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Info and comm : terminology. [email protected]. Outline. Data vs. Information Data vs. signal Communications Networks Service Protocol Convergence. Data raw facts no context just numbers and text. Information data with context processed data value-added to data summarized - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Info and comm: terminology
Outline Data vs. Information Data vs. signal Communications Networks Service Protocol Convergence
Data vs. Information
Data raw facts no context just numbers and
text
Information data with context processed data value-added to data
summarized organized analyzed
Data vs. Information Data: 51007 Information:
5/10/07 May 10th in 2007. $51,007 The average starting salary of an accounting major. 51007 Zip code of Bronson, Iowa.
Data vs. Information
Data 6.34 6.45 6.39 6.62 6.57 6.64 6.71 6.82 7.12 7.06
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 $5.60
$5.80
$6.00
$6.20
$6.40
$6.60
$6.80
$7.00
$7.20
$7.40
Company A
Last 10 Days
Stoc
k Pr
ice
Information
Data Information Knowledge
Data
Information
Summarizing the dataAveraging the dataSelecting part of the dataGraphing the dataAdding contextAdding value
Data Information KnowledgeInformation
Knowledge
How is the info tied to outcomes?Are there any patterns in the info?What info is relevant to the problem?How does this info effect the system?What is the best way to use the info?How can we add more value to the info?
“Data” and “information” are interchangeableBut “data” will be often preferredLet’s focus on “data” vs. “signal”
From now on
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Analog data vs. digital data Analog data – data has continuous values,
e.g. sound, image,… Depending on storage format: LP, VHS magnetic tape Natural phenomenon
Digital data – data has discrete values e.g. text, integers,… Depending on storage/device: DVD, digital camera Most computing devices
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) Due to information technologies
VLSI, DSP, digital communications, …
Digital data Bit Nibble Byte (octet) Any binary stream …
Now almost every kind of data is converted to digital….
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Image as digital data an artifact, usually two-dimensional, that
has a similar appearance to some subject a pixel (picture element) is the smallest
piece of information in an image A pixel is one bit long in black and white A pixel requires much longer bits in color
systems E.g. red, green, and blue
Other digital data text Voice? Audio/sound? Video? Binary code
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Data vs. signal Digital data vs. analog data Digital signal vs. analog signal Data are symbols like numbers that carry info.
while a signal refers to physical representation of data, electrically or electromagnetically
signal A signal is a time-varying value (electric or
electromagnetic representation) or event that conveys information from a transmitter to a receiver
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analog signal Analog signal changes over time and takes an
infinite number of values
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Digital signal Digital signal changes over time and takes a
limited number of values
0 1 11 0 0 0 1 0
Analog signal A continuous function of time and location An analog signal can be represented by a sum of
periodic signals within a relatively small range Why?
Signal 101 function of time and location parameters of periodic signals:
period T, frequency f=1/T, amplitude A, phase shift E.g., sinewave is expressed as
s(t) = At sin(2 ft t + t)
Any signal can be represented by a sum of periodic signals
: phi [fee]
signal Different representations of signals
Amplitude over time (time domain) frequency spectrum (frequency domain)
phase state diagram (amplitude M and phase in polar coordinates)
f [Hz]
A [V]
I= M cos
Q = M sin
A [V]
t[s]
Analog signal is the winner Analog signal occupies less frequency spectrum High frequency component suffers from high
attenuation
In data domain, digital is the winner
That’s why there are so many modems
Modem: modulator and demodulator DSL modem, CATV modem, LTE modem, WiFi
modem…
Advantages of Digital (data) Transmission Digital technology
Low cost LSI/VLSI technology Data integrity
Longer distances over lower quality lines Capacity utilization
High bandwidth links economical High degree of multiplexing easier with digital techniques
Security & Privacy Encryption
communications a process of transferring information from one
entity to another via a medium/channel Transmission and reception
Data – signal - data
(computer) networks a group of interconnected computing devices Medium
Wire vs. wireless Scale
BAN, PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN Relationship
Client-server, peer-to-peer Topology
Tree, bus, star,… Network operator * Why switches/routers?
* source, sink, origin, destination, sender, transmitter, receiver
protocol A protocol is a set of rules which is used by
computers to communicate with each other across a network
A protocol is a convention or standard that controls or enables the connection and data transfer between computing endpoints
service the provision of functions within a systems
environment a mechanism to enable access to one or more
capabilities, where the access is provided using a prescribed interface and is exercised with constraints and policies as specified by the service description
a network service is an application running at the network application layer and above, that provides functionalities like storage, manipulation, presentation, communication
A service provider is an entity that provides services to other entities. ISP, NO, CP, …
Players in Mobile Networks Customer Mobile network operator (MNO)
Also called wireless internet service provider (ISP) Mobile virtual network operator (MVNO)
Content provider (CP) In-house vs. third party
Equipment vendor Also called Manufacturer
CATV: System operator (SO), network operator (NO), program provider (PP), MSO (multiple SO)
Internet: ISP, NO, MVNO, CP
convergence Convergence (telecommunications): the
combination of multiple services through lines of telecommunication from a single provider Triple play service Quadruple play service
Technological convergence: a trend where some technologies having distinct functionalities evolve to technologies that overlap E. g. Mobile phones are another good example, in
that they increasingly incorporate digital cameras, mp3 players, camcorders, voice recorders, and other devices.
More heterogeneous case?