...
estar contento queto be happy that ...
es terrible que ...it's terrible that ...
hasta que ...until ...
insistir en que ...to insist that ...
mandar que ...to order that ...
más vale que ...it's better that ...
mientras que ...while ...
negar que ...to deny that ...
no creer que ...not to believe that ...
no es cierto que ...it's not certain that ...
no estar convencido de que ...to not be convinced that ...
no estar seguro de que ...to not be sure that ...
no es verdad que ...it's not true that ...
no imaginarse que ...to not imagine that ...
no parecer que ...to not seem that ...
no pensar que ...to not think that ...
no suponer que ...to not suppose that ...
ojalá que ...if only he would ...
para que ...in order that ...
pedir que ...to ask that ...
preferir que ...to prefer that ...
prohibir que ...to prohibit that ...
puede ser que ...it may be that ...
querer que ...to want that ...
recomendar que ...to recommend that ...
rogar que ...to plead that ...
sentir que ...to regret that ...
sin que ...without ...
sugerir que ...to suggest that ...
tan pronto como ...as soon as ...
temer que ...to fear that ...
tener miedo de que ...to be afraid that ...
As you can see, the list is quite long, and this isn't even a complete list! There are even more expressions that trigger use of the subjunctive that we haven't included. Instead of trying to memorize such a long list, why not familiarize yourself with a much shorter list of expressions with which the subjunctive is not used?
creer que ...to believe that ...
no dudar que ...to not doubt that ...
es cierto que ...it is certain that ...
es claro que ...it is clear that ...
es evidente que ...it is certain that ...
es obvio que ...it is obvious that ...
estar seguro que ...to be sure that ...
es verdad que ...it is true that ...
no cabe duda que ...there's no doubt that ...
no es dudoso que ...it is not doubtful that ...
no hay duda que ...there is no doubt that ...
Since these expressions introduce a quality of certainty, they do not trigger the use of the subjunctive.
If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause introduces a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will use the indicative mood in the second clause, since the sentence will be reporting something certain.
If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause does not introduce a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will usually use the subjunctive mood in the second clause, since the sentence will not be reporting something certain.
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.
Use this verb quizzer to practice conjugating verbs in the present subjunctive. To learn when to use the subjunctive, please refer to the appropriate exercises in the Grammar Tutorial.
For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:
1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
2. Then drop the -o ending.3. Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, en
-er and -ir verbs:-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Regular -ar verbs like hablar (yo hablo).
hablo - o = habl
habl + e = hablehabl + es = hableshabl + e = hablehabl + emos = hablemoshabl + éis = habléishabl + en = hablen
Regular -er verbs like comer (yo como).
como - o = com
com + a = coma
com + as = comascom + a = comacom + amos = comamoscom + áis = comáiscom + an = coman
Regular -ir verbs like vivir (yo vivo).
vivo - o = viv
viv + a = vivaviv + as = vivasviv + a = vivaviv + amos = vivamosviv + áis = viváisviv + an = vivan
fin
Ullamalitzi Aztec Ball Game
A sample ullamaliztli tlachtli (ball court)(On display at Mexico's National Anthropological Museum, 2009)
See Below
3. Indirect direct pronouns Me
Te
Le
Nos
Os
Les
Estoy hablándote ahora.
Yo te estoy hablando ahora.
commands
MANDATOS
Speak to me! ¡Háblame! Tú
¡Hábleme ¡ Háblenme ¡
Escuchar to listen to
¡Escúchame! tú form command
¡Escúcheme! Usted form command
Affirmative
¡Escúchenme! Ustedes command form
Affirmative
When le and les come before lo la los and las
Le and les become SE
!Tómensela!
No lo tome
History
Mesoamerican ballgameThe word ulama comes from the Nahuatl word ōllamaliztli [oːlːama'listɬi] a combination of ōllama ['oːlːama] (playing of a game with a ball) and ōlli ['oːlːi] (rubber). Ōllamaliztli was the Aztec name for the Mesoamerican ballgame, whose roots
extended back to at least the 2nd millennium BC and evidence of which has been found in
nearly all Mesoamerican cultures in an area extending from modern-day Mexico to El Salvador, and possibly in modern-day
Arizona and New Mexico. Archaeologists have uncovered rubber balls dated to at least 1600 BC,[3] ballplayer figurines from at least 1200 BC, and nearly 1500 ancient ball courts. However, due to its religious and ritual aspects, Spanish Catholics suppressed the game soon after the Spanish conquest, leaving it to survive in areas such as Sinaloa, where Spanish influence was less pervasive.
UlamaUlama games are played on a temporary court called a taste ([tas.te], from tlachtli ['t͡ɬat͡ʃt͡ɬi], the Nahuatl word meaning "ballcourt").
The bounds of these long narrow courts are made by drawing or chalking thick lines in the dirt. The courts are divided into opposing sides by a center line, called an analco. A ball that is allowed to cross the end line, the chichi or chivo, will result in a point for the opposing team.
Points or rayas ("lines", so named for the tally marks used to keep score) are gained in
various ways. The scoring system also provides for resetting the score to zero upon certain conditions, which can make for lengthy games.
The modern-day game has three main forms:
Ulama de cadera, or hip ulama. A hip ulama team consists of five or more players, but there could be as many as twelve, wearing loincloths, with leather hip pads for some protection against the heavy (3 kg or 7 lb) rubber ball.
Ulama de antebrazo, or forearm ulama. Played on a smaller field, with teams of one to three players and ball lighter than that of hip ulama, the games requires
the players to return the ball using their wrapped forearm.[6] Women often play this game.
Ulama de mazo or Ulama de palo, in which a heavy (6-7 kg or 13-15 lb) two-handed wooden paddle strikes a 500 g (1 lb) ball, usually with teams of 3 or 4.
The object of the game is to keep the ball in play and in bounds. Depending on the score – and the local variant of the rules – the ball is played either high or low. A team scores a point when a player of the opposing team
hits the ball out of turn; misses the ball; knocks the ball out of bounds; touches the ball with their hands or some other body part aside from the hip; accidentally touches a team-mate; lets the ball stop moving before it reaches the centre line or even if they fail to announce the score after they have scored a point.
The team that first scores eight points wins. If both teams end up having the same number of points after a turn, both sides begin again from zero. One record-setting game reputedly lasted for eight days but most modern games are stopped after about two hours.
Aztec ullamaliztli players performing for Charles V in Spain, drawn by Christoph Weiditz in 1528. Note the similarity in dress to the modern-day ulama player above.
Ulama ballsModern ulama balls are made using a traditional technique: rubber sap is boiled with other ingredients to vulcanize it and allow it to retain its shape. Using the traditional technique also makes the balls expensive and difficult to obtain.
Ulama (juego)
Ulama es un juego de pelota en algunas comunidades en el estado mexicano de Sinaloa. Descendiente de la versión pre-hispánica del juego de pelota mesoamericano.[1] el juego es una de las más antiguas tradiciones deportivas que han existido continuamente, es notable también por el hecho de que es el juego más antiguo conocido que utiliza una pelota de goma.
Sinaloa jugador de Ulama.Photograph: Manuel Aguilar-Moreno / CSULA Ulama Project.
Historia
Antecedentes
Las raíces del pok-ta-pok o pokyab, según su denominación en maya (tlachtli en náhuatl y taladzi en zapoteco), el juego de pelota mesoamericano, se remontan, al menos, al segundo milenio antes de Cristo y la evidencia de que se ha encontrado en casi
todas las culturas mesoamericanas en una zona que se extiende desde el México moderno a El Salvador, y posiblemente en la actual Arizona y Nuevo México. Los arqueólogos han descubierto pelotas de goma de por lo menos 1600 a. C.[2]
Sin embargo, debido a su aspecto religioso y ritual, los misioneros católicos suprimieron el juego poco después de la llegada de los europeos a México, perviviendo en áreas como Sinaloa, donde la influencia española estuvo menos extendida.
Actualidad
En la actualidad, pocas son las regiones en donde aún se practica este juego; Zacatecas, Sinaloa, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca,
incluso en la Ciudad de México, son algunos estados en los aún se practica ese milenario juego. Sin embargo, los juegos de
pelota de origen prehispánico que aún se conservan, están íntimamente ligados a la tradición popular y de alguna manera, son un puente que une el pasado de México con el presente.
ReglasLas reglas del ulama moderno, se asemejan a las del voleibol excepto en la existencia de una red,[3] con cada equipo limitado a una mitad del campo. En la versión más difundida de ulama, la pelota es golpeada de un lado a otro sólo utilizando las caderas,
hasta que un equipo no consigue devolver la pelota o hasta que sale de la pista.
la salud y ejercicios
EJERCICIOS y LA SALUD
EJERCICIOS
flexionar
Hacer aeróbicos
aerobicos
Hacer cinta
Hacer abdominales
HACER YOGA
Realidades 3 Página 129Actividad 25 ¿Comprendiste?
1. ¿Por qué es Buena la práctica regular de
ejercicios?
2. ¿Cuáles son cuatro beneficios de hacer
ejercicio?
3. Cuáles son algunos efectos positivos de reducir
El estrés con el ejercicio?
4. ¿Estás de acuerdo con que los juegos y deportes
permiten a los jóvenes expresarse?
Explica la respuesta.
Realidades 3 página 138
José Alfredo Jiménez
que te vaya bonito
ojalá que te vaya bonito,ojalá que se acaben tus penas,que te digan que yo ya no existo,y conozcas personas mÁs buenas.
que te den lo que no pude darte,aunque yo, te haya dado de todo,nunca mas volvere a molestarte;te adore, te perdÍ, ya ni modo.
cuantas cosas quedaron prendidas,hasta dentro del fondo de mi alma,cuantas luces dejaste encendidas ,ya no sé como voy a apagarlas.
amor,
ojalá que mi amor no te duela,y te olvides de mÍ para siempre,que se llenen de sangre tus venas,
y te vista la vida de suerte.
yo no sé si tu ausencia me mate,aunque tengo mi pecho de acero,pero nadie me llame cobarde,sin saber hasta donde la quiero.
cuantas cosas quedaron prendidas,hasta dentro del fondo de mi alma,cuantas luces dejaste encendidas,ya no sÉ como voy a apagarlas.
ojalá, que te vaya bonito...
Subjunctive: Part I All too frequently, the topic of the subjunctive is made far more difficult than is necessary. Let's try a slightly different
approach, with the goal of making this topic less troublesome.
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.
Here are some examples of the subjunctive being used in English:
The doctor recommends that he take the pills with food.
Subjunctive conjugation: he take
The law requires that you be 18 years old to vote.
Subjunctive conjugation: you be
If I were a rich man, I wouldn't have to work hard.
Subjunctive conjugation: I were
So far, you have studied verb tenses in the indicative mood. The indicative mood is used to express factual information, certainty, and objectivity.
Usted va al Perú en diciembre.
You are going to Peru in December.
The above sentence merely reports the fact that you are going to Peru in December, so the indicative mood is used.
Let's change the above example slightly:
No dudo que usted va al Perú en diciembre.
I don't doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
In the above sentence, the clause "no dudo" introduces a quality of certainty, --
the speaker has no doubt, so the indicative mood is used in the second clause (va) as well as the first (no dudo).
Let's make another slight change to our example
Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
In the above sentence, the clause "dudo" introduces a quality of uncertainty, -- the
speaker does have doubt, so here the subjunctive mood is used in the second clause (vaya).
The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity
Yo dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
Since the above statement does not express certainty, the subjunctive (vaya) is required in the second clause.
The difference between indicative and
subjunctive is the difference between
certainty/objectivity (indicative) and
possibility/subjectivity (subjunctive).
Indicative
John goes to the store.
(This sentence merely states the certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
I know that John goes to the store.
(The clause "I know" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
There is no doubt that John goes to the store.
(The clause "there is no doubt" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
Subjunctive
I want John to go to the store.
(The clause "I want" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
I hope that John goes to the store.
(The clause "I hope" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
It is possible that John will go to the store.
(The clause "it is possible" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to the store.)
It's good that John goes to the store.(The clause "it's good" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)
It's important that John goes to the store.
(The clause "it's important" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)
Because there must be some uncertainty or subjectivity to warrant the use of the subjunctive, you will usually see it in sentences that contain a main clause which introduces a quality of uncertainty or subjectivity.
I hope she will come to the party…I hope = main clause
I know she will come to the party…I know = main clause
I feel she will come.I feel = main clause.
The above examples all have main clauses, but only the first and the third introduce an element of uncertainty or subjectivity.
In learning to use the subjunctive, it is quite helpful if one can first recognize such clauses.
The following is a list of clauses commonly associated with the use of the subjunctive:
a menos que ...unless ...
antes (de) que ...before ...
con tal (de) que ...provided that ...
cuando ...when ...
conviene que ...it is advisable that ...
después (de) que ...after ...
dudar que ...
en caso de que ...
es aconsejable que ...
es bueno que ...
es difícil que ...
it's unlikely that ...
es dudoso que ...
es fácil que ...it's likely that ...
es fantástico que ...it's fantastic that .
es importante que ...it's important that ...
es imposible que ...it's impossible that ...
es improbable que ...it's unlikely that ...
es incierto que ...it's uncertain that ...
es increíble que ...it's incredible that ...
es (una) lástima que ...it's a pity that ...
es malo que ...it's bad that ...
es mejor que ...it's better that ...
es necesario que ...it's necessary that ...
esperar que ...to wish that ...
es posible que ...it's possible that ...
es preferible que ...it's preferable that ...
es probable que ...it's probable that ...
es raro que ...it's rare that ...
es ridículo que ...it's ridiculous that ...
estar contento queto be happy that ...
es terrible que ...it's terrible that ...
hasta que …until ...
insistir en que ...to insist that ...
mandar que ...to order that ...
más vale que ...it's better that ...
mientras que ...while ...
negar que ...to deny that ...
no creer que ...not to believe that ...
no es cierto que ...it's not certain that ...
no estar convencido de que ...to not be convinced that ...
no estar seguro de que ...to not be sure that ...
no es verdad que ...it's not true that ...
no imaginarse que ...to not imagine that ...
no parecer que ...to not seem that ..
no pensar que ...to not think that ...
no suponer que ...to not suppose that ...
ojalá que ...if only he would ...
para que ...in order that ...
pedir que ...to ask that ...
preferir que ...to prefer that ...
prohibir que ...to prohibit that ...
puede ser que ...it may be that ..
querer que ...to want that ...
recomendar que ...to recommend that ...
rogar que ...to plead that ..
sentir que ...to regret that ...
sin que ...without ...
sugerir que ...to suggest that ...
tan pronto como ...as soon as ...
temer que ...to fear that ...
tener miedo de que ...to be afraid that ...
Frases en el SUBJUNTIVO Es preferible que tú uses un lápiz durante el examen.
Es raro que veas Profesores afuera de la escuela.
Estoy contento que Kyle venga a la fiesta en mi casa mañana.
Es ridículo que Sarah no venga a la fiesta en mi casa manana.
Es lástima que Jess camine despúes de herrir su tobillo.
Es incréible que ella salga a tiempo hoy.
Es incierto que el salga bien en el examen.
ES fácil que tú ganes el premio de la carrera.
Es dudoso que tú visites todos los ciudades en los Estadios Unidos.
Es importante que ella se cepille los dientes.
Es fantástico que el visite otros países y que aprenda la lengua y cultura.
Es imposible que los perros vivan en el mar.
Es improbable que yo pare de comer a la comida basura.
Mas frases en el subuntivo-
1. Es bueno que tú hagas la tarea todos los días.
2. Es terrible que tú te sientas mal.
3. No salgas hasta que tú comas las verduras.
4. Yo quiero que trabajes después de que hagas la tarea.
5.Él prohibe que tú des al perro el chocolate.
6. No estoy convencido de que él llegue al tiempo.
7. Dudo que estudies esta noche.
8. No es cierto que compres la camisa
hoy.
9. En caso de que salgas temprano,
escriba la tarea en tu cuaderno.
10. Mi mama insiste en que yo limpie la
casa.
11. Mas vale que llueva.
12. Yo mando que tú llegues ahora.
13. Es aconsejable que tu vayas a la
clasa.
¡MAS DE LA SALUD!
ESTORNUDAR ESTORNUDAR ESTORNUDAR
ESTORNUDAR ESTORNUDAR ESTORNUDAR Estornudar estornudar estornudar estornudar estornudar
estornudo....mucho.....
Creo que ella tenga una alergia.
Nota¨ AL plus the infinitive means- upon.......doing something
Al hablar upon speaking
Al decir upon talking
Al estornudar
¿Te duele el pecho?
Pecho
Tos
¿Tiene una tos?
la tos
la tos
la gripe
Partícula viral o «virión» del virus de la gripe.
LA GRIPE
La gripe, gripa o influenza es una enfermedad infecciosa de aves y mamíferos causada por un tipo de virus de ARN de la familia de los Orthomyxoviridae. Las palabras gripe y gripa proceden de la francesa grippe (procedente del suizo-alemán grupi)
(acurrucarse), mientras que influenza procede del italiano.
En los seres humanos afecta a las vías respiratorias,
inicialmente puede ser similar a un resfriado y con frecuencia se acompaña de síntomas generales como dolor de garganta, debilidad, dolores musculares (mialgias), dolor estomacal, articulares (artralgias) y de cabeza (cefalea), con tos (que generalmente es seca y sin mucosidad), malestar general y algunos signos como pueda ser la fiebre.[1] En algunos casos más graves puede
complicarse con pulmonía (neumonía), que puede resultar mortal, es
Aunque se puede confundir con el resfriado común (catarro), la gripe es una enfermedad más grave y está causada por un tipo diferente de virus.[2] También puede
provocar, más a menudo en niños, náuseas y vómitos,[1] que al ser síntomas de gastroenteritis hace que se denomine gripe estomacal o abdominal.[3]
La gripe se transmite desde individuos infectados a través de gotas en aerosol cargadas de virus (procedentes de secreción nasal, bronquial o saliva que contenga alguna de ellas[4] ), que son emitidas con la tos o los estornudos o sólo al hablar. Ya mucho más raramente, a través de las heces de pájaros infectados. También es transmisible por
la sangre [1] y por las superficies u objetos contaminados con el virus, que se denominan fomites.
Los virus de la gripe resisten más en ambiente seco y frío. Pueden conservar su capacidad infectiva durante una semana a la temperatura del cuerpo humano, durante 30 días a 0 °C y durante mucho más tiempo a menores temperaturas.[5] [6] Puede ser fácilmente inactivado mediante detergentes o desinfectantes.
La gripe se distribuye en epidemias estacionales que provocan cientos de miles de defunciones, que pasan a ser millones en los años de pandemia (epidemia global). Durante el siglo XX se produjeron cinco pandemias de gripe debido a la aparición por mutación de diferentes cepas del virus. A menudo estas nuevas cepas han surgido a partir del trasvase de cepas típicas de animales al ser humano, en lo que se denomina salto de especie o heterocontagio.
Una variante mortal del virus de la gripe aviar denominada H5N1 pasó por ser la principal candidata para la siguiente pandemia de gripe en humanos desde que traspasó la barrera de especie
en los años 1990 y provocó decenas de defunciones en Asia, hasta la aparición de la neogripe A (H1N1) en 2009.
Afortunadamente aquella variante aviar no mutó y no puede transmitirse de persona a persona, pues sólo afectó a humanos desde aves contagiadas y ese contagio no es fácil pues requiere unas condiciones muy especiales.
En los países desarrollados se han establecido campañas de vacunación anual frente a la gripe para las personas con mayor riesgo de contraer la enfermedad o que son más vulnerables a sus complicaciones,[11] así como controles estrictos a las aves de corral.[12]
La vacuna humana habitual es la trivalente, que contiene proteínas purificadas e inactivadas de las tres cepas se consideran van a ser más comunes en la siguiente epidemia: dos subtipos del virus A de la gripe y uno del virus B.[13]
Una vacuna elaborada un año puede no ser eficaz al siguiente debido a las frecuentes y rápidas mutaciones (cambios en sus antígenos) que sufre el virus, y a la dominancia variable de las diferentes cepas.
El tratamiento es sólo sintomático y en los casos graves y hospitalarios es sólo de mantenimiento de constantes, pues los fármacos antivirales tienen una eficacia muy limitada (los más eficaces son los inhibidores de la neuraminidasa) y no carecen de toxicidad. Los antibióticos sólo son útiles si hay infección bacteriana asociada
El pronóstico es bueno con recuperación parcial a la semana y total a los quince días, siendo, en las epidemias habituales, los exitus letalis consecuencia de la patología o del deficiente estado inmunitario, previos a la infección gripal.
En España la gripe es de declaración obligatoria, no
nominal y no urgente. Todos los viernes ha de remitirse a
las autoridades sanitarias el número de casos nuevos
atendidos durante la semana. Antes de 2009 nunca se
requería encuesta epidemiológica, dada su alta morbilidad
(cantidad porcentual de afectados) pero está sí debe
realizarse actualmente en los casos de neogripe A, incluso
antes de la confirmación por el laboratorio.
Tiene fiebre
Estoy resfriado-a
Debes pasar de los grados Farenheit a grados Celsius o Centigrados.
Para hacerlo debes usar esta fórmula:
C = (F-32)/1.8
En es te caso debes proceder así
C = (93.0 - 32) / 1.8
C = (61) / 1.8
C = 33.88
Es decir que la temperatura es de 33.88 Grados Centígrados, o bien, 33.9 grados centígrados.
Tengo entendido que la temperatura promedio del cuerpo es de 37 - 38.
Si pasa los 38 es fiebre. Si es menor de 37, está baja la temperatura.
Alimentos Nutritivos
Realidades 3 Página 116 Capítulo 3
La Alimentación de los jovenes
Alimentación de los jóvenes
La etapa entre la adolescencia y la vida adulta se caracteriza principalmente por adquirir más autonomía. Los jóvenes cada vez son más autónomos a edades más tempranas y uno de los aspectos de esta autonomía es la alimentación: cada vez deciden más qué comer. Y no tan sólo deciden qué comer, sino también dónde, cómo y cuándo quieren comer.
Esta especie de caos alimentario puede conllevar algunos desarreglos en la alimentación. Esto, unido a una
oferta excesiva de alimentos, acompañada de un bombardeo publicitario exhaustivo, y sumándole el culto al cuerpo excesivo (que ya se da en niños de 8-9 años), hace que la alimentación en esta etapa no sea todo lo correcta que debiera ser, siendo los adolescentes especialmente vulnerables y fáciles de influir.
En esta etapa de desarrollo y crecimiento está aumentando la obesidad, con todos los problemas de salud que ello conlleva en la etapa adulta (diabetes, hipertensión, hipercolesterolemia, enfermedades
cardiovasculares…). Y no hay que olvidar los trastornos del comportamiento alimentario -anorexia y bulimia-, que también están muy presentes.
La alimentación monótona es aburrida, y los jóvenes deben conocer la variedad de alimentos existente para poder llevar una alimentación equilibrada sin que exista déficit de nutrientes. Una ingesta de calcio insuficiente en esta etapa puede implicar el desarrollo de osteoporosis en la etapa adulta, por eso es necesario el consumo de 2-3 raciones de lácteos diarias.Los jóvenes cada día son más inactivos, encuentran el ocio en el
ordenador, en los teléfonos móviles, y no debemos olvidar la importancia de la actividad física. Es primordial que los jóvenes se habitúen a practicar algún tipo de deporte, para favorecer su salud, su autoestima y su relación con otros compañeros.
Otro de los vicios juveniles son los refrescos, que añaden cantidades de azúcar no siempre necesarias. La principal bebida debe ser el agua (dos litros al día). Los snacks (patatas fritas, palomitas, galletas saladas, etc.) aportan una gran cantidad de energía innecesaria; por esta razón hay que aprender a consumirlos con
moderación. También les gusta a los jóvenes comer en restaurantes de comida rápida -fast food-, y han de aprender que en ellos también pueden encontrar alternativas saludables para acompañar a la pizza y las hamburguesas.
No hay que ser alarmistas, no existen los alimentos buenos ni malos, pero sí hay alimentos que se deben consumir en más cantidad o más a menudo, como son las frutas, verduras, legumbres y pescado, que tienen una presencia muy reducida en la dieta de los jóvenes.
Consejos:
Los padres deben predicar con el
ejemplo. Consumir una dieta equilibrada en la infancia y la juventud es hacer una inversión de salud de futuro y una seguridad para el presente.
Comer bien no significa ni comer mucho ni comer caro.
No picotear, y hacer todas las comidas del día sin olvidar el desayuno, favorece el mantenimiento de un peso correcto.
Los beneficios de ejercicio
El ejercicio físico es imprescindible para mantenernos sanos, contrarresta los efectos de la vida sedentaria y disminuye el estrés.
Al movernos la sangre transporta mayor cantidad de oxígeno a los músculos aumentando así su capacidad de trabajo.
Si comenzamos a hacer gimnasia, al cabo de varias semanas, disminuirá la frecuencia cardiaca en reposo y también no aumentará tanto cuando hagamos ejercicio.
Lo mejor es practicar un ejercicio que nos guste, si no estás en forma, antes de empezar el ejercicio deberías prepararte aumentando las actividades de la vida cotidiana cogiendo menos el coche o el autobús, paseando por tu barrio o subiendo por las escaleras.
Conviene combinar el trote con ejercicios repetitivos de estiramiento y fortalecimiento de los músculos, la frecuencia ideal sería hacer tres horas por semana.
ANTES DE HACER EJERCICIO FÍSICO
-Consulta con tu médico si padeces de tensión alta, problemas cardiacos, diabetes o dolores de espalda
-No hagas más de 20 minutos al principio
-Parar si pierdes el aliento o sientes malestar
-No hagas ejercicio si estás cansado o enfermo
-No comas dos horas antes
-Hacer siempre precalentamiento para prevenir lesiones
COMO MEDIR NUESTRA APTITUD FISICA
Para saber si podemos hacer gimnasia deberemos medir nuestro pulso en la muñeca en la arteria radial durante 10 segundos y multiplicarlo por 6, así obtendremos
Lo podemos medir en reposo al despertarnos sabiendo que a menor frecuencia mayor aptitud física, en los hombres la frecuencia apta sería de 60 a 90 latidos por minuto, y en la mujeres de 70 a 100, no apto sería a partir de 90 en hombres y de 100 en mujeres.
También podemos medirlo después de hacer ejercicio subiendo y bajando un escalón durante 3 minutos, descansar 30 segundos y tomar el pulso, seremos aptos para el ejercicio si la frecuencia en hombres es de 77 a 100 y en mujeres de 86 a 110, si está más alto no es aconsejable y quizá debamos comenzar preparándonos poco a poco.
Ejercicios para adolecentes
BONDADES QUE NOS APORTA EL EJERCICIO FÍSICO
-Devuelve la línea si hay exceso de peso
-Disminuye el colesterol, el riesgo de infarto, baja la tensión si está alta
-Es tan eficaz como la psicoterapia en el tratamiento de la depresión
-Estimula la liberación de endorfinas, hormonas internas que producen sensaciones de placer y bienestar
-Nos distrae y evade de las preocupaciones.
Haz caso a Hipócrates, él decía que el ejercicio físico era imprescindible porque disipaba toda clase de venenos derivados de una mala dieta.
Ánimo, cúrate y sánate con lo que el Universo te regala.
La Dieta saludable
¿Cómo puedo comer más saludablemente?
El cuerpo necesita minerales, vitaminas y otros nutrientes para mantenerse sano. Una dieta saludable significa que estás comiendo:
Vegetales, frutas, granos integrales y productos de leche sin grasa o bajos en grasa
Pescado, mariscos, pollo o pavo, carnes sin grasa o con poca grasa, huevos, frijoles, chícharos (alverjas), semillas y nueces
Limita tu consumo de alimentos altos en:
Colesterol, sodio (sal) y azúcar agregada.
Grasas trans: las grasas trans pueden encontrarse en alimentos tales como tartas (o pasteles), galletas, la margarina.
Grasas saturadas: estas grasas vienen en productos derivados de los animales tales como el queso, las carnes con mucha grasa, la leche entera y la mantequilla.
gramática
Granos refinados: los productos con granos refinados incluyen el pan blanco, los fideos, el arroz blanco y las tortillas de harina, entre otros.
MANDATOS tú form affirmative commands
When we are with friends, siblings or children, we can order them around more casually.
There is a command form for this that is more casual than the Formal Command.
We can think of the formation of the Túcommands one of two ways:
1) In the affirmative commands you use the 3rd person (él, ella, usted) singular present tense;
or
2) In the affirmative commands you use the regular Tú present tense form, but drop the "s".
For example, here are some common affirmative Tú commands:
Infinitive Tú command
Comer Come
Hablar Habla
Escribir Escribe
Leer Lee
Apagar Apaga
Irregular Tú form commands
Decir Di
Hacer Haz
Ir Ve
Ser Sé
Poner Pon
Venir Ven
tener ten
Salir Sal
Forming the negative commands in the Informal is a bit trickier.
The negative command form is actually the Tú form of the Present Subjunctive and therefore similar to the Formal commands (except that we add the Tú marker: the "s".)
To form the negative Tú commands, you need to first remember how to form the First Person Singular (Yo) in the Present Tense.
Remember if the Yo form is irregular , the command will be irregular. Let's try using an irregular: Hacer. First we start with the infinitive of Hacer:
We need to conjugate it in the first person: Hago
Now let's drop the o so we are left with: Hag-
Now we add the opposite ending* which for Hacer is "-as", and add No [because we are making a negative command]
And we have our negative Tú command: No hagas
* By opposite ending we mean add the vowel ending of the other type verb: For verbs that end in "-ar", we add "-es" instead of "-as" and for verbs that end in "-er/-ir", we add "-as" instead of "-es"
All of the eight irregular affirmative commands follow the above pattern in the negative commands. (Note that Object pronouns always are placed before the verb in all negative commands.)
¡Di la verdad! Tell the truth!
¡No digas realmente lo que pasó! Don't tell what really happened!
¡Ven acá! Come here!
¡No vengas acá! Don't come over here!
¡Sal del carro! Get out of the car!
¡No salgas del carro! Don't get out of the car!
¡Ten cuidado! Be careful!
¡No tengas cuidado! Don't be careful!
¡Ponlo en la mesa! Put it on the table!
¡No lo pongas en la mesa! Don't put it on the table!
¡Hazlo! Do it!
¡No lo hagas! Don't do it!
¡Sé simpático! Be nice!
¡No seas tonto! Don't be silly!
¡Vete! Get out of here! (Get lost!)
¡No te vayas! Don't go!
Affirmative Tú Commands
The subjunctive mood is used to express the affirmative and negative commands of the Ud., Uds., and nosotros forms, and only the
negative commands of the tú and vosotros forms. The affirmative tú commands are not based on the subjunctive. There is however, a list of verbs that are irregular in the affirmative tú command form that you must learn.
More on the Tú form affirmative commands
The most unusual type of command is the form used when you wish to give an affirmative command to someone you would address as tú. Oddly enough, the form of the verb used for an affirmative tú command looks exactly like the present tense él form of the verb: not the present subjunctive but rather the present indicative, and not the
tú form but the él form. For this reason, it is common to use the pronoun tú after the command so you can tell the difference between “he does something,” and “you, do something.” For example:
Llama cada día.
He calls every day.
Llama tú cada día.
(You) Call every day.
If you remember how to create the present tense él form of the verb in the indicative mood, you can create the affirmative tú command form. If a verb undergoes a stem change in the present tense, the command form will undergo the same stem change. Notice that the subject pronoun may or may not follow a command form.
Produce más comida ahora.
Produce more food now.
Cuenta tú el dinero antes de salir.
Count the money before leaving.
Almuerza durante el descanso.
Eat lunch during the break.
Irregular affirmative tú commands There are a few affirmative tú commands that are not like the present tense él form of the verb; these are considered irregular. Learn the irregular affirmative tú commands for the seven basic verbs in Table ç
1 .
TABLE 1 Irregular Affirmative Tú Command Forms
Infinitive Affirmative Tú Command Translation
tener ten have
poner pon put
salir sal leave
venir ven come
hacer haz make or do
Infinitive Affirmative Tú Command Translation
decir di say or tell
ser sé be
ir ve go
Because the tú command for ser is the same as the present tense yo form of the verb saber, you must consider the context of the sentence in order to determine which of the two is intended. In the following examples, notice how using a subject pronoun clarifies these identical forms with completely different meanings.
The Present Subjunctive: Regular Verbs
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers when an action takes place (past,
present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.
Use this verb quizzer to practice conjugating verbs in the present subjunctive. To learn when to use the subjunctive, please refer to the appropriate exercises in the Grammar Tutorial.
For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:
Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
Then drop the -o ending.
Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, en
-er and -ir verbs:-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Regular -ar verbs like hablar (yo hablo).
hablo - o = habl
habl + e = hablehabl + es = hableshabl + e = hablehabl + emos = hablemoshabl + éis = habléishabl + en = hablen
Regular -er verbs like comer (yo como).
como - o = com
com + a = comacom + as = comascom + a = comacom + amos = comamoscom + áis = comáiscom + an = coman
Regular -ir verbs like vivir (yo vivo).
vivo - o = viv
viv + a = viva
viv + as = vivasviv + a = vivaviv + amos = vivamosviv + áis = viváisviv + an = vivan
Spanish
The subjunctive mood is a fundamental element of Spanish. Its spoken form makes use of it to a much larger degree than other Latin languages and it is in no case homonymous to any other tense.
Furthermore, it is common to find long complex sentences entirely in the subjunctive.
The subjunctive (subjuntivo) is used in conjunction with impersonal expressions and expressions of emotion, opinion, desire or viewpoint. More importantly, it applies to most hypothetical situations, likely or unlikely, desired or not.
Normally, only certitude of (or statement of) a fact will remove the possibility of its use.
Unlike French, it is also used in phrases expressing the past conditional. The negative of the imperative shares the same form with the present subjunctive.
Common introductions to the subjunctive would include the following:
que.. or de que: "..that.."
e.g. que sea (present subjunctive) lo que dios quiera (present subjunctive)": Let it be what God wills.
Si...: "If.." (e.g. si estuvieras: "if you were..."
Donde: "Where.." (e.g. donde sea, "anywhere").
Cuando: "When.." (e.g. cuando vaya, "when I go".)
Aunque: "Despite/although/even if..."
Ojalá... "I hope..." (derived from Arabic "God willing") e.g. Ojalá que llueva (present subjunctive) "I hope it rains" or Ojalá que lloviera (past subjunctive) "I wish it would rain".
Nevertheless, the subjunctive can stand alone to supplant other tenses.
For example, "I would like" can be said in the conditional Me gustaría or in the Past subjunctive Quisiera, as in Quisiera (Past subjunctive) que vinieras (Past subjunctive), i.e. "I would like you to come."
Comfort with the subjunctive form and the degree to which a second-language speaker attempts to avoid using it is a good way to gauge his or her fluency in the language.
Complex use of the subjunctive is a constant pattern of every day speech among natives but difficult to interiorize even by relatively proficient Spanish learners (e.g. I would have liked you to come on Thursday: Me hubiera gustado (Pluperfect subjunctive) que vinieras (Past subjunctive) el jueves.
Perhaps a good example of the subtlety of the Spanish subjunctive would be the way the tense (past, present or past) modifies the expression "be it as it may" (literally "be what it be"):
Sea lo que sea (Present subjunctive + present subjunctive): "No matter what/whatever."
Sea lo que fuera (Present subjunctive + past subjunctive): "Whatever it were."
Fuera lo que fuera (Past subjunctive + Past subjunctive): (Similar meaning to above).
Sea lo que fuere. (Present subjunctive + future subjunctive): "Whatever it may be."
Fuera lo que hubiera sido. (Past subjunctive + Past pluperfect subjenctive): "Whatever/no matter what it may have been".
The same alterations could be made to the expression Sea como sea or "no matter how" with similar changes in meaning.
Spanish has two past subjunctive forms. They are almost identical, except that where the "first form" has -ra-, the "second form" has -se-.
Both forms are usually interchangeable although the -se- form may be more common in Spain than in other Spanish-speaking areas. The -ra- forms may also be used as an alternative to the conditional in certain structures.
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The present subjunctive
In Spanish, a present subjunctive form is always different from the corresponding present indicative form. For example, whereas English "that they speak can be either indicative or subjunctive, Spanish "que hablen" is unambiguously subjunctive. (The corresponding indicative would be "que hablan".)
The same is true for all verbs, regardless of their subject.
When to use:
When there are two clauses, separated by que. However, not all "que" clauses require the subjunctive mood. They must have at least one of the following criteria.
As the fourth edition of Mosaicos states, when the verb of the main clause expresses emotion. (E.g. fear, happiness, sorrow, etc.)
Impersonal expressions are used in the main clause. (It's important that...)
The verb in the second clause is the one that is in subjunctive!
Examples:
Ojalá que me compren (comprar) un regalo. (I hope that they will buy me a gift.)
Te recomiendo que no corras (correr) con tijeras. (I recommend that you not run with scissors.)
Dudo que el restaurante abra (abrir) a las seis. (I doubt that the restaurant might open at six.)
Lo discutirémos cuando venga (venir). (We will talk about it when he/she comes.)
Es importante que (nosotros) hagamos ejercicio. (It is important that we exercise.)
Me alegro de que (tú) seas mi amiga. (I am happy that you are my friend.)
The past (imperfect) subjunctive
Used interchangeably, the past (imperfect) subjunctive can end either in "-se" or "-ra".
Both forms stem from the third person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes) of the preterite. For example, with the verb "estar", when conjugated in the third person plural of the preterite, it becomes "estuvieron". Then, drop the "-ron" ending, and add either "-se" or "-ra". Thus, it becomes "estuviese" or "estuviera". The past subjunctive may be used with "if... then" statements with the conditional mood. Example:
Si yo fuera/fuese el maestro, no mandaría demasiados deberes. (If I were the teacher, I would not give too much homework.)
The Present Subjunctive
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers when an action takes place (past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.
For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three steps:
Start with the yo form of the
present indicative.
Then drop the -o ending.
Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, en
-er and -ir verbs:-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Regular -ar verbs like hablar (yo hablo).
hablo - o = habl
habl + e = hablehabl + es = hableshabl + e = hablehabl + emos = hablemoshabl + éis = habléishabl + en = hablen
Regular -er verbs like comer (yo como).
como - o = com
com + a = comacom + as = comascom + a = comacom + amos = comamoscom + áis = comáiscom + an = coma
Regular -ir verbs like vivir (yo vivo).
vivo - o = viv
viv + a = vivaviv + as = vivasviv + a = vivaviv + amos = vivamosviv + áis = viváisviv + an = vivan
The formula also works for verbs that have irregular "yo" forms in the present indicative. Study these examples:
conocer (yo conozco)
conozco - o = conozco
conozc + a = conozcaconozc + as = conozcasconozc + a = conozca
conozc + amos = conozcamosconozc + áis = conozcáisconozc + an = conozcan
tener (yo tengo)
tengo - o = teng
teng + a = tengateng + as = tengasteng + a = tengateng + amos = tengamosteng + áis = tengáisteng + an = tengan
salir (yo salgo)
salgo - o = salg
salg + a = salgasalg + as = salgassalg + a = salgasalg + amos = salgamossalg + áis = salgáissalg + an = salgan
For -ar and -er stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that there is no stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms. Study these examples:
pensar (yo pienso)
pienso - o = piens
piens + e = piensepiens + es = piensespiens + e = piensepens + emos = pensemospens + éis = penséispiens + en = piensen
perder (yo pierdo)
pierdo - o = pierd
pierd + a = pierdapierd + as = pierdaspierd + a = pierdaperd + amos = perdamosperd + áis = perdáispierd + an = pierdan
contar (yo cuento)
cuento - o = cuent
cuent + e = cuentecuent + es = cuentescuent + e = cuentecont + emos = contemoscont + éis = contéiscuent + en = cuenten
volver (yo vuelvo)
vuelvo - o = vuelv
vuelv + a = vuelvavuelv + as = vuelvasvuelv + a = vuelvavolv + amos = volvamosvolv + áis = volváisvuelv + an = vuelvan
For -ir stem-changing verbs, the formula applies except that the stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms follows these patterns: o:ue verbs change o to u; e:ie verbs change e to i; e:i verbs change e to i. Study these examples:
dormir (yo duermo)
duermo - o = duerm
duerm + a = duermaduerm + as = duermasduerm + a = duermadurm + amos = durmamosdurm + áis = durmáisduerm + an = duerman
siento - o = sient
sient + a = sientasient + as = sientassient + a = sientasint + amos = sintamossint + áis = sintáissient + an = sientan
pedir (yo pido)
pido - o = pid
pid + a = pidapid + as = pidaspid + a = pidapid + amos = pidamospid + áis = pidáispid + an = pidan
For verbs that end in -zar, the z changes to c when it comes before the letter e.
empezar (e:ie)
empieceempiecesempieceempecemosempecéisempiecen
For verbs that end in -ger or -gir, the g changes to j when it comes before the letter a.
Escoger
escojaescojasescojaescojamosescojáisescojan
elegir (e:i)
elijaelijaselijaelijamoselijáiselijan
For verbs that end in -guir, the gu changes to g when it comes before the letter a.
seguir (e:i) sig-0
sigasigassigasigamossigáissigan
For verbs that end in -car, the c changes to qu when it comes before the letter e.
Buscar -que
busquebusquesbusquebusquemosbusquéisbusquen
For verbs that end in uir, add the letter y before the letter a.
Huir
huyahuyashuyahuyamoshuyáishuyan
Here are the six verbs that are irregular in the present subjunctive:
dar - to give
dédesdédemosdeisden
estar - to be
estéestésestéestemosestéisestén
haber - to have (auxiliary verb)
hayahayashayahayamoshayáis
hayan
ir - to go
vayavayasvayavayamosvayáisvayan
saber - to know
sepasepassepasepamossepáissepan
ser - to be
seaseasseaseamosseáissean
Informal Commands ("tú")
Compra (tú) el anillo.(You) Buy the ring.
Escribe (tú) la tarea.(You) Do the homework.
Compra (tú) los libros.(You) Buy the books.
Come (tú) la patata.(You) Eat the potato.
Remember that Spanish has both a formal and an informal style of speech (tú/Ud.). This distinction applies to commands.
Compre Ud. el anillo.Buy the ring. (formal)
Compra (tú) los dulces.Buy the candy. (familiar)
Remember, formal speech is generally used to be polite or to express respect. Informal, or familiar, speech is used among friends, coworkers, relatives, or when addressing a child.
The affirmative informal (tú) commands are formed the same way as the present indicative Ud. form:
(hablar - ar + a = habla)(comer - er + e = come)(escribir - ir + e = escribe)
Be sure to note that the "tú" commands use the usted form, not the tú form!
The following examples of commands use three regular verbs: hablar, comer, and escribir.
Habla (tú) más lentamente.(You) Speak more slowly.
Come (tú) la cena.(You) Eat the dinner.
Escribe (tú) la carta.(You) Write the letter.
Note that the negative informal commands use the tú form of the present subjunctive.
No cuentes tus beneficios.Don't count your blessings.
No hables más lentamente.Don't speak more slowly.
Be sure to note that this is the tú form!
Compare the affirmative informal (tú) commands with the negative informal (tú) commands:
Cuenta tus beneficios.
Count your blessings.
No cuentes tus beneficios.
Don't count your blessings.
Habla más lentamente.
Speak more slowly.
No hables más lentamente.
Don't speak more slowly.
Also note that the subject pronoun tú is not normally used with imperative form.
Habla más lentamente.(You) Speak more slowly.
Come la cena.(You) Eat the dinner.
Escribe la carta.(You) Write the letter.
Let's add a flashcard for the informal tú commands:
Complete List
Informal (tú) Commands (Imperative)
Affirmative: Use the present indicative Ud. formNegative: Use the present subjunctive tú form-
Habla.Speak.
No hables.Don't speak.
Come.Eat.
No comas.Don't eat.
Escribe.Write.
No escribas.Don't write.
Negative TÚ commands
is used to tell friends, family members, or young people what NOT to do. Negative TÚ commands is formed by using the present tense YO form as the stem, dropping the -o, and adding the appropriate ending.
NOTICE THE COLOR CODE OF THE VERB ENDINGS:
-es: Negative TÚ command of -AR verbs
-as: Negative TÚ command of -ER and -IR verbs
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMAND FORMS OF -AR VERBS
Drop the -o of the present tense YO form of the verb, and add -es:
Yo form-present tense
tomo (I take/I drink)
trabajo (I work)
Examples:
Negative TÚ command
No hables mucho
No contestes las pregunta
Negative TÚ command
No tomes
No trabajes
Don't talk a lot
Don't answer the questions
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMAND FORMS OF -ER AND -IR VERBS
Drop the -o of the present tense YO form of the verb, and add -as:
Yo form-present tense
como (I eat)
leo (I read)
recibo (I receive)
Examples:
Negative TÚ command
No comas dulces
No escribas en el libro.
No comas
No leas
No escribas
No recibas
COMMAND FORMS OF IRREGULAR YO FORM, STEM-CHANGING AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PRESENT TENSE
If the verb has an irregular YO form, it has a stem change or it is an irregular verb in the present tense, it also appears in the TÚ command.
Irreg. YO form-present tense
Pongo (I put)
Salgo (I leave)
Hago (I do/make)
Traigo (I bring)
Conozco (I know)
Traduzco (I translate)
Stem-chang. verbs-present tense
Recomiendo (I recommend)
Duermo (I sleep)
Río (I laugh)
muevo (I move
Irreg. verbs present tense
Digo (I say)
Oigo (I hear)
Tengo (I have)
Vengo (I come)
Examples:
Negative TÙ command
¡No desobedezcas las reglas!
No cierres la ventana
¡No digas mentiras!
Negative TÚ command
No pongas
No salgas
No hagas
No traigas
No conozcas
No traduzcas
No recomiendes
No duermas
No rías
No muevas
Negative TÚ command
No digas
No oigas
No tengas
No vengas
Don't disobey the rules!
Don't close the window
Don't say lies!
COMMAND FORMS OF VERBS ENDING IN -CAR, -GAR, AND –ZAR
Verbs ending -car, -gar, and -zar require spelling changes in order to keep the pronunciation.
-CAR: C changes to QU
-GAR: G changes to GU
-ZAR: Z changes to C
Infinitive
Tocar (to touch/play)
Buscar (to look for)
Practicar (to practice)
Llegar (to arrive)
Jugar (to play)
Navegar (to navigate)
Comenzar (to start/begin)
Empezar (to start/begin)
Cruzar
Negative TÚ command
No toques
No busques
No practiques
No llegues
No juegues
No navegues
No comiences
No empieces
No cruces
IRREGULAR NEGATIVE TU COMMANDS
Dar (to give)
No des tu blusa favorita Dont give your favorite blouse
Estar (to be)
No estés triste Don't be sad
Ser (to be)
¡No seas odioso! Don't be mean!
Ir (to go)
No vayas al parque Don't go to the park
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS WITH PRONOUNS
With negative commands, direct (d.o.p), indirect (i.o.p) object pronouns and reflexive pronouns go right before the verb.
Negative TÚ command
No muevas las camas (don't move the beds)
No cierres la ventana (don't close the window)
No comas los postres (don't eat the desserts)
No pongas el mantel (don't put the tablecloth)
Negative TÚ command + i.o.p
No me traigas la comida
¡No te toques la herida!
No le compres el libro
No nos contestes la pregunta
¡No les digas eso!
Negative TÚ command + reflexive pronoun
No te cepilles los dientes
No te peines el cabello Neg TÚ comm+d.o.p
No las muevas
No la cierres
No los comas
Do not bring me food
Do not touch your wound!
Do not buy him/her the book
Do not answer us the question
Do not tell that to them!
Do not brush your teeth
Do not comb your hair
Negative TÚ commands is used to tell friends, family members, or young people what NOT to do. Negative TÚ commands is formed by using the present tense YO form as the stem, dropping the -o, and adding the appropriate ending.
NOTICE THE COLOR CODE OF THE VERB ENDINGS:-es: Negative TÚ command of -AR verbs-as: Negative TÚ command of -ER and -IR verbs
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMAND FORMS OF -AR VERBSDrop the -o of the present tense YO form of the verb, and add -es:
Yo form-present tensetomo (I take/I drink)trabajo (I work)
Examples:Negative TÚ commandNo hables mucho
No contestes las preguntas
Negative TÚ commandNo tomesNo trabajes
Don't talk a lotDon't answer the questions
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMAND FORMS OF -ER AND -IR VERBS
Drop the -o of the present tense YO form of the verb, and add -as:
Yo form-present tensecomo (I eat)leo (I read)escribo (I write)recibo (I receive)
Examples:Negative TÚ commandNo comas dulcesNo escribas en el libro
Negative TÚ commandNo comasNo leasNo escribasNo recibas
Do not eat candies
Do not write on the book
COMMAND FORMS OF IRREGULAR YO FORM, STEM-CHANGING AND IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PRESENT TENSEIf the verb has an irregular YO form, it has a stem change or it is an irregular verb in the present tense, it also appears in the TÚ command.
Irreg. YO form-present tensePongo (I put)Salgo (I leave)
Negative TÚ commandNo pongasNo salgas
Hago (I do/make)Traigo (I bring)Conozco (I know)Traduzco (I translate)
Stem-chang. verbs-present tenseRecomiendo (I recommend)Duermo (I sleep)Río (I laugh)muevo (I move)
Irreg. verbs present tenseDigo (I say)Oigo (I hear)Tengo (I have)Vengo (I come)
Examples:Negative TÙ command¡No desobedezcas las reglas!No cierres la ventana¡No digas mentiras!
No hagasNo traigasNo conozcasNo traduzcas
Negative TÚ commandNo recomiendesNo duermasNo ríasNo muevas
Negative TÚ commandNo digasNo oigasNo tengasNo vengas
Don't disobey the rules!Don't close the windowDon't say lies!
COMMAND FORMS OF VERBS ENDING IN -CAR, -GAR, AND -ZARVerbs ending -car, -gar, and -zar require spelling changes in order to keep the pronunciation.
-CAR: C changes to QU-GAR: G changes to GU-ZAR: Z changes to C
InfinitiveTocar (to touch/play)Buscar (to look for)Practicar (to practice)Llegar (to arrive)Jugar (to play)Navegar (to navigate)Comenzar (to start/begin)Empezar (to start/begin)Cruzar (to cross)
Negative TÚ commandNo toquesNo busquesNo practiquesNo lleguesNo jueguesNo naveguesNo comiencesNo empiecesNo cruces
IRREGULAR NEGATIVE TU COMMANDSDar (to give)No des tu blusa favorita Dont give your favorite blouseEstar (to be)No estés triste Don't be sadSer (to be)¡No seas odioso! Don't be mean!Ir (to go)No vayas al parque Don't go to the park
NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS WITH PRONOUNSWith negative commands, direct (d.o.p), indirect (i.o.p) object pronouns and reflexive pronouns go right before the verb.
Negative TÚ commandNo muevas las camas (don't move the beds)No cierres la ventana (don't close the window)No comas los postres (don't eat the desserts)No pongas el mantel (don't put the tablecloth)
Negative TÚ command + i.o.pNo me traigas la comida¡No te toques la herida!No le compres el libroNo nos contestes la pregunta¡No les digas eso!
Negative TÚ command + reflexive pronounNo te cepilles los dientesNo te peines el cabello
Neg TÚ comm+d.o.pNo las muevasNo la cierresNo los comasNo lo pongas
Do not bring me foodDo not touch your wound!Do not buy him/her the bookDo not answer us the questionDo not tell that to them!
Do not brush your teethDo not comb you
Fin
Al concluir
Repaso final de la nutrición
Carnitina
Definición y funciones que desempeña en el organismo. Efectos de su carencia y exceso. Fuentes naturales, suplementos e interacción con otros
NUTRICION
Las carencias nutricionales y el estado físico
Como descubrir falencias alimenticias y carencia de vitaminas o minerales examinando el estado fisico. ¿Porque pueden faltar nutrientes? Problemas de salud y las
SALUD
¿Qué comer para evitar el sobrepeso y la obesidad?
¿Cuales son las ventajas de una dieta equilibrada con todos sus nutrientes? ¿Que factores se deben tener en cuenta para elegir sus alimentos? ¿Como evaluar los
ALIMENTACION
La cafeína antes del ejercicio. ¿Estimulante?
Las bebidas con altas dosis de cafeína y su efecto en el rendimiento físico, el esfuerzo y la resistencia. Efectos adversos y efectos positivos de la
DEPORTES
Verduras y hortalizas ¿por qué consumirlas?
Valor nutritivo y beneficios del consumo de variedad de hortalizas y verduras. Como aprovechar al máximo sus nutrientes. Razones para hacerlas el componente
COMIDA
Snacks: energía para combatir enfermedades
Para prevenir enfermedades como el cancer, recomiendan combinaciones de alimentos en un tentempié o snack con 100 a 200 calorías que contenga la
NOTICIAS
Lea mas en: http://www.zonadiet.com/index.php#ixzz2PQPYV2S9
Al discutir y concluir
Concluir-
Al hacer los ejercicios mañana.
Fin
TAREA
Realidades 3
Mini-lección 12-15 minutos en casa
Home Journal!
En el cuaderno en casa.
TAREA
