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Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program
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Essentials ofEssentials of
SociologySociology
99thth Edition Edition
Chapter 10: Gender and AgeChapter 10: Gender and Age
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter OverviewChapter Overview Issues of Sex and
Gender How Females Became a
Minority Group Gender Inequality in
the United States The Changing Face of
Politics Aging in Global
Perspective
The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
The Functionalist Perspective
The Conflict Perspective
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Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
“Unequal Access to Power, Prestige, and
Property on the Basis of Sex.”
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What’s Gender Stratification?What’s Gender Stratification?
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sex – refers to biological characteristics
Gender – refers to social characteristics –”Male and Female”
Each culture has its own definitions of gender
We inherit our sex and learn our gender
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Sex and GenderSex and Gender
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Differences in Behavior: Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Culture?Biology or Culture?
Most sociologists believe that if biology was the compelling factor in human behavior males and females would act the same around the world
Opening the Door to Biology:
A Medical Accident
The Vietnam Veterans Study
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Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Inequality in Global Gender Inequality in Global PerspectivePerspective
Every society sorts men and women into separate groups and gives them different access to property, power, and prestige. These divisions always favor men-as-a-group.
Females are therefore classified as a minority group
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Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Early On, Life was Short Females Limited by Childbearing Men Became Dominant as Hunters and Warriors Weapons, Trade, and Knowledge gained from
Contact with Others Gave Men Power Ideology developed that women were less dominant
than men
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The Origins of PatriarchyThe Origins of Patriarchy
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Feminism – the belief that biology is not destiny and that stratification according to gender is wrong
1st Feminist movement – 1920s- Trying to win the right to vote for women
2nd Feminist movement – 1960s- Trying to earn equal pay for women
3rd Feminist movement-happening today-includes a greater focus on the plight of women in the Least Industrialized Nations
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The Three Feminist MovementsThe Three Feminist Movements
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Gender Inequality in Education – Gender tracking is evident
Gender Inequality in Health Care
Gender Inequality in Politics
Gender Inequality in the Work Place
The Pay Gap
The Glass Ceiling
The Glass Escalator
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Gender Inequality Gender Inequality in the U.S.in the U.S.
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10
Figure 10.2 Changes in College Enrollment, by Sex*This sharp drop in female enrollment occurred when large numbers of male soldiers returned from World War II and attended college under the new GI Bill of Rights.**Projection by U.S. Department of Education 2008.Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 1938:Table 114; 1959:Table 158; 1991:Table 261; 2010:Table 272.
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11
Figure 10.5 Women’s and Men’s Proportion of the U.S. Labor ForceNote: Pre-1940 totals include women 14 and over: totals for 1940 and after are for women 16 and over. Broken lines are projections by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.Sources: By the author. Based on Handbook on Women Workers, 1969:10; Manpower Report to the President 1971:203, 205; Mills and Palumbo 1980:6, 45; Statistical Abstract of the United States 2010:Table 575.
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Violence Against WomenViolence Against WomenF
orcible Rape-1 out of 1,000 U.S. girls and women between the ages of 12 and 50 is raped each year. Most victims know their attackers
Date Rape-Many victims are college women and it is often not reported
Murder-men are more likely than women to be killers
Violence in the Home
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Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
S
tructural Barriers Coming Down
A
bandoning Stereotypes
N
ew Consciousness
C
hange in Relationships
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Glimpsing the Glimpsing the Future With HopeFuture With Hope
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
S
ocial Construction of Aging Tiwi vs. Abkhasians
Every society treats the elderly in different ways
G
raying of America – the growing elderly population in the U.S.
L
ife expectancy has increased with industrialization
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million more elderly than teenagers today in the U.S.
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Aging in The Global Aging in The Global PerspectivePerspective
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15
Figure 10.11 U.S. Life Expectancy by Year of BirthSources: By the author. Based on Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Part 1, Series B, 107–115; Statistical Abstract of the United States 2010:Table 102.
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16
Figure 10.14 As Florida Goes, So Goes the NationSource: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009:Table 17. Projections to 2015.
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ageism – Discrimination based on ones age
The “meaning” of growing old has changed through the years
In the U.S. the elderly used to be seen as an asset, today they are seen more as a liability
Why has this occurred?
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Symbolic Interactionist Symbolic Interactionist PerspectivePerspective
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Disengagement Theory – There needs to be a smooth transition between those leaving their jobs and those entering the workplace
Activity Theory – the more informal and formal activities the elderly engage in the more they find life fulfilling
Continuity Theory – The more roles one continues to possess in retirement the more fulfilling life will be
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Functionalist Functionalist PerspectivePerspective
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The conflict perspective looks at the rising costs of the elderly and how money is being taken away from other age cohorts
Looks at how the Dependency Ratio is affecting Social Security
The ratio of workers paying into Social Security vs. those who are collecting Social Security
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Conflict PerspectiveConflict Perspective
Inequalities of Gender and AgeCopyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 20
Figure 10.16 Health Care Costs for the Elderly and DisabledNote: Medicare is intended for the elderly and disabled. Medicaid for the poor. About 22 percent of Medicaid payments ($58 billion) go to the elderly (Statistical Abstract 2010:Table 144). Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States various years, and 2010:Tables 137, 144. Broken lines indicate the author’s projections.