INFANCY:

The development of emotional and social bonds

Emotional Development Emotional Development

The Role of Emotional The Role of Emotional CompetenceCompetence

Emotion: The physiological changes, subjective experiences and expressive behaviors that are involved in such feelings as love, joy, grief, and anger.

Emotional Development in Emotional Development in InfancyInfancy

Social ReferencingSocial Referencing

An inexperienced person relies on a more experienced person’s interpretation of event to regulate subsequent behavior.

Functions of EmotionsFunctions of Emotions

Help humans survive and adapt to environment

Guide and motivate human behavior Support communication with others

Stages in Children’s Emotional Stages in Children’s Emotional DevelopmentDevelopment

Self-regulation and interest in world “Falling in love” Developing intentional communication Emergence of organized sense of self Creating emotional ideas Emotional thinking

Stability of Emotional Stability of Emotional ExpressionExpression

Emotions and Cultural Norms

Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence (Goleman)(Goleman)

The ability to: Motivate oneself Persist in the face of frustrations Control impulses Delay gratification Empathize, hope Regulate one’s moods to keep distress from

overwhelming one’s ability to think

AttachmentAttachment

An affectional bond that one individual forms for another and that endures cross time and space.

What is the Course of What is the Course of Attachment?Attachment?

First stage: arousal from all parts of environment

Second stage: indiscriminate attachment Third Stage: specific attachment

How Do Attachments Form?How Do Attachments Form?

Ethological: Adaptive for survival Learning: Mother and baby are rewarded

for closeness

Who are the Objects of Who are the Objects of Attachment?Attachment?

Mother Father Grandparent Mother and another person

What are the Functions of What are the Functions of Attachment?Attachment?

Attachment behavioral system Fear-wariness behavioral system Affiliative behavioral system Exploratory behavioral system

TemperamentTemperament

Refers to the relatively consistent, basic disposition that underlie and modulate much of a person’s behavior.

Individuality in TemperamentIndividuality in Temperament

Difficult babies Slow-to-warm-up babies Easy babies

Theories of Personality Theories of Personality DevelopmentDevelopment

The Psychoanalytic View The Psychoanalytic View (Freud)(Freud)

For healthy personalities:1. Breast-feeding

2. Prolonged period of nursing

3. Gradual weaning

4. On-demand nursing schedule

5. Delayed and patient potty training

6. Freedom from punishment

Erikson’s Psychosocial ViewErikson’s Psychosocial View

Development of basic trust in others First social achievement: willingness to let

mother move out of sight.

The Behavioral (Learning) The Behavioral (Learning) ViewView

Concerned with outward display of emotions

Rewards appropriate behaviors Extinguishes inappropriate behaviors

The Cognitive View and The Cognitive View and Information ProcessingInformation Processing

How children reason and solve problems Examine cognitive, information-processing

mechanisms that link affect to thinking and behavior

The Ecological View:The Ecological View:

Environmental influences contribute to development

Social DevelopmentSocial Development

The Changing Demographics The Changing Demographics of Childhoodof Childhood

Increasing diversity of family structures More single parents

The Art of Becoming HumanThe Art of Becoming Human

Case studies of severe early deprivation Prolonged neglect, abuse, and isolation

– Abandonment and emotional-social deprivation– Institutionalization and severe deprivation

Reactive Attachment Disorder

Early Relationships and Social Early Relationships and Social DevelopmentDevelopment

Maternal Responsiveness and the Strange Situation– Securely attached infants– Insecure/avoidant infants– Insecure/resistant infants– Disorganized/disoriented infants

Stranger Anxiety and Separation Anxiety

Goodness of FitGoodness of Fit

Match between characteristics of infants and their families

Good match: optimal development Poor fit: stormy household, maladaptive

functioning

Cultural Differences in Child Cultural Differences in Child RearingRearing

Child-rearing practices differ from one society to another

Greater contrast between industrialized and nonindustrialized countries

Quality of caregiver’s sensitivity and emotional availability is critical

Child Care for Infants Child Care for Infants and Toddlersand Toddlers

Parent -Infant InteractionParent -Infant Interaction

The mother as caretaker The father as caretaker

Absentee fathers Good, Better, Best?

Sibling-Infant InteractionSibling-Infant Interaction

Older siblings serve as models for younger siblings

Many cultures require older siblings to care for younger siblings

Grandparents and Extended Grandparents and Extended Family InteractionFamily Interaction

Reasons American grandparents are caretakers:– drug abuse– child abuse– abandonment– teenage pregnancy– parent unable– death of parent– other

Early Child-Care PracticesEarly Child-Care Practices

Child Day-Care Centers Multiple Mothering

Choosing a Child-Care ProviderChoosing a Child-Care Provider

Interview Caregivers Visit the Center Ask Questions of the Center Check References Check the Licensing and/or Referral Program Choose Quality Care Stay Involved

Children at Risk: Children at Risk: Effects of PovertyEffects of Poverty

Child Neglect: The absence of adequate social, emotional and physical care

Child Abuse: The non-accidental physical attack on or injury to children by individuals caring for them

The Intergenerational Cycle of The Intergenerational Cycle of ViolenceViolence

Signs of Abuse and Maltreatment: Bruises? Complaints of beatings? Child arrives early; leaves late? Absent or late often? Behaviors that point to abuse? Neglect of dress, appearance, health? Breaking the Cycle of Violence