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European Journal of Scientific Research
ISSN 1450-216X / 1450-202X Vol. 156 No 4 June, 2020, pp.359 - 370
http://www. europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as
Fine Aggregate on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of
Hydraulic Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga
(Center, Cameroon)
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy
Corresponding Author, Laboratory of Material Sciences, Department of Physics
Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. BOX 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon
Department of Mining Engineering, School of Geology and Mining Engineering, University of
Ngaoundéré, P.O. BOX 115 Meiganga, Cameroon
E-mail: [email protected]/[email protected]
Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
Department of Mining Engineering, School of Geology and Mining Engineering
University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. BOX 115 Meiganga, Cameroon
Tel: +237697419489
Abstract
This work was firstly focused on a comparative study of the physical and
mechanical performance of concrete made with alluvial sand of the Nyong river
(Olamalocality, Center, Cameroon) and with quarry sand (SG) from Koulouganga (Center,
Cameroon). Secondly, these concretes properties were compared to a concrete formulated
from the mixture of alluvial sand (SN) and quarry sand, which was denoted MS. Three
types of formulations were performed with the same gravels, constant cement dosage and
the same consistency while the sands were of different geological nature. Alluvial sand
(SN) and quarry sand (SG) have been characterized from a petrographic and geotechnical
point of view. It appears that the crush sand (SG) was metamorphic type. This sand has a
high fine content (11.3%) compared to the other sands SN and MS which were respectively
equal to 1.1% and 3.5%. The fineness modulus was 2.5 for SN; 3.01 for SG and 2.8 for the
MS mixture. In terms of their cleanliness, SN sand was very clean with a piston sand
equivalent value of 97.6%. For the sand extracted from the quarry (SG) and the mixture
sand (MS) the values were respectively 77.5% and 87.3%. The compressive strengths at 28
days of concrete were determined. Concretes made from alluvial sand (BSN) had the best
compressive strength (33 MPa). Concretes made from quarry sand (BSG) and the mixture
of two sands (BMS) had compressive strengths of 28 and 30 MPa respectively. The alluvial
sand had proven to be of little benefit for making concrete compared to crush quarry sand
used in construction projects. However in the road project by taking account the cost of
transport of sand, the use of the mixture of quarry sand and alluvial sand could be consider
in the certain case as the best solution.
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon) 360
Keywords: Concrete, crushed sands, alluvial sands, formulation, physical and mecanical
properties.
1. Introduction Construction aggregate, or simply ‘aggregate’, is a broad category of particulate materials used in
construction which includes sand, gravel, crushed stone, granite, slag, recycled and geosynthetic
aggregates. Aggregates constitute approximately 80 percent of the total volume of concrete; hence
aggregate characteristics significantly affect the performance of fresh and hardened concrete as well as
have an impact on the cost effectiveness [1]. Aggregate is the most inexpensive component of Portland
cement concrete after water. Conversely, cement is the most expensive component and typically,
responsible for about 42 percent of the total cost of materials [2]. However, if aggregate of minimal
voids are used, the amount of paste required for filling these voids will also be minimized enhancing
workability and strength. Consequently, optimal mixture proportioning will produce good-quality
concrete with a low amount of cement. Within prescribed limits, the less the paste at a constant water-
cement ratio, the more durable the concrete. Its resistance and durability are a function of its various
constituents. Sand is an essential component of concrete. It is used to ensure the continuity between
cement and gravel for better cohesion of concrete. River sand has been the most popularly used in the
production of concrete, but due to the overuse of the material, the price of river sand has increased and
then disturbs our environment [3]. For example, in developing countries, the demand of natural sand is
quite high to satisfy the rapid infrastructural growth.
Some experiments have been conducted on the mechanical properties of concrete for various
percentage replacements of fine aggregates by alternative sands [4]. Compressive strength of concrete
is commonly considered to be its most valued property. Although in many practical cases, other
characteristics, such as durability, impermeability and volume stability, may in fact be more important
[5].Other studies have shown the influence of sand petrographic nature on the physical and mechanical
properties of concrete. In 2006, Ilangovan et al., studied the strength and behavior of concrete using
crushed rock dust as fine aggregate; they investigated the possibility of using crushed rock as 100%
replacement for sand, with varying compacting factors [6]. In 2014, Makhloufi et al., [7] studied the
effect of the sand type on the main properties of sand concrete: fracture and mechanical properties.
Four different types of sand have been used: dune sand (DS), river sand (RS), crushed sand (CS), and
river-dune sand (RDS). These types of sand differ in mineralogical nature, grain shape, angularity,
particle size, proportion of fine elements. Their results showed that the particle size distribution of sand
has marked its influence in all the studied properties of sand concrete since the sand of highest
diameter and the best particle size distribution has given the best fracture and mechanical properties. In
2015, Chijioke Chiemela et al. [8] presented the results of an experiment carried out to compare the
compressive strength of concrete made with river sand and quarry dust as fine aggregates. River sand
was fully replaced in the concrete. In 2017, Mambou et al., [9] presented a comparative study of the
technical and economic performances of hydraulic concretes based on three sands with different
geological. Sand from crushed basalt (SB), sand from crushed gneiss (SG) and sand from the river
Sanaga were used for the formulation of these concretes. In 2019, Nkengue et al. [10] investigated the
influence of aggregate grain size on the formulation of concrete in the construction industry in Congo.
It resulted that the natural fine sands by the crushing sands has brought a clear increase in the
workability of the concrete. Few of theses cited works doesent investigated the use of the mixture of
alluvial sand and quarry sand as fine aggregate in the hydraulic concrete
The principal objective of this work is to investigate the influence of the mixture of alluvial
sand and quarry sand as fine aggregate on the physical and mechanical properties of hydraulic
concrete.
361
2. Materials and MethodsThe different analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the
Olama-Bingambo road construction project and the laboratory of the Koulouganga quarry of SOGEA
SATOM.
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Cement and
The cement used i
cement (Cement of Africa) produced and marketed in Cameroon.
concrete.
2.1.2. Sands
Two types of sands with the same size range (0/5) were used
presented in Figure 1.
The alluvial sand sample was taken from the Nyong River. The Nyong is a river in southern of
Cameroon, 690 km long and flows into the Gulf of Guinea. It flows parallel
Sanaga River, following an east
through Olama (PK0 of the Olama
geographical coordinates of the Nyong
longitude. The quarry sand sample was taken at the Koulouganga quarry located in the Department of
the Ocean, South Cameroon Region. This quarry was created by SOGEA SATOM in order to satisfy
the supply of aggregates during the project period. The mixed sample is denoted MS. The mixture is
composed by 58% of alluvial sand and 42% of quarry sand. The main physical properties of these
sands are shown in Table 1.
Materials and Methodserent analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the
Bingambo road construction project and the laboratory of the Koulouganga quarry of SOGEA
Materials
Cement and Water
The cement used is a Portland cement composed of CPJ CEM II/A class 42.5 R. This is CIMENCAM
cement (Cement of Africa) produced and marketed in Cameroon.
Sands
Two types of sands with the same size range (0/5) were used
presented in Figure 1.
The alluvial sand sample was taken from the Nyong River. The Nyong is a river in southern of
Cameroon, 690 km long and flows into the Gulf of Guinea. It flows parallel
Sanaga River, following an east
through Olama (PK0 of the Olama
geographical coordinates of the Nyong
longitude. The quarry sand sample was taken at the Koulouganga quarry located in the Department of
the Ocean, South Cameroon Region. This quarry was created by SOGEA SATOM in order to satisfy
ply of aggregates during the project period. The mixed sample is denoted MS. The mixture is
composed by 58% of alluvial sand and 42% of quarry sand. The main physical properties of these
sands are shown in Table 1.
Materials and Methods erent analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the
Bingambo road construction project and the laboratory of the Koulouganga quarry of SOGEA
Water
s a Portland cement composed of CPJ CEM II/A class 42.5 R. This is CIMENCAM
cement (Cement of Africa) produced and marketed in Cameroon.
Two types of sands with the same size range (0/5) were used
The alluvial sand sample was taken from the Nyong River. The Nyong is a river in southern of
Cameroon, 690 km long and flows into the Gulf of Guinea. It flows parallel
Sanaga River, following an east-west direction like it. It crosses the town of Mbalmayo and passes
through Olama (PK0 of the Olama
geographical coordinates of the Nyong
longitude. The quarry sand sample was taken at the Koulouganga quarry located in the Department of
the Ocean, South Cameroon Region. This quarry was created by SOGEA SATOM in order to satisfy
ply of aggregates during the project period. The mixed sample is denoted MS. The mixture is
composed by 58% of alluvial sand and 42% of quarry sand. The main physical properties of these
sands are shown in Table 1.
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy
erent analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the
Bingambo road construction project and the laboratory of the Koulouganga quarry of SOGEA
s a Portland cement composed of CPJ CEM II/A class 42.5 R. This is CIMENCAM
cement (Cement of Africa) produced and marketed in Cameroon.
Two types of sands with the same size range (0/5) were used
Figure 1:
The alluvial sand sample was taken from the Nyong River. The Nyong is a river in southern of
Cameroon, 690 km long and flows into the Gulf of Guinea. It flows parallel
west direction like it. It crosses the town of Mbalmayo and passes
through Olama (PK0 of the Olama-Bingambo road project) to end 75 km south
geographical coordinates of the Nyong River of
longitude. The quarry sand sample was taken at the Koulouganga quarry located in the Department of
the Ocean, South Cameroon Region. This quarry was created by SOGEA SATOM in order to satisfy
ply of aggregates during the project period. The mixed sample is denoted MS. The mixture is
composed by 58% of alluvial sand and 42% of quarry sand. The main physical properties of these
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy
erent analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the
Bingambo road construction project and the laboratory of the Koulouganga quarry of SOGEA
s a Portland cement composed of CPJ CEM II/A class 42.5 R. This is CIMENCAM
cement (Cement of Africa) produced and marketed in Cameroon.
Two types of sands with the same size range (0/5) were used
Figure 1: Sampling map.
The alluvial sand sample was taken from the Nyong River. The Nyong is a river in southern of
Cameroon, 690 km long and flows into the Gulf of Guinea. It flows parallel
west direction like it. It crosses the town of Mbalmayo and passes
Bingambo road project) to end 75 km south
River of Olama, were 3°26'02’’N latitude and 11°17’18’’E
longitude. The quarry sand sample was taken at the Koulouganga quarry located in the Department of
the Ocean, South Cameroon Region. This quarry was created by SOGEA SATOM in order to satisfy
ply of aggregates during the project period. The mixed sample is denoted MS. The mixture is
composed by 58% of alluvial sand and 42% of quarry sand. The main physical properties of these
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy
erent analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the
Bingambo road construction project and the laboratory of the Koulouganga quarry of SOGEA
s a Portland cement composed of CPJ CEM II/A class 42.5 R. This is CIMENCAM
cement (Cement of Africa) produced and marketed in Cameroon. Tap
Two types of sands with the same size range (0/5) were used in this work. The sampling map is
Sampling map.
The alluvial sand sample was taken from the Nyong River. The Nyong is a river in southern of
Cameroon, 690 km long and flows into the Gulf of Guinea. It flows parallel
west direction like it. It crosses the town of Mbalmayo and passes
Bingambo road project) to end 75 km south
Olama, were 3°26'02’’N latitude and 11°17’18’’E
longitude. The quarry sand sample was taken at the Koulouganga quarry located in the Department of
the Ocean, South Cameroon Region. This quarry was created by SOGEA SATOM in order to satisfy
ply of aggregates during the project period. The mixed sample is denoted MS. The mixture is
composed by 58% of alluvial sand and 42% of quarry sand. The main physical properties of these
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy and Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
erent analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the
Bingambo road construction project and the laboratory of the Koulouganga quarry of SOGEA
s a Portland cement composed of CPJ CEM II/A class 42.5 R. This is CIMENCAM
Tap water was used for mixing the
in this work. The sampling map is
The alluvial sand sample was taken from the Nyong River. The Nyong is a river in southern of
Cameroon, 690 km long and flows into the Gulf of Guinea. It flows parallel to the lower course of the
west direction like it. It crosses the town of Mbalmayo and passes
Bingambo road project) to end 75 km south
Olama, were 3°26'02’’N latitude and 11°17’18’’E
longitude. The quarry sand sample was taken at the Koulouganga quarry located in the Department of
the Ocean, South Cameroon Region. This quarry was created by SOGEA SATOM in order to satisfy
ply of aggregates during the project period. The mixed sample is denoted MS. The mixture is
composed by 58% of alluvial sand and 42% of quarry sand. The main physical properties of these
Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
erent analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the
Bingambo road construction project and the laboratory of the Koulouganga quarry of SOGEA
s a Portland cement composed of CPJ CEM II/A class 42.5 R. This is CIMENCAM
water was used for mixing the
in this work. The sampling map is
The alluvial sand sample was taken from the Nyong River. The Nyong is a river in southern of
to the lower course of the
west direction like it. It crosses the town of Mbalmayo and passes
Bingambo road project) to end 75 km south-west of Edea. The
Olama, were 3°26'02’’N latitude and 11°17’18’’E
longitude. The quarry sand sample was taken at the Koulouganga quarry located in the Department of
the Ocean, South Cameroon Region. This quarry was created by SOGEA SATOM in order to satisfy
ply of aggregates during the project period. The mixed sample is denoted MS. The mixture is
composed by 58% of alluvial sand and 42% of quarry sand. The main physical properties of these
Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
erent analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the
Bingambo road construction project and the laboratory of the Koulouganga quarry of SOGEA
s a Portland cement composed of CPJ CEM II/A class 42.5 R. This is CIMENCAM
water was used for mixing the
in this work. The sampling map is
The alluvial sand sample was taken from the Nyong River. The Nyong is a river in southern of
to the lower course of the
west direction like it. It crosses the town of Mbalmayo and passes
west of Edea. The
Olama, were 3°26'02’’N latitude and 11°17’18’’E
longitude. The quarry sand sample was taken at the Koulouganga quarry located in the Department of
the Ocean, South Cameroon Region. This quarry was created by SOGEA SATOM in order to satisfy
ply of aggregates during the project period. The mixed sample is denoted MS. The mixture is
composed by 58% of alluvial sand and 42% of quarry sand. The main physical properties of these
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
by gradually taking from the base to the top of the heaps of materials. All this is done in order to have a
representative sample of the entire stock.
Figure 2:
beforehand.
2.1.3
In order to make our concrete, we used
(15/25). These crushed stones originate from an industrial quarry exploited in Koulounga (Center,
Cameroon). The main physical characteristics of coarse aggregates arepresented in table 2.
2.1.4
Sieve analysis was done according to reference [12] (see figure 3).
2.2
2.2.1
The thin sections were produced at the Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IGMR) of
Yaoundé (Camer
minerals that these sands contain.
2.2.2
The methodology for the formulation of concrete is the Dreux
m
2.2.3
The density was determined according to the standard norm (NF EN 12350
workability of the concrete is evaluated
EN 12350
2.2.4
Strength of concrete is commonly considered as the most valuable property in Portland cement
concrete. Although in many
may in fact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
Sampling process was done according to NF
by gradually taking from the base to the top of the heaps of materials. All this is done in order to have a
representative sample of the entire stock.
Figure 2: Sampling technique for the different aggr
Sampling at the top of the heap.
These samples are brought back to the laboratory for testing while performing quartering
beforehand.
2.1.3. Coarse
In order to make our concrete, we used
(15/25). These crushed stones originate from an industrial quarry exploited in Koulounga (Center,
Cameroon). The main physical characteristics of coarse aggregates arepresented in table 2.
2.1.4. Sieves Analysis
Sieve analysis was done according to reference [12] (see figure 3).
2.2. Method
2.2.1. Petrographic
The thin sections were produced at the Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IGMR) of
Yaoundé (Camer
minerals that these sands contain.
2.2.2. Formulation (
The methodology for the formulation of concrete is the Dreux
make concretes with the characteristics contained in Table 3.
2.2.3. Measurement of
The density was determined according to the standard norm (NF EN 12350
workability of the concrete is evaluated
EN 12350-2, 1999) [15].
2.2.4. Compressive
Strength of concrete is commonly considered as the most valuable property in Portland cement
concrete. Although in many
may in fact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
Sampling process was done according to NF
by gradually taking from the base to the top of the heaps of materials. All this is done in order to have a
representative sample of the entire stock.
Sampling technique for the different aggr
Sampling at the top of the heap.
These samples are brought back to the laboratory for testing while performing quartering
Coarse Aggregate
In order to make our concrete, we used
(15/25). These crushed stones originate from an industrial quarry exploited in Koulounga (Center,
Cameroon). The main physical characteristics of coarse aggregates arepresented in table 2.
Analysis of
Sieve analysis was done according to reference [12] (see figure 3).
Petrographic Properties
The thin sections were produced at the Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IGMR) of
Yaoundé (Cameroon). The observations of thin section of gneiss rock permit us to know the various
minerals that these sands contain.
Formulation (Composition Study
The methodology for the formulation of concrete is the Dreux
ake concretes with the characteristics contained in Table 3.
Measurement of Density
The density was determined according to the standard norm (NF EN 12350
workability of the concrete is evaluated
2, 1999) [15].
Compressive Strength
Strength of concrete is commonly considered as the most valuable property in Portland cement
concrete. Although in many
may in fact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
Sampling process was done according to NF
by gradually taking from the base to the top of the heaps of materials. All this is done in order to have a
representative sample of the entire stock.
Sampling technique for the different aggr
Sampling at the top of the heap.
These samples are brought back to the laboratory for testing while performing quartering
In order to make our concrete, we used
(15/25). These crushed stones originate from an industrial quarry exploited in Koulounga (Center,
Cameroon). The main physical characteristics of coarse aggregates arepresented in table 2.
of Aggregates
Sieve analysis was done according to reference [12] (see figure 3).
Properties of Sands
The thin sections were produced at the Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IGMR) of
oon). The observations of thin section of gneiss rock permit us to know the various
minerals that these sands contain.
Composition Study
The methodology for the formulation of concrete is the Dreux
ake concretes with the characteristics contained in Table 3.
Density and
The density was determined according to the standard norm (NF EN 12350
workability of the concrete is evaluated
Strength of Hardened Concrete
Strength of concrete is commonly considered as the most valuable property in Portland cement
concrete. Although in many practical cases other characteristics such as durability and permeability
may in fact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
Sampling process was done according to NF
by gradually taking from the base to the top of the heaps of materials. All this is done in order to have a
representative sample of the entire stock.
Sampling technique for the different aggr
Sampling at the top of the heap.
These samples are brought back to the laboratory for testing while performing quartering
In order to make our concrete, we used coarse aggregates from gneiss with fractions (5/15) and
(15/25). These crushed stones originate from an industrial quarry exploited in Koulounga (Center,
Cameroon). The main physical characteristics of coarse aggregates arepresented in table 2.
Aggregates
Sieve analysis was done according to reference [12] (see figure 3).
Sands
The thin sections were produced at the Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IGMR) of
oon). The observations of thin section of gneiss rock permit us to know the various
Composition Study)
The methodology for the formulation of concrete is the Dreux
ake concretes with the characteristics contained in Table 3.
and Workability
The density was determined according to the standard norm (NF EN 12350
workability of the concrete is evaluated by using the Abrams cone, according to the standard norm (NF
Hardened Concrete
Strength of concrete is commonly considered as the most valuable property in Portland cement
practical cases other characteristics such as durability and permeability
may in fact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
Sampling process was done according to NF EN 932
by gradually taking from the base to the top of the heaps of materials. All this is done in order to have a
Sampling technique for the different aggregates:1- Heap sampling, 2
These samples are brought back to the laboratory for testing while performing quartering
coarse aggregates from gneiss with fractions (5/15) and
(15/25). These crushed stones originate from an industrial quarry exploited in Koulounga (Center,
Cameroon). The main physical characteristics of coarse aggregates arepresented in table 2.
Sieve analysis was done according to reference [12] (see figure 3).
The thin sections were produced at the Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IGMR) of
oon). The observations of thin section of gneiss rock permit us to know the various
The methodology for the formulation of concrete is the Dreux
ake concretes with the characteristics contained in Table 3.
Workability of Fresh Concrete
The density was determined according to the standard norm (NF EN 12350
by using the Abrams cone, according to the standard norm (NF
Hardened Concrete
Strength of concrete is commonly considered as the most valuable property in Portland cement
practical cases other characteristics such as durability and permeability
may in fact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
EN 932-1 standard [11], as illustrated in figure 2,
by gradually taking from the base to the top of the heaps of materials. All this is done in order to have a
Heap sampling, 2
These samples are brought back to the laboratory for testing while performing quartering
coarse aggregates from gneiss with fractions (5/15) and
(15/25). These crushed stones originate from an industrial quarry exploited in Koulounga (Center,
Cameroon). The main physical characteristics of coarse aggregates arepresented in table 2.
Sieve analysis was done according to reference [12] (see figure 3).
The thin sections were produced at the Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IGMR) of
oon). The observations of thin section of gneiss rock permit us to know the various
The methodology for the formulation of concrete is the Dreux-Gorisse method [13]. We choose to
Fresh Concrete
The density was determined according to the standard norm (NF EN 12350
by using the Abrams cone, according to the standard norm (NF
Strength of concrete is commonly considered as the most valuable property in Portland cement
practical cases other characteristics such as durability and permeability
may in fact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
1 standard [11], as illustrated in figure 2,
by gradually taking from the base to the top of the heaps of materials. All this is done in order to have a
Heap sampling, 2- Heap center sampling, 3
These samples are brought back to the laboratory for testing while performing quartering
coarse aggregates from gneiss with fractions (5/15) and
(15/25). These crushed stones originate from an industrial quarry exploited in Koulounga (Center,
Cameroon). The main physical characteristics of coarse aggregates arepresented in table 2.
The thin sections were produced at the Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IGMR) of
oon). The observations of thin section of gneiss rock permit us to know the various
Gorisse method [13]. We choose to
The density was determined according to the standard norm (NF EN 12350-6, 1999) [14]. The
by using the Abrams cone, according to the standard norm (NF
Strength of concrete is commonly considered as the most valuable property in Portland cement
practical cases other characteristics such as durability and permeability
may in fact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
1 standard [11], as illustrated in figure 2,
by gradually taking from the base to the top of the heaps of materials. All this is done in order to have a
Heap center sampling, 3
These samples are brought back to the laboratory for testing while performing quartering
coarse aggregates from gneiss with fractions (5/15) and
(15/25). These crushed stones originate from an industrial quarry exploited in Koulounga (Center,
Cameroon). The main physical characteristics of coarse aggregates arepresented in table 2.
The thin sections were produced at the Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IGMR) of
oon). The observations of thin section of gneiss rock permit us to know the various
Gorisse method [13]. We choose to
6, 1999) [14]. The
by using the Abrams cone, according to the standard norm (NF
Strength of concrete is commonly considered as the most valuable property in Portland cement
practical cases other characteristics such as durability and permeability
may in fact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of
362
1 standard [11], as illustrated in figure 2,
by gradually taking from the base to the top of the heaps of materials. All this is done in order to have a
Heap center sampling, 3-
These samples are brought back to the laboratory for testing while performing quartering
coarse aggregates from gneiss with fractions (5/15) and
(15/25). These crushed stones originate from an industrial quarry exploited in Koulounga (Center,
The thin sections were produced at the Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IGMR) of
oon). The observations of thin section of gneiss rock permit us to know the various
Gorisse method [13]. We choose to
6, 1999) [14]. The
by using the Abrams cone, according to the standard norm (NF
Strength of concrete is commonly considered as the most valuable property in Portland cement
practical cases other characteristics such as durability and permeability
may in fact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of
363 Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy and Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
concrete because strength is directly related to the structure of the hydrated cement paste. Moreover,
the strength of concrete is almost invariably a vital element of structural design [16].
Compressive strength of concrete is commonly considered to be its most valuable property,
although in many practical cases, other characteristics, such as durability, impermeability and volume
stability, may be more important. Moreover, compressive strength usually gives an overall picture of
the quality of concrete. The simple compressive strength of the concrete was determined on 12 × 16 cm
cylindrical specimens. The test is carried out according to the standard (NF EN 12390-3, 2003) [17].
The specimens are loaded till failure in a compression testing machine conforming to the standard (EN
12390-4, 2000) [18]. The maximum load reached is recorded and the compressive strength is obtained
by the following equation:
�� = �
��� (1)
Table 1: Physical characteristics of the sands
Sands
Physical characteristics
Percentage
of fines
aggregate
(<0.063)
Fineness
modulus
Piston sand
equivalent
(SE) in %
Density
(g/m3)
Apparent
density
(g/m3)
Water
content W
(%)
Absorption
rate (%)
SN 1.1 2.5 97.6 2.66 1.45 1 0.3
SG 11.3 3.02 77.5 2.74 1.71 2.1 0.55
MS 3.5 2.8 87.5 2.69 1.61 1.2 0.52
Table 2: Properties of coarse aggregates
Coarse
aggregates
Properties
Density
(g/m3)
Apparent
density (g/m3) Los Angeles Micro-Deval
Water
content W
(%)
Absorption
rate (%)
Gravel 5/15 2.81 1.58 17.1 7.4 0.8 0.3
Gravel 15/25 2.77 1.54 17.1 7.4 0.3 0.21
Table 3: Composition of the different concretes
Mass components (kg/m3) Rapports
Cement Water Sand Gravel
5/15
Gravel
15/25 E/C
Theorical
denity
BSG 400 188.6 603.6 309.6 879.4 0.47 2.38
BSN 400 188.6 568.7 300.4 962 0.47 2.41
BMS 400 188.6 723.6 358.2 862.8 0.47 2.53
3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Results of the Petrographic Analysis
The observations made of samples E1 taken at the Koulounga quarry show that the SG sand is
metamorphic nature, notably the Gneiss-migmatic strongly altered. It is made of garnet (10-15%);
quartz (10-15%); feldspar (30-40%) as essential minerals alongside some ferromagnesian minerals
such as biotites and pyroxenes. This composition is in agreement with the works of Mambou et al. [9].
The clay minerals resulting from the alteration of the feldspar are the main secondary minerals.
The alluvial sand had more than 90% of quartz. Mica is a very small proportion (5%). It is a
terrigenous sedimentary rock belonging to the arenite family and to sub-family of unconsolidated
arenites.
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
3.2
River sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content of 1.1%. SG sand is not very clean (77.5%) with
a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the maximum content for common quality concretes according to
the sta
87.3% and fines content of 3.5%. Table 1 shows that alluvial, quarry and the mixture sands had a
fineness modulus range between 2.2 and 2.8. The formulation of com
fineness modulus range in this interval [17]. The gneiss sand is the densest sand (See table 1). This is
accordingly with to its composition. The density of the minerals in this sand is densest than quartz
mineral. The density o
river sand is due to the high content in quartz mineral. River sand had a lower adsorption rate than
other sands.
3.3
The results of the sieves analysis
of Figure 4.
of class 0/5, the mixture MS of class 0/5. The SN and crushed SG sands had a
well as the gravel and gravels. While the MS sand mixture had a discontinuous particle size between
sizes 0.5 and 2 mm. Adjusting SN sand to SG sand changed the spread of the material. Thus, quarry
sand (SG) contained more micro fin
Both fines aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grinding requirements are suitable for producing concrete
[19].
3.4
The subsidence was measured with the Abr
desired consistency is a plastic workability with an Abrams cone value of 6cm. During the
implementation of this concrete, a readjustment was made on the water dosage depending on the type
of concrete i
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The images of the thin sections are shown in Figure 3.
3.2. Analysis of
River sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content of 1.1%. SG sand is not very clean (77.5%) with
a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the maximum content for common quality concretes according to
the standard relating to this content). The MS sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of
87.3% and fines content of 3.5%. Table 1 shows that alluvial, quarry and the mixture sands had a
fineness modulus range between 2.2 and 2.8. The formulation of com
fineness modulus range in this interval [17]. The gneiss sand is the densest sand (See table 1). This is
accordingly with to its composition. The density of the minerals in this sand is densest than quartz
mineral. The density o
river sand is due to the high content in quartz mineral. River sand had a lower adsorption rate than
other sands.
3.3. Particle Size Analysis
The results of the sieves analysis
of Figure 4.
Sieves analysis showed that the rolled sand SN was of granular class 0/2, the crushed sand SG
of class 0/5, the mixture MS of class 0/5. The SN and crushed SG sands had a
well as the gravel and gravels. While the MS sand mixture had a discontinuous particle size between
sizes 0.5 and 2 mm. Adjusting SN sand to SG sand changed the spread of the material. Thus, quarry
sand (SG) contained more micro fin
Both fines aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grinding requirements are suitable for producing concrete
[19].
3.4. Properties of the
The subsidence was measured with the Abr
desired consistency is a plastic workability with an Abrams cone value of 6cm. During the
implementation of this concrete, a readjustment was made on the water dosage depending on the type
of concrete in order to achieve the desired consistency. The results are presented in Table 4.
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The images of the thin sections are shown in Figure 3.
nalysis of Results of
River sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content of 1.1%. SG sand is not very clean (77.5%) with
a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the maximum content for common quality concretes according to
ndard relating to this content). The MS sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of
87.3% and fines content of 3.5%. Table 1 shows that alluvial, quarry and the mixture sands had a
fineness modulus range between 2.2 and 2.8. The formulation of com
fineness modulus range in this interval [17]. The gneiss sand is the densest sand (See table 1). This is
accordingly with to its composition. The density of the minerals in this sand is densest than quartz
mineral. The density of mixed sand increases with the proportion of mixtures. The smallest value of
river sand is due to the high content in quartz mineral. River sand had a lower adsorption rate than
Size Analysis
The results of the sieves analysis
Sieves analysis showed that the rolled sand SN was of granular class 0/2, the crushed sand SG
of class 0/5, the mixture MS of class 0/5. The SN and crushed SG sands had a
well as the gravel and gravels. While the MS sand mixture had a discontinuous particle size between
sizes 0.5 and 2 mm. Adjusting SN sand to SG sand changed the spread of the material. Thus, quarry
sand (SG) contained more micro fin
Both fines aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grinding requirements are suitable for producing concrete
Properties of the Fresh Concretes
The subsidence was measured with the Abr
desired consistency is a plastic workability with an Abrams cone value of 6cm. During the
implementation of this concrete, a readjustment was made on the water dosage depending on the type
n order to achieve the desired consistency. The results are presented in Table 4.
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The images of the thin sections are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3:
of Physical Characteristics
River sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content of 1.1%. SG sand is not very clean (77.5%) with
a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the maximum content for common quality concretes according to
ndard relating to this content). The MS sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of
87.3% and fines content of 3.5%. Table 1 shows that alluvial, quarry and the mixture sands had a
fineness modulus range between 2.2 and 2.8. The formulation of com
fineness modulus range in this interval [17]. The gneiss sand is the densest sand (See table 1). This is
accordingly with to its composition. The density of the minerals in this sand is densest than quartz
f mixed sand increases with the proportion of mixtures. The smallest value of
river sand is due to the high content in quartz mineral. River sand had a lower adsorption rate than
Size Analysis
The results of the sieves analysis of the different sands studied are presented by the particle size curves
Sieves analysis showed that the rolled sand SN was of granular class 0/2, the crushed sand SG
of class 0/5, the mixture MS of class 0/5. The SN and crushed SG sands had a
well as the gravel and gravels. While the MS sand mixture had a discontinuous particle size between
sizes 0.5 and 2 mm. Adjusting SN sand to SG sand changed the spread of the material. Thus, quarry
sand (SG) contained more micro fines than other sands, and then followed by MS and SN respectively.
Both fines aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grinding requirements are suitable for producing concrete
Fresh Concretes
The subsidence was measured with the Abr
desired consistency is a plastic workability with an Abrams cone value of 6cm. During the
implementation of this concrete, a readjustment was made on the water dosage depending on the type
n order to achieve the desired consistency. The results are presented in Table 4.
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The images of the thin sections are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Petrographic images of thin sections.
Physical Characteristics
River sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content of 1.1%. SG sand is not very clean (77.5%) with
a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the maximum content for common quality concretes according to
ndard relating to this content). The MS sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of
87.3% and fines content of 3.5%. Table 1 shows that alluvial, quarry and the mixture sands had a
fineness modulus range between 2.2 and 2.8. The formulation of com
fineness modulus range in this interval [17]. The gneiss sand is the densest sand (See table 1). This is
accordingly with to its composition. The density of the minerals in this sand is densest than quartz
f mixed sand increases with the proportion of mixtures. The smallest value of
river sand is due to the high content in quartz mineral. River sand had a lower adsorption rate than
of the different sands studied are presented by the particle size curves
Sieves analysis showed that the rolled sand SN was of granular class 0/2, the crushed sand SG
of class 0/5, the mixture MS of class 0/5. The SN and crushed SG sands had a
well as the gravel and gravels. While the MS sand mixture had a discontinuous particle size between
sizes 0.5 and 2 mm. Adjusting SN sand to SG sand changed the spread of the material. Thus, quarry
es than other sands, and then followed by MS and SN respectively.
Both fines aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grinding requirements are suitable for producing concrete
Fresh Concretes
The subsidence was measured with the Abrams cone in accordance with standard NF P 18
desired consistency is a plastic workability with an Abrams cone value of 6cm. During the
implementation of this concrete, a readjustment was made on the water dosage depending on the type
n order to achieve the desired consistency. The results are presented in Table 4.
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The images of the thin sections are shown in Figure 3.
Petrographic images of thin sections.
Physical Characteristics
River sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content of 1.1%. SG sand is not very clean (77.5%) with
a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the maximum content for common quality concretes according to
ndard relating to this content). The MS sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of
87.3% and fines content of 3.5%. Table 1 shows that alluvial, quarry and the mixture sands had a
fineness modulus range between 2.2 and 2.8. The formulation of com
fineness modulus range in this interval [17]. The gneiss sand is the densest sand (See table 1). This is
accordingly with to its composition. The density of the minerals in this sand is densest than quartz
f mixed sand increases with the proportion of mixtures. The smallest value of
river sand is due to the high content in quartz mineral. River sand had a lower adsorption rate than
of the different sands studied are presented by the particle size curves
Sieves analysis showed that the rolled sand SN was of granular class 0/2, the crushed sand SG
of class 0/5, the mixture MS of class 0/5. The SN and crushed SG sands had a
well as the gravel and gravels. While the MS sand mixture had a discontinuous particle size between
sizes 0.5 and 2 mm. Adjusting SN sand to SG sand changed the spread of the material. Thus, quarry
es than other sands, and then followed by MS and SN respectively.
Both fines aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grinding requirements are suitable for producing concrete
ams cone in accordance with standard NF P 18
desired consistency is a plastic workability with an Abrams cone value of 6cm. During the
implementation of this concrete, a readjustment was made on the water dosage depending on the type
n order to achieve the desired consistency. The results are presented in Table 4.
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The images of the thin sections are shown in Figure 3.
Petrographic images of thin sections.
River sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content of 1.1%. SG sand is not very clean (77.5%) with
a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the maximum content for common quality concretes according to
ndard relating to this content). The MS sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of
87.3% and fines content of 3.5%. Table 1 shows that alluvial, quarry and the mixture sands had a
fineness modulus range between 2.2 and 2.8. The formulation of common concretes had a modulus
fineness modulus range in this interval [17]. The gneiss sand is the densest sand (See table 1). This is
accordingly with to its composition. The density of the minerals in this sand is densest than quartz
f mixed sand increases with the proportion of mixtures. The smallest value of
river sand is due to the high content in quartz mineral. River sand had a lower adsorption rate than
of the different sands studied are presented by the particle size curves
Sieves analysis showed that the rolled sand SN was of granular class 0/2, the crushed sand SG
of class 0/5, the mixture MS of class 0/5. The SN and crushed SG sands had a
well as the gravel and gravels. While the MS sand mixture had a discontinuous particle size between
sizes 0.5 and 2 mm. Adjusting SN sand to SG sand changed the spread of the material. Thus, quarry
es than other sands, and then followed by MS and SN respectively.
Both fines aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grinding requirements are suitable for producing concrete
ams cone in accordance with standard NF P 18
desired consistency is a plastic workability with an Abrams cone value of 6cm. During the
implementation of this concrete, a readjustment was made on the water dosage depending on the type
n order to achieve the desired consistency. The results are presented in Table 4.
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
Petrographic images of thin sections.
River sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content of 1.1%. SG sand is not very clean (77.5%) with
a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the maximum content for common quality concretes according to
ndard relating to this content). The MS sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of
87.3% and fines content of 3.5%. Table 1 shows that alluvial, quarry and the mixture sands had a
mon concretes had a modulus
fineness modulus range in this interval [17]. The gneiss sand is the densest sand (See table 1). This is
accordingly with to its composition. The density of the minerals in this sand is densest than quartz
f mixed sand increases with the proportion of mixtures. The smallest value of
river sand is due to the high content in quartz mineral. River sand had a lower adsorption rate than
of the different sands studied are presented by the particle size curves
Sieves analysis showed that the rolled sand SN was of granular class 0/2, the crushed sand SG
of class 0/5, the mixture MS of class 0/5. The SN and crushed SG sands had an overall grain size as
well as the gravel and gravels. While the MS sand mixture had a discontinuous particle size between
sizes 0.5 and 2 mm. Adjusting SN sand to SG sand changed the spread of the material. Thus, quarry
es than other sands, and then followed by MS and SN respectively.
Both fines aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grinding requirements are suitable for producing concrete
ams cone in accordance with standard NF P 18
desired consistency is a plastic workability with an Abrams cone value of 6cm. During the
implementation of this concrete, a readjustment was made on the water dosage depending on the type
n order to achieve the desired consistency. The results are presented in Table 4.
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content of 1.1%. SG sand is not very clean (77.5%) with
a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the maximum content for common quality concretes according to
ndard relating to this content). The MS sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of
87.3% and fines content of 3.5%. Table 1 shows that alluvial, quarry and the mixture sands had a
mon concretes had a modulus
fineness modulus range in this interval [17]. The gneiss sand is the densest sand (See table 1). This is
accordingly with to its composition. The density of the minerals in this sand is densest than quartz
f mixed sand increases with the proportion of mixtures. The smallest value of
river sand is due to the high content in quartz mineral. River sand had a lower adsorption rate than
of the different sands studied are presented by the particle size curves
Sieves analysis showed that the rolled sand SN was of granular class 0/2, the crushed sand SG
n overall grain size as
well as the gravel and gravels. While the MS sand mixture had a discontinuous particle size between
sizes 0.5 and 2 mm. Adjusting SN sand to SG sand changed the spread of the material. Thus, quarry
es than other sands, and then followed by MS and SN respectively.
Both fines aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grinding requirements are suitable for producing concrete
ams cone in accordance with standard NF P 18-451. The
desired consistency is a plastic workability with an Abrams cone value of 6cm. During the
implementation of this concrete, a readjustment was made on the water dosage depending on the type
n order to achieve the desired consistency. The results are presented in Table 4.
364
River sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content of 1.1%. SG sand is not very clean (77.5%) with
a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the maximum content for common quality concretes according to
ndard relating to this content). The MS sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of
87.3% and fines content of 3.5%. Table 1 shows that alluvial, quarry and the mixture sands had a
mon concretes had a modulus
fineness modulus range in this interval [17]. The gneiss sand is the densest sand (See table 1). This is
accordingly with to its composition. The density of the minerals in this sand is densest than quartz
f mixed sand increases with the proportion of mixtures. The smallest value of
river sand is due to the high content in quartz mineral. River sand had a lower adsorption rate than
of the different sands studied are presented by the particle size curves
Sieves analysis showed that the rolled sand SN was of granular class 0/2, the crushed sand SG
n overall grain size as
well as the gravel and gravels. While the MS sand mixture had a discontinuous particle size between
sizes 0.5 and 2 mm. Adjusting SN sand to SG sand changed the spread of the material. Thus, quarry
es than other sands, and then followed by MS and SN respectively.
Both fines aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grinding requirements are suitable for producing concrete
451. The
desired consistency is a plastic workability with an Abrams cone value of 6cm. During the
implementation of this concrete, a readjustment was made on the water dosage depending on the type
365
Table 4:
The cement dosage of this formulation was fixed, then the water dosage depend essentially on
the nature of the aggre
case of concretes based on crushed sand (BSG) is greater than that required in the case of concrete
based on alluvial sand (BSN) and the mixture (BMS). This is probably due to
characteristics (petrographic and mineralogical) of the different sands.
The results of slump test, bulk density and water dosage are presented in figure 5, 6 and 7.
From figure 5, river sand and quarry sand had slump values of 6 cm and 5 cm.
slump value of 5 cm. Since the water content and cement were constant, workability is expected to be
lower in the concrete mix containing the finer particles of fine aggregate. The slump of both river sand
and quarry sand concretes fell
E/C
Eeff/C
Density (g/m
Results on fresh concrete
The cement dosage of this formulation was fixed, then the water dosage depend essentially on
the nature of the aggre
case of concretes based on crushed sand (BSG) is greater than that required in the case of concrete
based on alluvial sand (BSN) and the mixture (BMS). This is probably due to
characteristics (petrographic and mineralogical) of the different sands.
The results of slump test, bulk density and water dosage are presented in figure 5, 6 and 7.
From figure 5, river sand and quarry sand had slump values of 6 cm and 5 cm.
slump value of 5 cm. Since the water content and cement were constant, workability is expected to be
lower in the concrete mix containing the finer particles of fine aggregate. The slump of both river sand
and quarry sand concretes fell
Density (g/m3)
Figure 4: Sieves analysis of aggregates (fines and coarses).
Results on fresh concrete
The cement dosage of this formulation was fixed, then the water dosage depend essentially on
the nature of the aggregates (sand and gravel). Figure 4 shows that the demand for mixing water in the
case of concretes based on crushed sand (BSG) is greater than that required in the case of concrete
based on alluvial sand (BSN) and the mixture (BMS). This is probably due to
characteristics (petrographic and mineralogical) of the different sands.
The results of slump test, bulk density and water dosage are presented in figure 5, 6 and 7.
From figure 5, river sand and quarry sand had slump values of 6 cm and 5 cm.
slump value of 5 cm. Since the water content and cement were constant, workability is expected to be
lower in the concrete mix containing the finer particles of fine aggregate. The slump of both river sand
and quarry sand concretes fell within the range of 2.5
Obtained
Correction (l/m
Obtained
Calculed
Obtained
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy
Sieves analysis of aggregates (fines and coarses).
Results on fresh concrete
The cement dosage of this formulation was fixed, then the water dosage depend essentially on
gates (sand and gravel). Figure 4 shows that the demand for mixing water in the
case of concretes based on crushed sand (BSG) is greater than that required in the case of concrete
based on alluvial sand (BSN) and the mixture (BMS). This is probably due to
characteristics (petrographic and mineralogical) of the different sands.
The results of slump test, bulk density and water dosage are presented in figure 5, 6 and 7.
From figure 5, river sand and quarry sand had slump values of 6 cm and 5 cm.
slump value of 5 cm. Since the water content and cement were constant, workability is expected to be
lower in the concrete mix containing the finer particles of fine aggregate. The slump of both river sand
within the range of 2.5
rrection (l/m3)
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy
Sieves analysis of aggregates (fines and coarses).
The cement dosage of this formulation was fixed, then the water dosage depend essentially on
gates (sand and gravel). Figure 4 shows that the demand for mixing water in the
case of concretes based on crushed sand (BSG) is greater than that required in the case of concrete
based on alluvial sand (BSN) and the mixture (BMS). This is probably due to
characteristics (petrographic and mineralogical) of the different sands.
The results of slump test, bulk density and water dosage are presented in figure 5, 6 and 7.
From figure 5, river sand and quarry sand had slump values of 6 cm and 5 cm.
slump value of 5 cm. Since the water content and cement were constant, workability is expected to be
lower in the concrete mix containing the finer particles of fine aggregate. The slump of both river sand
within the range of 2.5-10 cm, indicating medium workability [20].
BSG
0.47
5
+ 36.5
6
0.56
2.42
2.45
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy
Sieves analysis of aggregates (fines and coarses).
The cement dosage of this formulation was fixed, then the water dosage depend essentially on
gates (sand and gravel). Figure 4 shows that the demand for mixing water in the
case of concretes based on crushed sand (BSG) is greater than that required in the case of concrete
based on alluvial sand (BSN) and the mixture (BMS). This is probably due to
characteristics (petrographic and mineralogical) of the different sands.
The results of slump test, bulk density and water dosage are presented in figure 5, 6 and 7.
From figure 5, river sand and quarry sand had slump values of 6 cm and 5 cm.
slump value of 5 cm. Since the water content and cement were constant, workability is expected to be
lower in the concrete mix containing the finer particles of fine aggregate. The slump of both river sand
10 cm, indicating medium workability [20].
Concrete types
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy and Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
Sieves analysis of aggregates (fines and coarses).
The cement dosage of this formulation was fixed, then the water dosage depend essentially on
gates (sand and gravel). Figure 4 shows that the demand for mixing water in the
case of concretes based on crushed sand (BSG) is greater than that required in the case of concrete
based on alluvial sand (BSN) and the mixture (BMS). This is probably due to
characteristics (petrographic and mineralogical) of the different sands.
The results of slump test, bulk density and water dosage are presented in figure 5, 6 and 7.
From figure 5, river sand and quarry sand had slump values of 6 cm and 5 cm.
slump value of 5 cm. Since the water content and cement were constant, workability is expected to be
lower in the concrete mix containing the finer particles of fine aggregate. The slump of both river sand
10 cm, indicating medium workability [20].
Concrete types
BSN
0.47
6
0
6
0.47
2.41
2.40
Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
The cement dosage of this formulation was fixed, then the water dosage depend essentially on
gates (sand and gravel). Figure 4 shows that the demand for mixing water in the
case of concretes based on crushed sand (BSG) is greater than that required in the case of concrete
based on alluvial sand (BSN) and the mixture (BMS). This is probably due to the intrinsic
The results of slump test, bulk density and water dosage are presented in figure 5, 6 and 7.
From figure 5, river sand and quarry sand had slump values of 6 cm and 5 cm. The mixture had a
slump value of 5 cm. Since the water content and cement were constant, workability is expected to be
lower in the concrete mix containing the finer particles of fine aggregate. The slump of both river sand
10 cm, indicating medium workability [20].
BMS
0.47
5
+ 21.2
6
0.52
2.35
2.41
Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
The cement dosage of this formulation was fixed, then the water dosage depend essentially on
gates (sand and gravel). Figure 4 shows that the demand for mixing water in the
case of concretes based on crushed sand (BSG) is greater than that required in the case of concrete
the intrinsic
The results of slump test, bulk density and water dosage are presented in figure 5, 6 and 7.
The mixture had a
slump value of 5 cm. Since the water content and cement were constant, workability is expected to be
lower in the concrete mix containing the finer particles of fine aggregate. The slump of both river sand
10 cm, indicating medium workability [20].
BMS
0.47
+ 21.2
0.52
2.35
2.41
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
density of normal weight concrete usually ranges from 2.2
samples is in agreement with the normal bulk density [21]. The concrete compound containing base of
the alluvial aggregates has a low bulk de
those made from mixture (BMS) have higher densities than concrete made from alluvial sand (BSN).
This could be explained by the intrinsic density of the aggregates resulting from crushing and the
comp
minimum of intergranular voids. While the fine content value of SN sand is 1.1%.
due to the fact that, SN is alluvial sand from river transport. During the transport, it is partially freed of
these fines and tender minerals and those which can also deteriorate quickly. SG sand is produced from
crushing and has not undergone t
fines content (11.3%) which is above the maximum rate [12]. This high rate ultimately has an influence
on the water dosage and therefore on the properties of concrete. This explains the fa
based on crushed sands require an additional water dosage compared to concretes made with alluvial
sands. Concrete based on SN sand has a lower percentage of fines (1.1%) than concrete based on SG
sand. This requires a low water dosage co
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The figure 6 presents the evolution of the apparent density of the fresh concre
density of normal weight concrete usually ranges from 2.2
samples is in agreement with the normal bulk density [21]. The concrete compound containing base of
the alluvial aggregates has a low bulk de
those made from mixture (BMS) have higher densities than concrete made from alluvial sand (BSN).
This could be explained by the intrinsic density of the aggregates resulting from crushing and the
composition of high fine sand (11.3% for SG and 3.5% for MS) which consequently resulted in a
minimum of intergranular voids. While the fine content value of SN sand is 1.1%.
The figure 7 shows the water dosage of different concretes. The difference of water
due to the fact that, SN is alluvial sand from river transport. During the transport, it is partially freed of
these fines and tender minerals and those which can also deteriorate quickly. SG sand is produced from
crushing and has not undergone t
fines content (11.3%) which is above the maximum rate [12]. This high rate ultimately has an influence
on the water dosage and therefore on the properties of concrete. This explains the fa
based on crushed sands require an additional water dosage compared to concretes made with alluvial
sands. Concrete based on SN sand has a lower percentage of fines (1.1%) than concrete based on SG
sand. This requires a low water dosage co
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The figure 6 presents the evolution of the apparent density of the fresh concre
density of normal weight concrete usually ranges from 2.2
samples is in agreement with the normal bulk density [21]. The concrete compound containing base of
the alluvial aggregates has a low bulk de
those made from mixture (BMS) have higher densities than concrete made from alluvial sand (BSN).
This could be explained by the intrinsic density of the aggregates resulting from crushing and the
osition of high fine sand (11.3% for SG and 3.5% for MS) which consequently resulted in a
minimum of intergranular voids. While the fine content value of SN sand is 1.1%.
The figure 7 shows the water dosage of different concretes. The difference of water
due to the fact that, SN is alluvial sand from river transport. During the transport, it is partially freed of
these fines and tender minerals and those which can also deteriorate quickly. SG sand is produced from
crushing and has not undergone t
fines content (11.3%) which is above the maximum rate [12]. This high rate ultimately has an influence
on the water dosage and therefore on the properties of concrete. This explains the fa
based on crushed sands require an additional water dosage compared to concretes made with alluvial
sands. Concrete based on SN sand has a lower percentage of fines (1.1%) than concrete based on SG
sand. This requires a low water dosage co
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
Figure 5:
Figure 6:
The figure 6 presents the evolution of the apparent density of the fresh concre
density of normal weight concrete usually ranges from 2.2
samples is in agreement with the normal bulk density [21]. The concrete compound containing base of
the alluvial aggregates has a low bulk de
those made from mixture (BMS) have higher densities than concrete made from alluvial sand (BSN).
This could be explained by the intrinsic density of the aggregates resulting from crushing and the
osition of high fine sand (11.3% for SG and 3.5% for MS) which consequently resulted in a
minimum of intergranular voids. While the fine content value of SN sand is 1.1%.
The figure 7 shows the water dosage of different concretes. The difference of water
due to the fact that, SN is alluvial sand from river transport. During the transport, it is partially freed of
these fines and tender minerals and those which can also deteriorate quickly. SG sand is produced from
crushing and has not undergone transport. The particle size analysis showed that SG sand had a high
fines content (11.3%) which is above the maximum rate [12]. This high rate ultimately has an influence
on the water dosage and therefore on the properties of concrete. This explains the fa
based on crushed sands require an additional water dosage compared to concretes made with alluvial
sands. Concrete based on SN sand has a lower percentage of fines (1.1%) than concrete based on SG
sand. This requires a low water dosage co
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
Figure 5: Slump of different fresh concrete
Figure 6: Bulk density of different fresh concrete
The figure 6 presents the evolution of the apparent density of the fresh concre
density of normal weight concrete usually ranges from 2.2
samples is in agreement with the normal bulk density [21]. The concrete compound containing base of
the alluvial aggregates has a low bulk density. Concretes made from crushed aggregates (BSG) and
those made from mixture (BMS) have higher densities than concrete made from alluvial sand (BSN).
This could be explained by the intrinsic density of the aggregates resulting from crushing and the
osition of high fine sand (11.3% for SG and 3.5% for MS) which consequently resulted in a
minimum of intergranular voids. While the fine content value of SN sand is 1.1%.
The figure 7 shows the water dosage of different concretes. The difference of water
due to the fact that, SN is alluvial sand from river transport. During the transport, it is partially freed of
these fines and tender minerals and those which can also deteriorate quickly. SG sand is produced from
ransport. The particle size analysis showed that SG sand had a high
fines content (11.3%) which is above the maximum rate [12]. This high rate ultimately has an influence
on the water dosage and therefore on the properties of concrete. This explains the fa
based on crushed sands require an additional water dosage compared to concretes made with alluvial
sands. Concrete based on SN sand has a lower percentage of fines (1.1%) than concrete based on SG
sand. This requires a low water dosage compared to concrete based on SG sand which has fines content
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
ump of different fresh concrete
ity of different fresh concrete
The figure 6 presents the evolution of the apparent density of the fresh concre
density of normal weight concrete usually ranges from 2.2-2.6 g/cm
samples is in agreement with the normal bulk density [21]. The concrete compound containing base of
nsity. Concretes made from crushed aggregates (BSG) and
those made from mixture (BMS) have higher densities than concrete made from alluvial sand (BSN).
This could be explained by the intrinsic density of the aggregates resulting from crushing and the
osition of high fine sand (11.3% for SG and 3.5% for MS) which consequently resulted in a
minimum of intergranular voids. While the fine content value of SN sand is 1.1%.
The figure 7 shows the water dosage of different concretes. The difference of water
due to the fact that, SN is alluvial sand from river transport. During the transport, it is partially freed of
these fines and tender minerals and those which can also deteriorate quickly. SG sand is produced from
ransport. The particle size analysis showed that SG sand had a high
fines content (11.3%) which is above the maximum rate [12]. This high rate ultimately has an influence
on the water dosage and therefore on the properties of concrete. This explains the fa
based on crushed sands require an additional water dosage compared to concretes made with alluvial
sands. Concrete based on SN sand has a lower percentage of fines (1.1%) than concrete based on SG
mpared to concrete based on SG sand which has fines content
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
ump of different fresh concrete
ity of different fresh concrete
The figure 6 presents the evolution of the apparent density of the fresh concre
2.6 g/cm3
[21]. The bulk density of all the
samples is in agreement with the normal bulk density [21]. The concrete compound containing base of
nsity. Concretes made from crushed aggregates (BSG) and
those made from mixture (BMS) have higher densities than concrete made from alluvial sand (BSN).
This could be explained by the intrinsic density of the aggregates resulting from crushing and the
osition of high fine sand (11.3% for SG and 3.5% for MS) which consequently resulted in a
minimum of intergranular voids. While the fine content value of SN sand is 1.1%.
The figure 7 shows the water dosage of different concretes. The difference of water
due to the fact that, SN is alluvial sand from river transport. During the transport, it is partially freed of
these fines and tender minerals and those which can also deteriorate quickly. SG sand is produced from
ransport. The particle size analysis showed that SG sand had a high
fines content (11.3%) which is above the maximum rate [12]. This high rate ultimately has an influence
on the water dosage and therefore on the properties of concrete. This explains the fa
based on crushed sands require an additional water dosage compared to concretes made with alluvial
sands. Concrete based on SN sand has a lower percentage of fines (1.1%) than concrete based on SG
mpared to concrete based on SG sand which has fines content
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
ity of different fresh concrete
The figure 6 presents the evolution of the apparent density of the fresh concre
[21]. The bulk density of all the
samples is in agreement with the normal bulk density [21]. The concrete compound containing base of
nsity. Concretes made from crushed aggregates (BSG) and
those made from mixture (BMS) have higher densities than concrete made from alluvial sand (BSN).
This could be explained by the intrinsic density of the aggregates resulting from crushing and the
osition of high fine sand (11.3% for SG and 3.5% for MS) which consequently resulted in a
minimum of intergranular voids. While the fine content value of SN sand is 1.1%.
The figure 7 shows the water dosage of different concretes. The difference of water
due to the fact that, SN is alluvial sand from river transport. During the transport, it is partially freed of
these fines and tender minerals and those which can also deteriorate quickly. SG sand is produced from
ransport. The particle size analysis showed that SG sand had a high
fines content (11.3%) which is above the maximum rate [12]. This high rate ultimately has an influence
on the water dosage and therefore on the properties of concrete. This explains the fa
based on crushed sands require an additional water dosage compared to concretes made with alluvial
sands. Concrete based on SN sand has a lower percentage of fines (1.1%) than concrete based on SG
mpared to concrete based on SG sand which has fines content
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
The figure 6 presents the evolution of the apparent density of the fresh concrete. The bulk
[21]. The bulk density of all the
samples is in agreement with the normal bulk density [21]. The concrete compound containing base of
nsity. Concretes made from crushed aggregates (BSG) and
those made from mixture (BMS) have higher densities than concrete made from alluvial sand (BSN).
This could be explained by the intrinsic density of the aggregates resulting from crushing and the
osition of high fine sand (11.3% for SG and 3.5% for MS) which consequently resulted in a
The figure 7 shows the water dosage of different concretes. The difference of water dosage is
due to the fact that, SN is alluvial sand from river transport. During the transport, it is partially freed of
these fines and tender minerals and those which can also deteriorate quickly. SG sand is produced from
ransport. The particle size analysis showed that SG sand had a high
fines content (11.3%) which is above the maximum rate [12]. This high rate ultimately has an influence
on the water dosage and therefore on the properties of concrete. This explains the fact that concretes
based on crushed sands require an additional water dosage compared to concretes made with alluvial
sands. Concrete based on SN sand has a lower percentage of fines (1.1%) than concrete based on SG
mpared to concrete based on SG sand which has fines content
366
te. The bulk
[21]. The bulk density of all the
samples is in agreement with the normal bulk density [21]. The concrete compound containing base of
nsity. Concretes made from crushed aggregates (BSG) and
those made from mixture (BMS) have higher densities than concrete made from alluvial sand (BSN).
This could be explained by the intrinsic density of the aggregates resulting from crushing and the
osition of high fine sand (11.3% for SG and 3.5% for MS) which consequently resulted in a
dosage is
due to the fact that, SN is alluvial sand from river transport. During the transport, it is partially freed of
these fines and tender minerals and those which can also deteriorate quickly. SG sand is produced from
ransport. The particle size analysis showed that SG sand had a high
fines content (11.3%) which is above the maximum rate [12]. This high rate ultimately has an influence
ct that concretes
based on crushed sands require an additional water dosage compared to concretes made with alluvial
sands. Concrete based on SN sand has a lower percentage of fines (1.1%) than concrete based on SG
mpared to concrete based on SG sand which has fines content
367
greater than 7% (maximum rate). In addition, this high water adsorption can be explained by the
structure of the surface of each s
characterized by a more or less angular and rough structure. So it has a very large specific surface;
which will require more water. The low quantity of mixing water for BMS concrete is also due to the
high percentage of alluvial sand that constitutes this concre
3.5. Properties of
Tests were carried out for each type of concrete to determine the physical and mechanical
characteristics of the hardened concrete. The results are presented
sands.
Table 5:
N°
1
2
Table 6:
N°
1
2
Table 7:
N°
1
2
greater than 7% (maximum rate). In addition, this high water adsorption can be explained by the
ructure of the surface of each s
erized by a more or less angular and rough structure. So it has a very large specific surface;
which will require more water. The low quantity of mixing water for BMS concrete is also due to the
high percentage of alluvial sand that constitutes this concre
Properties of Hardened Concretes
Tests were carried out for each type of concrete to determine the physical and mechanical
characteristics of the hardened concrete. The results are presented
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSN concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Days
7
28
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSG concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Days
7
28
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BMS concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Days
7
28
greater than 7% (maximum rate). In addition, this high water adsorption can be explained by the
ructure of the surface of each s
erized by a more or less angular and rough structure. So it has a very large specific surface;
which will require more water. The low quantity of mixing water for BMS concrete is also due to the
high percentage of alluvial sand that constitutes this concre
Figure 7:
Hardened Concretes
Tests were carried out for each type of concrete to determine the physical and mechanical
characteristics of the hardened concrete. The results are presented
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSN concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Days Concrete
7
28
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSG concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Days Concrete
7
28 1
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BMS concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Days Concrete
7 15400.5
28 1558
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy
greater than 7% (maximum rate). In addition, this high water adsorption can be explained by the
ructure of the surface of each sand. Rolled sand is a smooth surface while crushed sand is
erized by a more or less angular and rough structure. So it has a very large specific surface;
which will require more water. The low quantity of mixing water for BMS concrete is also due to the
high percentage of alluvial sand that constitutes this concre
Figure 7: Water dos
Hardened Concretes
Tests were carried out for each type of concrete to determine the physical and mechanical
characteristics of the hardened concrete. The results are presented
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSN concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Concrete
weight
15311
15581
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSG concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Concrete
weight
15718
15772.75
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BMS concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Concrete
weight
15400.5
15588.5
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy
greater than 7% (maximum rate). In addition, this high water adsorption can be explained by the
and. Rolled sand is a smooth surface while crushed sand is
erized by a more or less angular and rough structure. So it has a very large specific surface;
which will require more water. The low quantity of mixing water for BMS concrete is also due to the
high percentage of alluvial sand that constitutes this concre
Water dosage of different fresh concrete
Tests were carried out for each type of concrete to determine the physical and mechanical
characteristics of the hardened concrete. The results are presented
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSN concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Concrete
density
2.381
2.424
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSG concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Concrete
density
2.445
2.454
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BMS concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Concrete
density
2.395
2.424.5
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy
greater than 7% (maximum rate). In addition, this high water adsorption can be explained by the
and. Rolled sand is a smooth surface while crushed sand is
erized by a more or less angular and rough structure. So it has a very large specific surface;
which will require more water. The low quantity of mixing water for BMS concrete is also due to the
high percentage of alluvial sand that constitutes this concrete.
age of different fresh concrete
Tests were carried out for each type of concrete to determine the physical and mechanical
characteristics of the hardened concrete. The results are presented in Tables 5, 6 and 7 for the different
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSN concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Slump test
(cm)
6.0
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSG concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Slump test
(cm)
6.0
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BMS concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Slump test
(cm)
6.0
Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy and Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
greater than 7% (maximum rate). In addition, this high water adsorption can be explained by the
and. Rolled sand is a smooth surface while crushed sand is
erized by a more or less angular and rough structure. So it has a very large specific surface;
which will require more water. The low quantity of mixing water for BMS concrete is also due to the
age of different fresh concrete
Tests were carried out for each type of concrete to determine the physical and mechanical
in Tables 5, 6 and 7 for the different
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSN concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Slump test
Breaking
load
408
693
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSG concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Slump test
Breaking
load
335
590.5
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BMS concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Slump test
Breaking
load
381.5
612.5
Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
greater than 7% (maximum rate). In addition, this high water adsorption can be explained by the
and. Rolled sand is a smooth surface while crushed sand is
erized by a more or less angular and rough structure. So it has a very large specific surface;
which will require more water. The low quantity of mixing water for BMS concrete is also due to the
Tests were carried out for each type of concrete to determine the physical and mechanical
in Tables 5, 6 and 7 for the different
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSN concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Breaking
load
Corrected
408
693
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSG concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Breaking
load
Corrected
335
590.5
Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BMS concrete at 7 and 28 days.
Breaking
load
Corrected
381.5
612.5
Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
greater than 7% (maximum rate). In addition, this high water adsorption can be explained by the
and. Rolled sand is a smooth surface while crushed sand is
erized by a more or less angular and rough structure. So it has a very large specific surface;
which will require more water. The low quantity of mixing water for BMS concrete is also due to the
Tests were carried out for each type of concrete to determine the physical and mechanical
in Tables 5, 6 and 7 for the different
Corrected
load
392.35
668.8
Corrected
load
321.6
568,9
Corrected
load
366.1
590
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
3.6
The compressive strength is the most important parameter used to characterize concrete. The
histograms of Figures 8 and 9 show the results of the average compressive strengths at 7 days and 28
days of the
strength of concrete (BSN) made from alluvial sand is higher compared to other concretes (BSN and
BMS) at 7 days and 28 days (See figure 8 and 9). This compressive strength is higher than that aimed
at 28 days (33MPa). The use of quarry sand
This concrete is composed of smooth surface alluvial sands with better particle size distribution. This is
explaine
strong bond binder
range of preferred sands for the production of concret
with less risk of segregation [17]. Hence, this resistance is better than the others. This compressive
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
3.6. Compressive
The compressive strength is the most important parameter used to characterize concrete. The
histograms of Figures 8 and 9 show the results of the average compressive strengths at 7 days and 28
days of the different types of concrete measured at ambient temperature.
The compressive strengths vary depending on the petrographic nature of the s
strength of concrete (BSN) made from alluvial sand is higher compared to other concretes (BSN and
BMS) at 7 days and 28 days (See figure 8 and 9). This compressive strength is higher than that aimed
at 28 days (33MPa). The use of quarry sand
BSN concrete has a better compressive strength at 28 days which is higher than that targeted.
This concrete is composed of smooth surface alluvial sands with better particle size distribution. This is
explained by the ease of the grains to slide from each other to fit between gravels thus causing a fairly
strong bond binder
range of preferred sands for the production of concret
with less risk of segregation [17]. Hence, this resistance is better than the others. This compressive
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
Compressive Strengths
The compressive strength is the most important parameter used to characterize concrete. The
histograms of Figures 8 and 9 show the results of the average compressive strengths at 7 days and 28
different types of concrete measured at ambient temperature.
The compressive strengths vary depending on the petrographic nature of the s
strength of concrete (BSN) made from alluvial sand is higher compared to other concretes (BSN and
BMS) at 7 days and 28 days (See figure 8 and 9). This compressive strength is higher than that aimed
at 28 days (33MPa). The use of quarry sand
BSN concrete has a better compressive strength at 28 days which is higher than that targeted.
This concrete is composed of smooth surface alluvial sands with better particle size distribution. This is
d by the ease of the grains to slide from each other to fit between gravels thus causing a fairly
strong bond binder-aggregate. In addition, the fineness modulus of the alluvial sand SN (2.5) is in the
range of preferred sands for the production of concret
with less risk of segregation [17]. Hence, this resistance is better than the others. This compressive
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
Strengths
The compressive strength is the most important parameter used to characterize concrete. The
histograms of Figures 8 and 9 show the results of the average compressive strengths at 7 days and 28
different types of concrete measured at ambient temperature.
Figure 8: Compressive
Figure 9: Compressive s
The compressive strengths vary depending on the petrographic nature of the s
strength of concrete (BSN) made from alluvial sand is higher compared to other concretes (BSN and
BMS) at 7 days and 28 days (See figure 8 and 9). This compressive strength is higher than that aimed
at 28 days (33MPa). The use of quarry sand
BSN concrete has a better compressive strength at 28 days which is higher than that targeted.
This concrete is composed of smooth surface alluvial sands with better particle size distribution. This is
d by the ease of the grains to slide from each other to fit between gravels thus causing a fairly
aggregate. In addition, the fineness modulus of the alluvial sand SN (2.5) is in the
range of preferred sands for the production of concret
with less risk of segregation [17]. Hence, this resistance is better than the others. This compressive
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The compressive strength is the most important parameter used to characterize concrete. The
histograms of Figures 8 and 9 show the results of the average compressive strengths at 7 days and 28
different types of concrete measured at ambient temperature.
Compressive strength of concretes at 7 days
Compressive s
The compressive strengths vary depending on the petrographic nature of the s
strength of concrete (BSN) made from alluvial sand is higher compared to other concretes (BSN and
BMS) at 7 days and 28 days (See figure 8 and 9). This compressive strength is higher than that aimed
at 28 days (33MPa). The use of quarry sand reduces
BSN concrete has a better compressive strength at 28 days which is higher than that targeted.
This concrete is composed of smooth surface alluvial sands with better particle size distribution. This is
d by the ease of the grains to slide from each other to fit between gravels thus causing a fairly
aggregate. In addition, the fineness modulus of the alluvial sand SN (2.5) is in the
range of preferred sands for the production of concret
with less risk of segregation [17]. Hence, this resistance is better than the others. This compressive
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The compressive strength is the most important parameter used to characterize concrete. The
histograms of Figures 8 and 9 show the results of the average compressive strengths at 7 days and 28
different types of concrete measured at ambient temperature.
strength of concretes at 7 days
Compressive strength of concretes at 28 days
The compressive strengths vary depending on the petrographic nature of the s
strength of concrete (BSN) made from alluvial sand is higher compared to other concretes (BSN and
BMS) at 7 days and 28 days (See figure 8 and 9). This compressive strength is higher than that aimed
reduces the compressive strength by around 7%.
BSN concrete has a better compressive strength at 28 days which is higher than that targeted.
This concrete is composed of smooth surface alluvial sands with better particle size distribution. This is
d by the ease of the grains to slide from each other to fit between gravels thus causing a fairly
aggregate. In addition, the fineness modulus of the alluvial sand SN (2.5) is in the
range of preferred sands for the production of concrete of satisfactory workability and good resistance
with less risk of segregation [17]. Hence, this resistance is better than the others. This compressive
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The compressive strength is the most important parameter used to characterize concrete. The
histograms of Figures 8 and 9 show the results of the average compressive strengths at 7 days and 28
different types of concrete measured at ambient temperature.
strength of concretes at 7 days
trength of concretes at 28 days
The compressive strengths vary depending on the petrographic nature of the s
strength of concrete (BSN) made from alluvial sand is higher compared to other concretes (BSN and
BMS) at 7 days and 28 days (See figure 8 and 9). This compressive strength is higher than that aimed
the compressive strength by around 7%.
BSN concrete has a better compressive strength at 28 days which is higher than that targeted.
This concrete is composed of smooth surface alluvial sands with better particle size distribution. This is
d by the ease of the grains to slide from each other to fit between gravels thus causing a fairly
aggregate. In addition, the fineness modulus of the alluvial sand SN (2.5) is in the
e of satisfactory workability and good resistance
with less risk of segregation [17]. Hence, this resistance is better than the others. This compressive
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)
The compressive strength is the most important parameter used to characterize concrete. The
histograms of Figures 8 and 9 show the results of the average compressive strengths at 7 days and 28
strength of concretes at 7 days
trength of concretes at 28 days
The compressive strengths vary depending on the petrographic nature of the s
strength of concrete (BSN) made from alluvial sand is higher compared to other concretes (BSN and
BMS) at 7 days and 28 days (See figure 8 and 9). This compressive strength is higher than that aimed
the compressive strength by around 7%.
BSN concrete has a better compressive strength at 28 days which is higher than that targeted.
This concrete is composed of smooth surface alluvial sands with better particle size distribution. This is
d by the ease of the grains to slide from each other to fit between gravels thus causing a fairly
aggregate. In addition, the fineness modulus of the alluvial sand SN (2.5) is in the
e of satisfactory workability and good resistance
with less risk of segregation [17]. Hence, this resistance is better than the others. This compressive
Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical
Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong
The compressive strength is the most important parameter used to characterize concrete. The
histograms of Figures 8 and 9 show the results of the average compressive strengths at 7 days and 28
The compressive strengths vary depending on the petrographic nature of the sand used. The
strength of concrete (BSN) made from alluvial sand is higher compared to other concretes (BSN and
BMS) at 7 days and 28 days (See figure 8 and 9). This compressive strength is higher than that aimed
the compressive strength by around 7%.
BSN concrete has a better compressive strength at 28 days which is higher than that targeted.
This concrete is composed of smooth surface alluvial sands with better particle size distribution. This is
d by the ease of the grains to slide from each other to fit between gravels thus causing a fairly
aggregate. In addition, the fineness modulus of the alluvial sand SN (2.5) is in the
e of satisfactory workability and good resistance
with less risk of segregation [17]. Hence, this resistance is better than the others. This compressive
368
The compressive strength is the most important parameter used to characterize concrete. The
histograms of Figures 8 and 9 show the results of the average compressive strengths at 7 days and 28
and used. The
strength of concrete (BSN) made from alluvial sand is higher compared to other concretes (BSN and
BMS) at 7 days and 28 days (See figure 8 and 9). This compressive strength is higher than that aimed
BSN concrete has a better compressive strength at 28 days which is higher than that targeted.
This concrete is composed of smooth surface alluvial sands with better particle size distribution. This is
d by the ease of the grains to slide from each other to fit between gravels thus causing a fairly
aggregate. In addition, the fineness modulus of the alluvial sand SN (2.5) is in the
e of satisfactory workability and good resistance
with less risk of segregation [17]. Hence, this resistance is better than the others. This compressive
369 Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy and Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior
strength is higher than the compressive strengths reported in literature [9, 22, 23] which are
respectively 24 MPa, 28.63 Mpa and 27 MPa, in the similar work conditions.
The compressive strength of BSG concrete is 28 MPa at 28 days (See figure 9). This concrete
has a higher level of fines which is above the standard. Using this sand for making concrete will
therefore require more water than expected to achieve the desired consistency. Thus, at the same
dosage of cement, it will cause a reduction in resistance. Literature work shown that SG crushed sand
contains in its composition biotite (black mica) which is a very soft mineral (with a hardness of 3) and
which represents about a quarter of the sand [9]. The presence of this mineral will therefore have a
great influence on the resistance of concrete and cause a drop in resistance. The lamellar form and the
weak interfoliar cohesion of the SG are not very favourable for the adhesion of binders. The
compressive strength is higher than the results obtained by [4, 9].
The compressive strength of BMS concrete is 30 MPa at 28 days (See figure 9). This value is
higher than value obtained for BSG concrete and lower than the value obtained for BSN concrete.
BSM has average performance compared to other concretes. This concrete is composed of alluvial sand
with a smooth surface and crush sand with a more or less rough surface. This mixture improves the
homogenization factor of the concrete by considerably reducing the rate of fines, therefore improving
the bond between binder and aggregate. This improvement therefore results in a fairly good resistance
for the manufacture of common concretes.
4. Conclusions The objective of this study was to carry out a comparative study of the alluvial sand of the Nyong river,
the gneiss sand of the Koulouganga quarry and the mixture of both sands in order to optimize the
formulation of the concrete. To achieve this objective, the sand samples were taken and then
characterized from a physical and mechanical point of view. The concretes were formulated and made
up to determine the mechanical strengths, in particular the compressive strength. The main conclusions
of this study are:
• The petrographic results have shown that the quarry sand is a metamorphic type precisely of the
gneiss-migmatic strongly altered. Macroscopic observation of quarry sand reveals that it is of
terrigenous sedimentary origin and is composed of quartz (more than 90%) and micas.
• The geotechnical results have shown that: river sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content
of 1.1%. Quarry sand is not very clean (77.5%) with a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the
maximum content for common quality concretes according to the standard relating to this
content). The mixed sand which is a mixture of 42% of the quarry sand and 58% of the alluvial
sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of 87.3% and fines content of 3.5%.
• The formulation method of DREUX GORISSE was used to formulate the different concretes.
The test pieces were subjected to the uniaxial mechanical compression test at 7 and 28 days.
The results of the study of the properties of concretes revealed that the alluvial sand of Nyong
river has better mechanical performance than quarry and mixed sands. In the hardened
concretes, the compressive strength at 28 days of concrete formulated with river sand, quarry
sand and mixed sand are 33 MPa, 28 MPa and 30 MPa respectively. This mixture improves the
homogenization factor of the concrete by considerably reducing the rate of fines, therefore
improving the bond between binder and aggregate.
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River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon) 370
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