Infant and Toddler Development Part 4: 18-36 Months Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Core...
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Infant and Toddler Development Part 4: 18-36 Months Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Core In-Service November 18, 2008 10:00-11:30 a.m. Debbie Richardson,
Infant and Toddler Development Part 4: 18-36 Months Oklahoma
Cooperative Extension Service Core In-Service November 18, 2008
10:00-11:30 a.m. Debbie Richardson, M.S. Parenting Assistant
Extension Specialist Human Development & Family Science
Oklahoma State University 111.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson
Slide 2
Introduction 2 Welcome Centra Instructions Overview of
In-service Resource Materials 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson
Slide 3
In-Service Objective 3 Extension Educators will be able to
describe growth, tasks, behaviors, and abilities of toddlers from
18 through 36 months including physical, cognitive, social and
emotional development. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D.
Richardson
Slide 4
18-20 Months (1 Years) 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson4
Slide 5
18-20 Months Cognition Demonstrates functional use of objects
toward objects. Appropriately uses most common objects & toys.
Images & words associated with familiar objects. More tool use
emerging. May find hidden toys/objects. Nests 2-3 cups. 11.18.08
Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson5
Slide 6
18-20 Months Cognition (contd) Recognizes self in mirror.
Autosymbolic play pretends basic tasks. Problem-solving through
symbolic combinations. Begins spontaneous symbolic play. Places
circles and squares in a foam board. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson6
Slide 7
18-20 Months Language Vocabulary spurt. Uses lots of gestures
with words to get needs met (pointing, taking you by the hand).
Uses at least 4 different consonants in babbling words. Beginning
true verbal communication; words following functional &
semantic relations. Names an object or picture; points to pictures
of familiar objects (2-5) upon request. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4,
D. Richardson7
Slide 8
18-20 Months Language (contd) Says several single words;
starting to combine words (all gone; more milk, daddy go, etc.).
Says whats that? to elicit object names. Repeats words overheard in
conversation. Comprehends 50+ words. Understands most words you
use. Can say about 15 words. Points to 3 body parts on self.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson8
Slide 9
18-20 Months Social-Emotional Plays alone with toys about 5+
minutes. Shows toy preferences. Play varies with one toy. Plays
independently in company of peers. Imitates another child at play.
Enjoys having simple stories read. Fears: separation from parent,
toliet, injury, strangers Strong wish for independence. Sometimes
says no. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson9
Slide 10
18-20 Months Gross Motor Walks without using arms for balance.
Climbs/steps up & down stairs with some assistance. Throws ball
toward intended direction, up to 3 feet. Walks into ball; Kicks
ball forward. Trots or walks fast; running stiffly. Stand on one
foot while hands are held. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson10
Slide 11
18-20 Months Fine Motor Towers 3-4 blocks. Turns single pages
of cardboard book. Uses spoon; feeds self pretty well. Drinks from
open cup independently with minimal spilling. Cooperates with tooth
brushing; wash & dry hands. Removes simple articles of clothing
without help. Pulls apart snap beads. Imitates a vertical stroke.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson11
Slide 12
21-24 Months (approaching 2 years) 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4,
D. Richardson12
Slide 13
21-24 Months Cognition Mentally remembers object and figures
out where it went. Brings object from another room on request.
Symbolic play extends beyond childs self. Performs pretend
activities on more than one person or object. Follows directions;
generally unable to remember rules. Distinguishes between food and
non-food substances. Completes 3 piece form board. 11.18.08
Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson13
Slide 14
21-24 Months Cognition (contd) Stacks & knocks down blocks;
fills then turns over container to dump out. Nests 3-4 cups.
Combines 2 objects in play. Attempts to mend a broken toy.
Representational play daily experiences such as playing house;
plays with dolls. Events short and isolated; no true sequence.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson14
Slide 15
21-24 Months Language Uses sentence of 2-3 words. Names 2-3
objects or pictures. Follows simple commands/instructions without
gestures. Repeats words. May refer to objects or persons not
present. Identifies & points to 3-5 body parts on self when
asked. Uses please and thank you if prompted. 11.18.08
Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson15
Slide 16
21-24 Months Language (contd) Beginning word combinations with
meaning. Uses animal sounds or names them. Responds to yes/no
questions with head shake. Talks to self & jabbers
expressively. Hums, tries to sing. Listens to short rhymes, finger
plays. Enjoys looking at picture books. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4,
D. Richardson16
Slide 17
21-24 Months Says 8-10 + words; pronunciation may be unclear.
Uses about 40-50 words. Correctly pronounces most vowels, addl
consonants. Begins to use other speech sounds. May be able to use
prepositions. Phrases & short sentences. Adding grammatical
elements. Able to speak & be understood about the time.
Vocabulary of several hundred words. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson17
Slide 18
21-24 Months Social-Emotional Same fears continue through age 2
- separation from parent, toilet, injury, strangers and may expand.
Separation anxiety may be fading, but still shy around strangers.
May become increasingly enthusiastic about company of other
children; engages in parallel play. Make-believe play; enjoys
role-playing. Imitates behavior and past events. Increasing
attention span. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson18
Slide 19
21-24 Months Social-Emotional (contd) Helps in simple household
tasks. Picks up & puts away toys on request. Understanding of
own autonomy; shows independent behavior; wants my way; likes to
boss others. Usually responds to correction; stops behavior.
Defends possessions; expresses ownership; doesnt understand
sharing. Finds it difficult to wait; wants things right now.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson19
Slide 20
21-24 Months Social-Emotional (contd) Communicates needs such
as thirst, hunger, bathroom. Shows sympathy to other children; may
try to comfort. Likes to please others; afraid of disapproval &
rejection; enjoys adult attention. May show anger by slapping,
biting, and hitting. Sometimes stubborn and defiant; says its mine,
go away, I dont like it, no a lot. Gets angry sometimes and has
temper tantrums. Refers to self by name. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4,
D. Richardson20
Slide 21
21-24 Months Gross Motor Good balance & coordination. Steps
up and down stairs without assistance. Runs with better
coordination, about 10 ft. w/out falling. Climbs onto and down from
furniture unsupported. Jumps down step with 1 foot forward with
assistance. Jumps up 2 with both feet together. 11.18.08
Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson21
Slide 22
21-24 Months Gross Motor (contd) Can kick ball without losing
balance. Tosses or rolls large ball; can throw ball into a basket.
Bends over to pick up toy without falling. Enjoys sitting on &
moving small-wheeled riding toys. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson22
Slide 23
21-24 Months Fine Motor May be showing hand preference.
Unzips/zips large zippers. Eats with a fork. Places 4 stacking
rings in any order. Towers 6-8 blocks. Browse through a book 1 page
at a time. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson23
Slide 24
21-24 Months Fine Motor (contd) Imitates horizontal stroke;
scribbles spontaneously. Snips paper with scissors. Strings 1 bead
with strong tip. Attempts to put on shoes & slippers. Attempts
to open door by turning knob. Opens cabinets, drawers, boxes.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson24
Slide 25
2 Years Physical Markers About 22 to 38 lbs. (ave. 28 lbs.)
Height is about total height the child will attain as an adult
about 32 to 38 tall. Approx. first 16 teeth have appeared. Vision
fully developed. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson25
Slide 26
25-30 Months (22 Years) 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson26
Slide 27
25- 30 Months Cognitive Represent reality to themselves through
use of symbols, mental images, words, gestures. Objects &
events no longer have to be present to be thought about. Often fail
to distinguish their point of view from others. Easily captured by
surface appearances. Often confused about causal relations. The
above points last until about 6 years old. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler
4, D. Richardson27
Slide 28
25- 30 Months Cognitive (contd) Can see how things are same or
different. Matches objects; matches 4 colors. Identifies objects by
their use. Recalls geometric shapes. Completes 3-6 piece inset
puzzle. Understands the concept of one, then two. Engages in simple
make-believe play. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson28
Slide 29
25- 30 Months Cognitive (contd) Can pay attention to only one
thing at a time. Represents/recalls events less frequently
experienced or observed, particularly impressive or traumatic
events. Plays doctor, store, shopping, teacher, mom/dad, child.
Roles shift quickly; events still short & isolated. Realistic
props required. Matches object to a picture in a book. 11.18.08
Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson29
Slide 30
25- 30 Months Cognitive (contd) Curious what things are, what
they do, how they work. Begins making mechanical toys work. Expands
knowledge or shape/color. Knows spatial concepts such as in, on,
under, up/down. Notices what comes first, next, last when routines
are followed; doesnt like changes in schedule confusing. Knows
mostly where things are located in and around house. Begins to
reason from one situation to another similar situation. 11.18.08
Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson30
Slide 31
25-30 Months (2- 2 Years) Language Names 5 pictures. Recognizes
action in pictures. Begins to use pronouns (I, you, me, we, they).
Says me, mine, no a lot. May use action words such as go, run,
look, eat. Begins to understand many sentences. Combines 3-4 words.
Uses 50+ words. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson31
Slide 32
25-30 Months (2- 2 Years) Language (contd) May be able to
identify friend by naming. Speaks clearly most of the time. Uses
plurals and pronouns. Identifies objects or pictures by use. Asks a
question using inflection. Gets excited about books, songs, &
conversation. May repeat numbers but cant count. Knows descriptive
words such as big, happy 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson32
Slide 33
25-30 Months (2- 2 Years) Language (contd) Asks why, what,
where questions. Responds appropriately to why questions regarding
routine activities. Can tell 2-3 sentences about an activity. Can
use 2 adjectives. Knows name, age, gender. Names 6-8 body parts.
Conversational. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson33
Slide 34
25-30 Months (2- 2 Years) Social-Emotional Pretends to be
engaged in familiar activities or other events using toys as props.
May help with simple household tasks. Imitates adults & peers.
Fears include: loud noises, animals, dark rooms, separation from
parent, large objects/machines, change in personal environment.
Shows affection. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson34
Slide 35
25-30 Months (2- 2 Years) Social-Emotional (contd) Greets
familiar adults spontaneously. Readily expresses wide range of
emotion Quick mood changes. Sense of self; positive or negative
self-worth. Periods of strong independence; often stubborn, bossy,
wants own way. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson35
Slide 36
25-30 Months (2- 2 Years) Social-Emotional (contd) Playing more
with other children. May poke, push, pull in awkward attempt to
make friends. Waits his/her turn. Sometimes shares toys with others
when prompted. Starts to understand mine vs. his/hers or yours.
Doesnt understand others have feelings. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4,
D. Richardson36
Slide 37
25-30 Months (2- 2 Years) Gross Motor Runs easily. Stands/walks
on tiptoes. Stands on one foot momentarily without assistance.
Throws a ball 5 feet with direction. Jumps off the ground; may jump
broadly (across). Walks up/down stairs alone, first placing both
feet on each step with minimal assistance, then in a step-to- step
manner without assistance. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson37
Slide 38
25-30 Months (2- 2 Years) Gross Motor (contd) Demonstrates
overall coordination and balancing. Stoops, squats, bends over to
pick up something without falling. Walks 2+ steps on a line
alternating feet. Pedaling. Climbs well; may need help getting
down. Likes rough & tumble play. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson38
Slide 39
25-30 Months (2- 2 Years) Fine Motor Feeds self independently
with utensils with little spilling. Drinks from cup, eventually
with one hand. Takes off clothes; puts on simple clothing without
help. Washes/dries hands and brushes teeth with minimal assistance.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson39
Slide 40
25-30 Months (2- 2 Years) Fine Motor (contd) Separates 4 snap
beads. Builds tower of 3-4 then up to 9 blocks. Removes cap from
bottle; screws/unscrews jar lids, nuts, bolts. Turns rotating
handles. Turns 1-3 pages of paper book. Draws 11.18.08
Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson40
Slide 41
31-36 Months (2 -3 Years) 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson41
Slide 42
31-36 Months (2 - 3 Years) Cognition Engages in functional play
simple, repetitive activities. Gender identity develops. Begins to
understand big & little; relationship between part & whole
(door of car, nose of animal). Selects toy hidden in correct hand
when put behind back. Points/names a color; may recognize 3 colors.
Matches 3 shapes; stacks 4-5 rings in order. 11.18.08
Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson42
Slide 43
31-36 Months (2 - 3 Years) Cognition (contd) Counts 3 objects.
Completes simple puzzles. Makes mechanical toys work. Continues
pretend activities. Play starts having a sequence; sequences evolve
and are not planned; events are not isolated. 11.18.08
Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson43
Slide 44
31-36 Months (2 - 3 Years) Cognition (contd) Compensatory
stories: re-enactment of experiences, events with new outcomes.
Associative play: loosely organized around a common activity,
shared interests & materials. Reasons from effect back to
cause. Understands before, after, now, soon, later Expanding
attention span up to about 10 min. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson44
Slide 45
31-36 Months (2 - 3 Years) Language Very talkative. Vocabulary
of many hundreds of words (200-800). Speech is more accurate; may
still leave off ending sounds, stumble or stutter when trying to
express self. Recognizes/identifies most common objects &
pictures. Understands most sentences. Uses 3-5 word
phrases/sentences consistently. Answers what, where, or yes/no
questions. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson45
Slide 46
31-36 Months (2 - 3 Years) Language (contd) Distinguishes on,
in, under, big, little. Starts using past tense, referring to
future. Listens attentively to stories & books but doesnt like
if you skip or change a word. Uses words differently at different
times. Repeats words and sounds. Uses words to express fears and
insecurities by telling others dont look, dont laugh, etc. 11.18.08
Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson46
Slide 47
31-36 Months (2 - 3 Years) Social-Emotional Similar fears as 2
- 2 ; some decrease in separation anxiety; fears imaginary things,
unusual or dramatic appearances in other people. Begins to develop
real friendships; may develop imaginary friend. Increasingly likes
having peers and other adults around. Separates easily from
caregiver in familiar surroundings. Imitates behavior of others.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson47
Slide 48
31-36 Months (2 - 3 Years) Social-Emotional (contd)
Demonstrates increasing independence; defiant behavior. Follows
simple rules, suggestions. Makes simple choices. Enjoys playing
alone, but near other children. Can play cooperatively for short
periods. Shares & take turns sometimes, but still does not
cooperate well. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson48
Slide 49
31-36 Months (2 - 3 Years) Social-Emotional (contd)
Participates in circle games. Acts out social encounters through
play activities. Expresses wide range of emotions. Objects to minor
changes in routines. Realizes own skills. Acts to please adults.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson49
Slide 50
31-36 Months (2 - 3 Years) Social-Emotional (contd) Helps
others. Seeks assistance. Directs others. Enjoys making others
laugh and being silly. Spends a great deal of time watching &
observing. Enjoys hearing stories about self & playing house.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson50
Slide 51
31-36 Months (2 - 3 Years) Gross Motor Throws ball overhand;
catches a large ball. Jumps over a line. Ascends/descends stairs
alternating feet without help. May swing leg to kick ball; more
accurate kicking. Rides on tricycle using pedals. Can briefly
balance and hop on one foot. Enjoys fast moving activities.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson51
Slide 52
31-36 Months (2 - 3 Years) Fine Motor Holds pencil in writing
position. Scribbles spontaneously. Makes or copies lines &
circles with pencil/crayon. Turns one page at a time. Builds 3
block bridge with demonstration. Might use one hand more frequently
than another. Undoes some buttons, laces, zippers. Cuts across 6
piece of paper with scissors. Easily places small objects in a
small opening. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson52
Slide 53
3 Years Physical Markers Gained about 4-5 lbs. and grown about
2-3 in last year. About 25 to 44 lbs. and 34 to 43. Develops
taller, leaner appearance. Has all 20 primary teeth. Sleeps 10-12
hours per night plus daytime nap. 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D.
Richardson53
Slide 54
Toilet Learning 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson54
Slide 55
Toilet Learning About 18-20 mos. - Indicates discomfort over
soiled diapers verbally or with gestures. About 2 yrs. - May be
psychologically ready for toilet learning. Begins to gain some
control of bowels & bladder. About 28 mo. - Indicates need to
use the bathroom. About 33 mo. - Distinguishes urination &
bowel movements. About 3 yrs. - May have daytime & possibly
nighttime control over bowel & bladder functions. About 36-38
mos. - May have full control, use toilet on own. Boys often do not
complete toilet learning until 3 (42 mo.). 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler
4, D. Richardson55
Slide 56
Wrap-up Questions Discussion In-service evaluation Follow-up
Next session Nov. 25: Early brain development, learning, and mental
health 5611.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson
Slide 57
References 57 In addition to the provided resource materials
listed on the in-service agenda, various textbooks and other
reference materials used for this presentation are available upon
request. 11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson