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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Volume 2, No 1, 2011
© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4399
Received on June 2011 published on September 2011 43
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength,
flexural strength of steel fibers concrete and their relationship Pawade Prashant.Y
1, Nagarnaik P.B
2, Pande A.M
3
1- Research scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, G. H. Raisoni College of
Engineering, Nagpur, 440016
2- Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering,
Nagpur
3- Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Y.C.College of Engineering, Nagpur.
ABSTRACT
This paper shows the investigation on concrete due to the effect of silica fume with and
without steel fibers on Portland Pozzolona cement. In this study we used concrete mixes
with Silica Fume of 0%, 4%, 8%and 12% with addition of crimped steel fibers of two
diameters 0.5 mm Ø and 1.0 mm Ø with a constant aspect ratio of 60, at various
percentages as 0%, 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 1.5 % by the volume of concrete on M30 grade of
concrete. The effect of mineral admixture as cement replacement material with and
without steel fibers on mechanical properties were analyzed and compared with normal
concrete as well as silica fume concrete. In comparison, with control concrete the
replacement of 4%,8%,12% and 16% cement by silica fume showed 7.46%, 11.17%,
11.91%and 9.83% increase in compressive strength at 28 days of curing. The optimum
combined effect at 8% silica fume and 1.5% steel fiber with normal concrete the
maximum compressive strength increase at 0.5 mm Ø and 1.0 mm Ø steel fiber at 28
days of curing were 15.38% and 18.69%, the maximum flexural strength increase were
17.13% and 24.02%.The combined effect of silica fume at 4% & 12% with steel fiber at
0.5%, 1.0% & 1.5% of both diameters 0.5 mm Ø and 1.0 mm Ø at different ages of
curing are presented. As a result of the incorporation of crimped steel fibers, Silica fume
and Portland Pozzolona cement has produced a strong composite with superior crack
resistance, improved ductility and strength behavior prior to failure. On the basis of
regression analysis of large number of experimental results, the statistical model has been
developed. The proposed model was found to have good accuracy in estimating
relationship at 28 days and 90 days Compressive strength with Flexural Strength of
concrete.
Keywords: Portland Pozzolona Cement, Silica Fume, Steel Fibers, Compressive Strength,
Flexural Strength.
1. Introduction
1.1 Application of Steel Fiber in Concrete
It is necessary to develop the concrete of special properties. Portland Pozzolona cement
concrete possesses a very low tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 44
cracking. Internal micro-cracks are inherently present in the concrete and its poor tensile
strength is due to propagation of such micro-cracks, leading to brittle failure of concrete.
Development of such type of concrete that has to meet special requirements. As strength
of concrete increases brittleness of concrete also increases. This weakness and brittleness
can be reduced by inclusion of steel Fiber in the concrete mix. These Fiber help to
transfer loads at internal micro cracks which called Fiber reinforced concrete. Steel fiber
reinforced concrete (SFRC) has gained acceptance for a variety of applications, namely
industrial floors, bridge decks, pavements, hydraulic and marine structures, precast
elements, nuclear vessels, repair and rehabilitation works, blast resistance structures It
has been reported that the addition of Steel fibers into concrete improves all engineering
properties of concrete such as tensile strength, Compressive strength, impact strength,
ductility and toughness.
The basic requirements of fibers for improving strength , high modulus of elasticity ,
adequate extensibility , good bond at the interface , chemical stability and durability The
mechanical properties of steel fibers reinforced concrete are influenced by the type of
fiber aspect ratio amount of fiber , strength of matrix ,size, shape and method of specimen
preparation , and size of aggregate.
1.2 Application of Silica Fume in Concrete
Silica fume also known as micro silica is a byproduct of the reduction of high-purity quartz with
coal in electric furnaces in the production of silicon and ferrosilicon alloys. Because of its
extreme fineness and high silica content, Silica Fume is a highly effective pozzolanic
material. Silica Fume is used in concrete to improve its properties like compressive
strength, bond strength, and abrasion resistance; reduces permeability; and therefore
helps in protecting reinforcing steel from corrosion.
1.3 Literature Review
A compressive review of literature related to Silica Fume and Steel Fiber concrete was
presented by ACI Committee 544 (ACI Committee, 544, 2006), Balaguru and Shah
(Balaguru P. N et al., 1992) . It included guidelines for design, mixing, placing and
finishing steel fiber reinforced concrete, reported that the addition of steel fibers in
concrete matrix improves all mechanical properties of concrete.
Steel fiber reinforced concrete under compression and Stress-strain curve for steel fiber
reinforced concrete in compression was done by Nataraja.C. Dhang, N. and Gupta, A.P.
(Nataraja M.C et al., 1998). They have proposed an equation to quantify the effect of
fiber on compressive strength of concrete in terms of fiber reinforcing parameter. In their
model the compressive strength ranging from 30 to 50 MPa, with fiber volume fraction of
0%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% and aspect ratio of 55 and 82 were used. In all the models only
a particular w/cm ratio with varying fiber content was used. The absolute strength values
have been dealt with in all the models and thus are valid for a particular w/cm ratio and
specimen parameter.
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 45
Mechanical properties of high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete was done by Song
P.S. and Hwang S.(Song P.S. et al., 2004).They have marked brittleness with low tensile
strength and strain capacities of high strength concrete can be overcome by addition of
steel fibers. The steel were added at the volume of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0%.The
compressive strength of fiber concrete reached a maximum at 1.5%volume fraction,
being 15.3%improvement over the HSC. The split tensile and Flexural Strength improved
98.3% and 126.6% at 2.0% volume fraction. Strength models were developed to predict the
compressive strength with split and flexural Strength of the fiber reinforced concrete.
Effect of GGBS and Silica Fume on mechanical Properties of Concrete Composites was
done by Palanisamay T and Meenambal T (Palanisamay T et al., 2008) . Carried out on
70 Mpa concrete with partial replacement of silica fume of 5, 10, 15, and 20% were
investigated. The compressive strength, split tensile and Flexural Strength were carried out
on 25 concrete mixes at the age of 28 days and compared with conventional concrete. The
optimum replacement of silica fume was at 10 % that showed compressive, split tensile and
Flexural Strength increased by 8%, 22% and 4.1% than control concrete.
2. Materials Used
2.1. Portland Pozzolona Cement
IS 1489(part 1):1991 containing 28% fly ash. The properties of cement tested were
Fineness (90µ Sieve) = 5 %, Normal consistency=31%, Soundness (mm) =0.50 Initial &
Final setting time =138minute & 216minute and 28 days Compressive strength= 55.63
Mpa.
2.2. Silica Fume
Silica fume having fineness by residue on 45 micron sieve = 0.8 %, specific gravity = 2.2,
Moisture Content =0.7% were used. The chemical analysis of silica fume (Grade 920-D):
silicon dioxide = 89.2%, LOI at 975[degrees] C = 1.7% and carbon = 0.92%, are
conforming to ASTM C1240-1999 standards.
2.3. Fine aggregate
Locally available river sand passing through 4.75 mm IS sieve, conforming to grading
zone-II of IS: 383-1970 was used. The physical Properties of sand like Fineness Modulus,
Specific Gravity, water absorption, Bulk Density, were 2.69, 2.61, 0.98% and 1536
Kg/m3
2.4. Course aggregate
Crushed natural rock stone aggregate of maximum nominal size up to 20 mm (A1) and
aggregate passing 10 mm (A2) were used. The combined specific gravity, Bulk Density
and water absorption of were 0.52 % @ 24 hrs. Fineness modulus of 20 mm &10 mm
aggregate were 7.96 & 6.13.
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 46
2.5. Steel Fiber
Crimped steel fibers conforming to ASTM A820-2001 has been used in this investigation.
Properties of crimped fibers are: 1) Length = 30 mm, diameter = 0.50 mm, and 2) Length
= 60 mm, diameter = 1.00 mm, with a constant aspect ratio = 60, ultimate tensile strength,
= 910 MPa to 1250 MPa and Elastic modulus of steel = 2.1 x 105
MPa.
2.6. Super Plasticizer
Sulphonated Naphthalene formaldehyde condensate-CONPLAST SP 430 super
plasticizer was used. It conforms to IS: 9103-1999 and has a specific gravity of 1.20.
2.7. Water
Water conforming to as per IS: 456-2000 was used for mixing as well as curing of
concrete specimens.
3. Experimental Set-up
Experimental Investigation is carried out to study the properties of M30 grade of concrete.
Silica Fume of 0%, 4%, 8%, and 12% with addition of two diameters of crimped steel
fibers with various percentage as 0%, 0.5 %, 1.0 % and 1.5 % by the volume of concrete
and 16%Silica fume without steel fibers, the mix proportion was (1:1.62:2.88) of cement
400 Kg/ m3
with W/C Ratio 0.42 and ratio of course aggregate A1:A2 was 70:30. The
150 X 150 X 150 mm cubes and 100 X 100 X 500 mm prisms (beams) were casted. The
compressive strength determination was the primary objective the 150 mm size of cubes
was tested at the age of 7 days, 28 days and 90 days. The flexural strength was carried out
on 100 mm x 100 mm x 500 mm size prisms under two point load condition at 28 days &
90days of curing. Three identical specimens were tested in all the mixtures and the entire
test.
4. Test Results and Discussions
4.1 Workability
The workability of silica fume with steel fiber concrete has found to decrease with
increase in silica & steel replacement so; it appeared that the addition of super
plasticizer might improve the workability. Super plasticizer was added range of 0.75 to
1.80% by weight of cementations materials for maintaining the slump up to 20mm.
4.2 Compressive strength.
1. Effect of silica fume
The effect of silica fume showed maximum increase in the compressive strength up to
12 % replacement. In this investigation the replacement level of 16% was included only
to study the trend of the behavior after 12% level.
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 47
In comparison with control concrete the replacement of 4%,8%,12% and 16% cement by
silica fume showed 4.04%,7.39%,8.01% and 5.83% increase in compressive strength at 7
days of curing. 7.46%, 11.17%, 11.91%and 9.83% increase in compressive strength at 28
days of curing. 7.99%, 12.00%, 12.62%, and 10.56% increase in compressive strength at
90 days of curing was showed in Table1./2.and Figure1.
In all result the increase in strength between 8% and 12% silica fume replacement was
marginal therefore the optimum replacement of cement by silica fume was consider as
8% for showing the graphical compression with Silica Fume concrete and their models
were predicted the strength of steel fiber.
2. Effect of silica fume with steel fibers
i) For 0.5 mm ø and 30 mm long fiber, of 8%silica fume at 7, 28 and 90days with
0.5 % steel fiber were 9.72%, 13.5%,14.35% and 1.0 %steel fiber were
10.85%,14.74%and 15.61%. And with 1.5 %steel fiber were 11.51%, 15.38%and
16.20%. Showed Figure2
ii) For 1.0 mm ø and 60 mm long fiber, at 8%silica fume at 7, 28 and
90dayswith0.5%steel fiber were 0.19%, 14.14%, 14.99%. & 1.0 %steel fiber were
12.83%, 16.82%, 17.74%. And with 1.5% steel fiber were 13.84%, 17.86% and
18.69%. Showed Figure 3.
Table 1: Compressive strength (N/mm2)
A) Compressive Strength (fc) without Silica Fume & Steel Fibers (Control
Concrete)
S.
NO.
Steel Silica 7
days
28
days
90
days
7
days
28
days
90
days
01 0.0 0.0 26.13 40.43 42.52 26.13 40.43 42.52
B) Compressive Strength (fcs and fcf)of Steel Fiber with and without Steel Fibers
Steel Fiber 4% Silica Fume 8% Silica Fume
Dia.&
Length
Vf (%)
7days 28 days 90 days 7days 28 days 90 days
01 0.0 27.08 42.56 45.06 27.74 43.71 46.62
02 0.5 27.46 43.17 45.70 28.13 44.33 47.29
03 1.0 27.72 43.57 46.12 28.40 44.76 47.72
04
0.5mm
ø &
30 mm 1.5 27.86 43.79 46.35 28.55 44.98 47.97
05 0.5 27.57 43.34 45.88 28.25 44.50 47.48
06 1.0 27.83 43.75 46.28 28.51 44.92 47.92
07
1.0mm
ø &
60mm 1.5 27.98 43.98 46.55 28.68 45.18 48.18
Steel Fiber 16% Silica Fume
7days 28 days 90 days
08 Dia.&
Length
Vf
(%)
0.0 27.64 43.52 46.38
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 48
Table 2: Compressive strength (N/mm2)
A) Compressive Strength (fc) without Silica Fume & Steel Fibers (Control
Concrete)
S.
NO.
Steel Silica 7
Days
28
days
90
Days
01 0.0 0.0 26.13 40.43 42.52
B) Compressive Strength (fcs and fcf)of Steel Fiber with and without Steel Fibers
Steel Fiber 12% Silica Fume
Dia.&
Length
Vf (%)
7days 28 days 90 days
01 0.0 27.89 43.94 46.91
02 0.5 28.29 44.56 47.58
03 1.0 28.56 45.01 48.02
04
0.5mm ø &
30 mm
1.5 28.70 45.22 48.26
05 0.5 28.40 44.76 47.77
06 1.0 28.66 45.16 48.20
07
1.0mm ø &
60mm
1.5 28.83 45.43 48.48
Figure 1: Compressive strength at 7, 28, 90 days of 0%, 4%, 8%, 12% & 16% of Silica
Fume.
4.3 Flexural Strength
1. Effect of silica fume
The flexural strength increase by replacement of 4%, 8%, 12% and
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 49
16% cement by silica fume showed 3.15%, 5.51%, 6.30% and 4.33% at 28 days of
curing and 3.88%, 6.28%, 6.84% and 4.62%increase in flexural strength at 90 days of
curing.
2. Effect of silica fume with steel fibers
i) For 0.5 mm ø and 30 mm long fiber, at 8%silica fume with 0.5 %steel fiber at 28
and 90days of flexural strength increase were 11.42%and 13.68%. at 8%silica
fume with 1.0 %steel fiber showed at 28 and 90days of flexural strength increase
were 14.76%and 17.01% at 8%silica fume with 1.5 %steel fiber showed at 7,28
and 90days of flexural strength increase were 17.13%and 19.41%,showed Figure
4.
ii) For 1.0 mm ø and 60 mm long fiber, at 8%silica fume with 0.5 %steel fiber at 28
and 90days of flexural strength increase were 14.76%and 17.56%. at 8%silica
fume with 1.0%steel fiber showed at 28 and 90days of flexural strength increase
were 20.28%and 22.55%. at 8%silica fume with 1.5 %steel fiber showed at 28
and 90days of flexural strength increase were 24.02%and 25.88%,showed Figure
5.
Figure 2: Compressive strength at 7,28,90 days of age at 8 % Silica Fume and 0,0.5,1.0
& 1.5% steel fiber of 0.5 mm Ø and Models were predicted the Compressive strength of
steel fiber.
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 50
Figure 3: Compressive strength at 7,28,90 days of age at 8 % Silica Fume and 0,0.5,1.0
& 1.5 % steel fiber of 1.0 mm Ø and Models were predicted the Comp. strength of steel
fiber.
Figure 4: Flexural strength at 28, 90 days of age at 8 % Silica Fume and 0, 0.5, 1.0 and
1.5% steel fiber of 0.5 mm Ø and Models were predicted the Flexural strength of steel
fiber.
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 51
Figure 5: Flexural strength at 28, 90 days of age at 8 % Silica Fume and 0, 0.5, 1.0 and
1.5% steel fiber of 1.0 mm Ø and Models were predicted the Flexural strength of steel
fiber.
4.4 Discussion on Relationship between Mechanical properties of concrete
Based on the test results, mathematical model was developed using graphical methods to
quantify the effect of silica fume and steel fiber content on interrelationship between
compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete, at 8% silica fume with steel fiber
of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% at 28 days and 90 days of curing. On examining the
validity of the proposed model, there exists a good correlation between the predicted
values by graphs and the experimental values was shown was showed in Figure.6 &
Figure7.
Figure 6: Relationship between Compressive Strength (fcf) and Flexural Strength (frf) at
28 days and 90 days for 8% silica fume and 0%, 0.5%1.0%, 1.5% steel Fiber of 0.5mm in
diameter.
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 52
Figure 7: Relationship between Compressive Strength (fcf) and Flexural Strength (frf) at
28 days and 90 days for 8% silica fume and 0%, 0.5%1.0%, 1.5% steel Fiber of 1.0 mm in
diameter.
Figure 8: Showed Compressive Strength Test Figure 9: Showed 1.0 mmØ Steel Fiber
Figure 10: Showed Flextural Strength Test Figure 11: Showed 1.0 mmØ Steel Fiber
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 53
5. Conclusions
Following conclusions were obtained base on the experimental investigations.
1. The weight density of concrete increase with increase in the steel fiber content.
2. Super plasticizer with dosage range of 0.75 to 1.80% by weight of cementations
materials (Cm = PPC + SF) has been used to maintain the adequate workability
of silica fume concrete and silica fume with steel fiber concrete mixes.
3. The compressive strength increases with the increase in silica fume compared
with normal concrete. The maximum increase in compressive strength was up to
8.01%, 11.92 and 12.62% at 7 days, 28 days and 90 days of curing for 12% of
silica fume replaced by PPC cement.
4. The increase of replacement levels of silica fume from 8% to 12% has not much
significant change on the development of compressive strength. Therefore the
optimum dosage of replacement of silica fume in the concrete was considered
8%.
5. The compressive strength increases with the addition of steel fiber was marginal
as compared with silica fume concrete.
6. The flexural strength increases with the addition of steel fiber was more as
compared with silica fume concrete. It was observed that the increases in flexural
strength is directly proportional to the fiber content and also the flexural
deflection decreases with increase in steel fiber than that of normal concrete.
7. Both the properties of concrete, compressive strength and flexural strength
increases by addition of 1.0mm diameter steel fiber than 0.5 mm diameter.
8. On the basis of regression analysis of large number of experimental results, the
statistical model showed in figures has been developed. The proposed model was
found to have good accuracy in estimating the 28 days and 90 days Compressive
strength and Flexural Strength, with their inter relationship at 0 %,4% 8% 12%
Silica Fume & 0%,0.5%,1.0%,1.5% Steel Fibers of both diameters.
6. Acknowledgement
The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation for providing steel fibers by
Shaktiman Stewols India (P) Ltd. and Super plasticizer by Black cat Enterprises (P) Ltd.
Nagpur.
7. References
1. ACI Committee, 544 (2006), "State-of-the-art report on fiber reinforced
concrete", ACI 544.1R-82, American Concrete Institute, Detroit.
Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 54
2. Balaguru P. N., and Shah S. P., (1992) “Fiber Reinforced Cement
Composites”, McGraw-Hill: International Edition, New York.
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4. Nataraja M.C., Dhang, N. and Gupta, A. P (1999), “Stress-strain curve for
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5. Song P.S. and Hwang S (2004), “Mechanical properties of high-strength steel
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on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Composites”, Indian Concrete Institute
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Influence of Silica fume in enhancement of compressive strength, flexural strength of steel fibers
concrete and their relationship
Pawade Prashant.Y, Nagarnaik P.B, Pande A.M
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Volume 2 Issue 1 2011 55
15. Giuseppe Campione, (2008), “Simplified Flexural Response of Steel Fiber-
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