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Druhově specifické zvláštnostiDruhově specifické zvláštnosti při používání antibiotik:při používání antibiotik:
PenicilinyPeniciliny podané per os mohou narušit bakteriální podané per os mohou narušit bakteriální fermentaci v caeku a kolonu u dospělých zvířat fermentaci v caeku a kolonu u dospělých zvířat vedoucí k vážným poruchám trávení. vedoucí k vážným poruchám trávení.
Tetracykliny Tetracykliny mohou vyvolat těžké enterokolitidy u mohou vyvolat těžké enterokolitidy u koní vystavených stresu. koní vystavených stresu.
S výjimkou perorálního podáníS výjimkou perorálního podání erythromyciniumestolatu spolu s rifampicinem erythromyciniumestolatu spolu s rifampicinem hříbatům při rhodokokové pneumonii (hříbatům při rhodokokové pneumonii (Rhodococcus Rhodococcus equiequi) je třeba se vyvarovat ) je třeba se vyvarovat použití makrolidů a použití makrolidů a linkosamidůlinkosamidů. .
Také je třeba se vyvarovat podávání Také je třeba se vyvarovat podávání fluorochinolonů fluorochinolonů - obecně u rychle rostoucích - obecně u rychle rostoucích zvířat - zejména hříbatům. zvířat - zejména hříbatům.
Bacterial infection in respiratory Bacterial infection in respiratory systemsystem
The upper RSThe upper RS airsaculitis, acute airsaculitis, acute
sinusitissinusitis– Streptococcus equiStreptococcus equi– subsp.zooepidemicus subsp.zooepidemicus
stranglesstrangles– Streptococcus equi subsp.equi Streptococcus equi subsp.equi
(vaccine)(vaccine)
The lower RSThe lower RS bronchopneumonia - bronchopneumonia -
acuteacute– SS..equi subsp.zooepidemicus equi subsp.zooepidemicus
bronchopneumonia - bronchopneumonia - chronicchronic
SS..equi subsp.zooepidemicus equi subsp.zooepidemicus Staphylococcus intermediusStaphylococcus intermedius E.coli, E.coli, Klebsiella sppKlebsiella spp.. Enterobacter spp. Enterobacter spp. Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp.
Rhodococcus equi Rhodococcus equi Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli
Pasteurella spp. Pasteurella spp. Fusobacterium necroforum Fusobacterium necroforum
Bacteroides spp.Bacteroides spp.
Respiratory system - VirusesRespiratory system - Viruses
Equine Rhinopneumonia (EHV-1 and 4)Equine Rhinopneumonia (EHV-1 and 4)
Equine viral arteritisEquine viral arteritis
Equine InfluenzaEquine Influenza
Equine RhinovirusEquine Rhinovirus
Equine AdenovirusEquine Adenovirus
Equine RhinopneumoniaEquine Rhinopneumonia
Etiologic agents- EHV-4, EHV-1Etiologic agents- EHV-4, EHV-1 Virus Replication on mucosal surface Virus Replication on mucosal surface
of respiratory system, establishment of respiratory system, establishment of latencyof latency
Rhinofaryngitis, tracheobronchitis, Rhinofaryngitis, tracheobronchitis, feverfever
Disease of young horses(up to 2 Disease of young horses(up to 2 years), older animals – mild clinical years), older animals – mild clinical signssigns
Equine RhinopneumoniaEquine Rhinopneumonia
Incubation period 2-10 daysIncubation period 2-10 days Frequent secondary bacterial Frequent secondary bacterial
infectioninfection EHV-1 biphasic feverEHV-1 biphasic fever EHV-1 – fulminant pneumonia in EHV-1 – fulminant pneumonia in
transplacental infection (late transplacental infection (late pregnancy)pregnancy)
RPK
Equine AdenovirusesEquine Adenoviruses
Viruses with low virulenceViruses with low virulence Ocurrence in the age of 3 – 6 monthsOcurrence in the age of 3 – 6 months Mostly subclinicalMostly subclinical Horeses are periodically reinfectedHoreses are periodically reinfected Bacterial superinfectionsBacterial superinfections
Equine AdenovirusesEquine Adenoviruses
Adenoviral pneumoniaAdenoviral pneumonia– ImmunosupressionImmunosupression– Failure of passive transfer of antibodiesFailure of passive transfer of antibodies
Polysystemic diseasePolysystemic disease– SCID SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency)(severe combined immunodeficiency)
in arabian horsesin arabian horses
Equine InfluenzaEquine Influenza
Acute febrile, highly contagious Acute febrile, highly contagious diseasedisease
Incubation period 1-3 daysIncubation period 1-3 days Dyspnoe, cough, fever, rhinitis, Dyspnoe, cough, fever, rhinitis,
conjunctivitisconjunctivitis
FLU
THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEMTHE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM
acute enteritisacute enteritis– Salmonella sppSalmonella spp– Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli – Clostridium perfringens type A cpb2+Clostridium perfringens type A cpb2+
chronic enteritiSchronic enteritiS– L.intracellularisL.intracellularis
acute peritonitisacute peritonitis– enterobacteria enterobacteria – Bacteroides spp. Bacteroides spp. – Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides fragilis – Rhodococcus equi Rhodococcus equi
–Actinobacillus equuliActinobacillus equuli
THE URINARY SYSTEMTHE URINARY SYSTEM
pyelonephritiSpyelonephritiS Escherichia coliEscherichia coli cystitis, uretritiscystitis, uretritis E.coli, P.mirabilisE.coli, P.mirabilis Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli Streptococcus equi subsp.zooepidemicus Streptococcus equi subsp.zooepidemicus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMTHE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
endometritiSendometritiS– E.coli, K.pneumoniae E.coli, K.pneumoniae
– Pseudomonas spp. Pseudomonas spp.
– SS..equi subsp.zooepidemicus equi subsp.zooepidemicus
orchitis, epidimitis, vesiculitisorchitis, epidimitis, vesiculitis– SS..equi subsp.zooepidemicusequi subsp.zooepidemicus
abortionsabortions– Salmonella Salmonella spp., spp., S.Abortus equiS.Abortus equi
Urogenital systemUrogenital system - Viruses- Viruses
EHV-1EHV-1
EHV-3EHV-3
Equine viral arteritisEquine viral arteritis
Equine infectious anemiaEquine infectious anemia
Equine virus abortionEquine virus abortion
Virus is ubiqituous in the horse Virus is ubiqituous in the horse population, animals became infected population, animals became infected in the first year of agein the first year of age
Latency in the ganglion trigeminaleLatency in the ganglion trigeminale abortogennic strains (various level of abortogennic strains (various level of
endotheliotropism)endotheliotropism)
EHV-1
PathogenesisPathogenesis
Epithelial cellsEpithelial cells LeukocytesLeukocytes Endothelial cellsEndothelial cells
In respiratory tract, In respiratory tract, immune systemimmune system Pregnant uterusPregnant uterus
EHV-1
PathogenesisPathogenesis
Primary replicationPrimary replication - epithelial cells of - epithelial cells of respiratory tractrespiratory tract
Infection of endothelial cells of vessels Infection of endothelial cells of vessels in nasal region, viremia associated with in nasal region, viremia associated with monocytes and lymphocytes. monocytes and lymphocytes.
Secondary replicationSecondary replication in endothelial in endothelial cells of the uterus, CNS, testes, endocrinne cells of the uterus, CNS, testes, endocrinne organs, infection of ganglion trigeminaleorgans, infection of ganglion trigeminale
EHV-1
Viremia
(Lymphocytes)
Infection of the uterus ...
Latency (lymphocytes, gangl. trigem.)
Establishment of latency
Reactivation
EHV-1
Equine Viral ArteritisEquine Viral Arteritis
Virus is ubiqitousVirus is ubiqitousAmerican isolates are more virulentAmerican isolates are more virulent
Incubation period 3 – 14 daysIncubation period 3 – 14 daysSubclinical courseSubclinical courseClinical signs: fever, leukopenia, oedema of Clinical signs: fever, leukopenia, oedema of scrotum and abdomen, cscrotum and abdomen, conjunctivitisonjunctivitis, , nasal and ocular discharge, nasal and ocular discharge, abortion abortion (10 – 60%)
E V A
PathogenesisPathogenesis
Initial infection of bronchial macrophagesInitial infection of bronchial macrophagesFollowing 48 h. regional lymph-nodes, 3. Following 48 h. regional lymph-nodes, 3.
day viremiaday viremia Secondary replication in the walls of medium Secondary replication in the walls of medium
and small vesselsand small vessels Longlasting immunity follows natural Longlasting immunity follows natural
infection(up to 3 years). Protection infection(up to 3 years). Protection mediate by colostral antibodies last for 2 – mediate by colostral antibodies last for 2 – 6 months, but interferes with vaccination.6 months, but interferes with vaccination.
E V A
PathogenesisPathogenesis Respiratory route Respiratory route – – primary and most primary and most
frequent way of infection, virus is shed for frequent way of infection, virus is shed for 7 – 14 dní7 – 14 dní
Infected semenInfected semen - virus id transmitted - virus id transmitted from persistently infected stallion to the from persistently infected stallion to the mare. mare.
In stallions virus can persist in accessory In stallions virus can persist in accessory glands for the life . Perzistence is glands for the life . Perzistence is testosteron dependent!testosteron dependent!
E V A
EHV-1 EHV-1 ×× EVA EVA
EHV-1EHV-1– Virus reactivation preceedes abortion for Virus reactivation preceedes abortion for
monthsmonths– Pulmonary eodema, transudate in the thoracic Pulmonary eodema, transudate in the thoracic
cavity, petechias in myocardum of the foetuscavity, petechias in myocardum of the foetus
EVAEVA– Abortion follows the disease of mare Abortion follows the disease of mare – Foetus is partially autolysedFoetus is partially autolysed– Without specific changesWithout specific changes
Equine exanthema coitaleEquine exanthema coitale
Occurs in mares and stallions Occurs in mares and stallions (vesicular and pustular changes, (vesicular and pustular changes, ulcerations)ulcerations)
Virus replicationon the mucosa of Virus replicationon the mucosa of genital tractgenital tract
Infection is „self-limiting“ because of Infection is „self-limiting“ because of the termosensitivity of the virusthe termosensitivity of the virus
Ulceration are often contaminated by Ulceration are often contaminated by bacteriasbacterias
EHV-3
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMSYSTEM
meningo-encefalitis(secondary meningo-encefalitis(secondary infection)infection)– S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus – enterobacteria enterobacteria
Tetanus (Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)Clostridium tetani)
CNS infection - VirusesCNS infection - Viruses
EHV-1 MyeloencefalopathyEHV-1 Myeloencefalopathy
RabiesRabies
Bornas diseaseBornas disease
EHV-1 MyeloencephalopathyEHV-1 Myeloencephalopathy Virus strains displaying endotheliotropismVirus strains displaying endotheliotropism
Ischemic changes due to infection of vascular Ischemic changes due to infection of vascular endothelium (vasculitis, thrombosis, petechias in endothelium (vasculitis, thrombosis, petechias in the CNS)the CNS)
Dysuria, cystitis (dysfunction of motor. neurons)Dysuria, cystitis (dysfunction of motor. neurons)
Infection of mare in 2/3 pregnancyInfection of mare in 2/3 pregnancy
Higher incidence during winter and springHigher incidence during winter and spring
Paresis, ataxia of pelvic limbsParesis, ataxia of pelvic limbs
THE EYETHE EYE
bacterial conjunctivitisbacterial conjunctivitis– S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus – Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa – Staphylococcus intermedius Staphylococcus intermedius – Moraxella equiMoraxella equi– Listeria monocytogenes Listeria monocytogenes
– Acinetobacter spp. Acinetobacter spp. – Corynebacterium spp.Corynebacterium spp.
– Bacillus spp.Bacillus spp.
SEPTICEMIASEPTICEMIA
E.coliE.coli Salmonella spp.Salmonella spp. Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus Staphylococcus intermedius Staphylococcus intermedius CNS. CNS.
Equine infectious anemiaEquine infectious anemia
Disease of odd-toed animalsDisease of odd-toed animals Acute febrile disease with frequent Acute febrile disease with frequent
exacerbations (2-3 týdny)exacerbations (2-3 týdny) Virus is replicating in monocytes and Virus is replicating in monocytes and
macrophagesmacrophages Virus transmission Virus transmission
blood sucking insectblood sucking insect needles (vaccination)needles (vaccination)
E I A
PathogenesisPathogenesis
Antigenic variations – cause of frequent Antigenic variations – cause of frequent exacerbationsexacerbations
Immunocomplexes of free virus with Immunocomplexes of free virus with antibodies - glomerulonephritis,antibodies - glomerulonephritis,
Virus is sensitizing erythrocytes and Virus is sensitizing erythrocytes and thrombocytes to the action of thrombocytes to the action of complement– anemia, petechias, icterus, complement– anemia, petechias, icterus, hearth failure, oedemashearth failure, oedemas
SplenomegaliaSplenomegalia
E I A
THE SKINTHE SKIN
folikulitis a furunculosisfolikulitis a furunculosis Staphylococcus intermediusStaphylococcus intermedius lymphangitislymphangitis SS.equi subsp. equi.equi subsp. equi
Mycotic infectionMycotic infection– Microsporum canisMicrosporum canis– Trichophyton equinum(vaccinesTrichophyton equinum(vaccines) )
Equine PapillomavirusesEquine Papillomaviruses
Virus typeVirus type LesionsLesions LocalisationLocalisation
EqPV-1EqPV-1 PapillomasPapillomas Hairy skinHairy skin
EqPV-2EqPV-2 PapillomasPapillomas GenitalsGenitals
BPV-1BPV-1 SarcoidsSarcoids Hairy skinHairy skin
BPV-2BPV-2 SarcoidsSarcoids Hairy skinHairy skin
Equine PapillomavirusesEquine Papillomaviruses
Typical cytopathology on the skinTypical cytopathology on the skin Histological changes in the stratum Histological changes in the stratum
granulosum (inclusions)granulosum (inclusions) Virus id shed by contact and Virus id shed by contact and
desquamationdesquamation Decontamination of the environment Decontamination of the environment
is impossibleis impossible
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMMUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Septic artritisSeptic artritis– E.coli E.coli – Salmonella spp. Salmonella spp. – Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli – Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa – S.equi sp.zooepidemicus S.equi sp.zooepidemicus
– Rhodococcus equi Rhodococcus equi
– Staphylococcus intermediusStaphylococcus intermedius
WOUNDSWOUNDS
TraumaticTraumatic Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens
type A type A
S.equi sp.zooepidemicus S.equi sp.zooepidemicus
Pseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosa
Surgical woundsSurgical wounds enterobacteria enterobacteria
Actinobacillus equuliActinobacillus equuli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa
S.equi S.equi subsp.zooepidemicus subsp.zooepidemicus
Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus
S.intermedius S.intermedius
Nosocomial infection in Nosocomial infection in veterinary hospitalveterinary hospital
multirezistant strainsmultirezistant strains
– Actinobacillus equuli Actinobacillus equuli – Staphylococcus inetrmediusStaphylococcus inetrmedius– S. aureus (MRSA)S. aureus (MRSA)
S. equi supsp. zooepidemicusS. equi supsp. zooepidemicus