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American College of Surgery Critical Care Review Course: 2013 Shea C. Gregg, MD FACS Trauma Attending, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Assistant Professor of Surgery, Warren Alpert School of Medicine Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island

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Page 1: Infection control.pptx [Read-Only]

American College of SurgeryCritical Care Review Course: 2013

Shea C. Gregg, MD FACSTrauma Attending, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical CareAssistant Professor of Surgery, Warren Alpert School of Medicine

Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island

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2013 Clinical Congress 2013 Clinical Congress Presenter Disclosure SlidePresenter Disclosure Slide

Shea C. Gregg, MD FACS

American College of Surgeons ♦ Division of Education

:

Nothing To Disclose

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Pathophysiology and Infection Control of CLABSI and CA‐UTI

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Central line associated blood stream infection (CLABSI)

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The number of CLABSIs has been estimated to be >250,000 per year

Increase length of stay In ICU by an average of 2.4 days  Total hospital length of stay by 7.5 days 

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Mechanisms of colonization: Extraluminal Colonization‐migration▪ Ineffective neutrophils along catheter ▪ Early infection

Intra Luminal Colonization▪ Infected hub?▪ Infected infusates?▪ Later infection

Other▪ Seeding from another sourceZimmerli W et al, 1984 HICPAC. Guideline for Prevention of

Intravascular Device-Related Infections. 1996

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Extraluminal Colonization‐migration Ineffective neutrophils along catheter Zimmerli W et al, 1984 

Conclusion:  PMNs at foreign bodies are dysfunctional

Bacteriocidal capacity of PMN: Cage fluid (o) vs peritoneal fluid (Triangle)

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Hand hygiene/Sterile technique Site‐choice 2% chlorhexidine prep decreases catheter colonization and/or CLABSI more effectively than:▪ 10% povidone‐iodine▪ 70% alcohol solutions 

Chlorhexidine dressing: Reduces CLABSI Full‐barrier precautions Antibiotic/Antiseptic impregnated catheter?

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Intra‐Luminal Colonization Infected hub? Infected infusates?

Safdar N, Maki DG 2004 DNA subtyping of organism 26% intraluminal origin

Loftus et al, 2008 Stop‐cock contamination            

in anesthesia work spaceSafdar N, Maki DG 2004

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Hand hygiene/Sterile technique

Scrub the hub! Ideal duration?

Continuous disinfection cap Wright MO et al, 2013

Antibiotic flush? ? Benefit in “high‐risk patients”

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“In conclusion, both extraluminal and intraluminal routes of infection are important in the pathogenesis of central venous catheter–related infections. Soon after insertion, the extraluminal route of infection predominates, whereas the intraluminal route does so after a more extended dwell time.”

‐Leonard A. Mermel, 2011

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Catheter‐Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CA‐UTI)

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>500,000 cases of CA‐UTIs a year in United States

Accounts for 23% of nosocomial infections in ICU

Incidence of catheter associated bacteriuria: 3‐8% per day

Excess length of stay: 2‐4 days

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Once very low levels of bacteria or candida are present in a urinary catheter, the progression to levels consistent with infection is rapid

Stark RP & Maki DG, 1984 

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Mechanisms of colonization: Extraluminal Colonization‐Migration and biofilm▪ Perineal florae

Intraluminal Colonization▪ Manipulation related

Maki DG, Tambyah PA. 2001

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Hand hygiene/Sterile technique

Avoid placement Alternatives to catheterization Bladder scanners

Early removal

Antimicrobial catheters?

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Hand hygiene/Sterile technique

Don’t Flush!

Maintain unobstructed drainage

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Educational programs and application of bundles are only useful if compliance is high!

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“Ventilator Associated Event” Algorithm

Review CDC algorithm for diagnosis of CA‐UTI

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Questions?