Industry Guide for PV and Inverter 2011

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Companies: xxx

Inverter and PV System Technology

Industry Guide 2011

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Inverter and PV System Technology 2010 · Industry Guide


Industry Guide 2011

Cover images

Front

Main imageSolar tree (source: SMA Solar Technology AG)

Small images, f.l.t.r.Inverter board (source: KOSTAL Electric GmbH) Solar cable connector (source: Tom Baerwald) Central inverter power rack (source: Fronius Deutschland GmbH)

Back

Large-scale PV power plant (source: SMA Solar Technology AG)


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Contents

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Industry Photovoltaic Plants and the Importance of Electrical Components . . . . . . . . . 8 Market Situation and Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The PV Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Inverters and Their Influence on the Overall System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Plant Monitoring and Identifying Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Protection against Lightning and Overvoltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Cables and Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Planning and Grid integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Companies Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Business Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

ABB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Advanced Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 AEG Power Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Alteams Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 applied international informatics GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Answer Drives Srl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Bonfiglioli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Danfoss Solar Inverters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 DEHN + SÖHNE GmbH + Co. KG. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Delta Energy Systems (Germany) GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Elettronica Santerno S.p.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Eltek Valere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Emerson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Enecsys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Finnveden Metal Structures AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 KACO new energy GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Fronius Deutschland GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 KOSTAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 M+W Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Mastervolt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Multi-Contact AG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Power-One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 RefuSol GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Satcon Technology Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Schneider Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 SIEL S.p.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 skytron® energy GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Siemens AG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 SMA Solar Technology AG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 SOLUTRONIC AG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 SOLON SE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Sputnik Engineering AG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 SUNGROW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Wieland Electric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Publishers Solarpraxis AG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Sunbeam GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Important Notice, Picture Credits and Legal Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Contents

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Foreword

Foreword Dear Readers,Why is it so, that efforts to refine and improve photovoltaic systems must con-stantly be redoubled? Surely every plant is a system that basically already works?

Well, photovoltaic plants are unques-tionably fault-tolerant: Simply put, even poor configurations will reliably generate power for many years. In the early days of photovoltaics, when off-grid systems still dominated, questions as to whether the power supplied would meet expectations and whether the plant would actually operate for as long as was planned were immediately supplied with definite an-swers. If, for instance, the solar modules, charge controller, battery and consumer did not properly interact, a plant’s users would, quite literally, be left in the dark, or the battery would soon become defective and the system unusable.

The explosive development of grid-con-nected markets made the situation even more complex. Great importance was initially attached to stark cost reductions for solar mod-ules, while in the inverter sector, efforts centered on increasing efficiency and si-multaneously decreasing costs. As long as a power plant’s connected load was sig-nificantly lower than the capacity of the entire grid, inverters were only required to meet basic safety requirements.

Over the past two years, however, these conditions have changed dramatically: Despite the increased demands placed upon electrical system components, huge drops in module prices have resulted in costs reductions being expected here, too. In addition, as PV plants have entered the MWp class, the monitoring of systems has become an increasingly important factor. Vast expansion, such as that taking place in Germany, has brought with it the need and opportunity for more system services in the entire grid. So buzz words such as “frequency maintenance” and “reactive power supply” primarily illustrate how photovoltaic systems now represent a major part of the power grid.

As a consequence of this, inverters and PV systems as a whole must provide intelligent support and protection to the systems that surround them. In future, many photovoltaic plants will be a combi-nation of off-grid system, delivering power directly to those that generate it, and grid-connected facility, balancing out power supply – the old boundaries are becoming blurred. At the same time, photovoltaics provides entirely new scope for structuring

power supply. While large, fossil-fuelled power stations feed into the high voltage grid at central points, PV systems supply decentralized power, chiefly at low and medium voltage levels. Their semicon-ductor technology allows them to react quickly to grid instability and to assist in stabilizing this extremely efficiently.

In terms of actual photovoltaic systems, the high speed of innovation means that system understanding is becoming ever more important. How can different module types best be connected with inverters, and in such a way that they are protected from damage? What safety technology is required, and how can the other components in the electrical system work together cost-effectively? Where is there a particular need for research and development? Which components have already been successfully used for which parts of the system, and what character-izes intelligent system connection? What can, and what must, monitoring achieve?

By publishing this brochure, and launch-ing a conference series of the same name, Solarpraxis aims to promote develop-ments in how electrical systems interact, both within photovoltaic plants and the power grid, to demonstrate ideas and, of course, to present the companies work-ing in this field and their products. The stimulus for this did not come from our offices, but from the first-hand experience gathered by our engineers every single day in their planning, construction assist-ance, quality assurance, monitoring and optimization work on photovoltaic plants.

This industry guide exemplifies how op-timization and innovation provide proof of the PV industry’s sustainability. We welcome your interest and hope that you enjoy reading.

With warmest wishes,

Karl-Heinz Remmers

Karl-Heinz Remmers, CEO of Solarpraxis AG

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Inhaltsangabe

The Industry

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Photovoltaic Plants and the Importance of Electrical Components

Photovoltaic Plants and the Importance of Electrical ComponentsAs competition and political importance increase, so, too, do the demands placed on PV plants. Inves-tors and lenders in particular are showing increasing interest in good product quality and coherent plant design. In addition to the photovoltaic modules themselves, each and every system component is a crucial factor in long-term profitability and operating safety when generating solar power. The careful integration of all components is therefore becoming increasingly important for installation and operating companies, and for investors.

A photovoltaic plant (PV plant) which feeds into the grid essentially consists of the following components:

PV generator (solar modules)Generator junction box (GJB)Inverter(s) Meters Grid connection DC and AC cabling

System variants result from the use of different modules (crystalline silicon or thin-film) and the way in which they are connected (e.g. in series), as well as the use of different inverters (with or without a transformer). Novel technical develop-ments, such as micro inverters or DC optimizers, expand the range of potential system configurations.

Fundamental differences in photovoltaic system technology result from dividing a PV generator into strings and connecting these to one or more inverters. Dividing the system into strings gives planners more flexibility and enables factors such as partial shading of the PV generator to be taken into account.

Inverters are selected according to the type and quantity of the modules con-nected as well as the voltage and output of the individual strings. A hierarchy may also be established between inverters. In a large-scale PV plant, for example, partial load operation can be better exploited by coupling several central inverters in a master/slave configuration. Here, the master inverter disables or enables the other inverters depending on the insola-tion, which changes during the course of the day.

Inverters are crucial to the efficiency of the PV system.

2,117 kWp PV power plant, Mittelwasungen (Germany)

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Market Situation and Forecasts

Intelligent coordination with the gridInteraction with the public grid is an ever more important factor in the efficiency and use of PV plants. This is because the days of photovoltaic power supply as a one-way process, where current only flows from the PV generator in one direction (i.e. directly into the grid), are increasingly coming to an end. Instead, self-supply with solar power is gaining in importance.

In the future, the inverter will coordinate various operating states: supplying power to the grid, purchasing electricity from the grid and self-supply with solar power. In the medium voltage range, in particular, inverters are also increasingly undertak-ing tasks to stabilize the grid during volt-age fluctuations.

It is only possible to coordinate these functions by communicating with other generators and consumers in the grid. This leads us to another significant chal-lenge facing photovoltaic power supply, that of feed-in which fluctuates depend-ing on the current solar radiation. The storage of solar power, a task which could previously be performed by the public grid provided that the amount of electricity fed-in remained low, now requires its own system technology. If it cannot be used immediately, solar energy must be stored in batteries, compressed air systems or water reservoirs, and in the distant future could even be stored in the form of hy-drogen or methane. Every form of storage is expensive. It is therefore important to consume as much solar energy as possible immediately in the grid by intelligently coordinating generators and consumers.

Market Situation and ForecastsAfter the Fukushima nuclear incident in March 2011 market developments have become difficult to predict, as many governments are considering changing their energy policy in favor of renewable energies. Before Fukushima, in the first three months of 2011, the news from politics made PV market participants laugh and cry at the same time. Good news of a thriving market in Italy was quickly counterbalanced by the govern-ment announcing “changing conditions”. The German market will remain the world leading market in 2011, despite another mid-year FIT cut. Spain is not set to expand, whereas France is expecting significant growth.

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1. PV generator (solar modules)2. Solar module junction box3. Solar cable connector4. Generator junction box (GJB)5. Inverter6. Import/export meter7. Grid supply8. Monitoring solutions9. Power optimizer

PV system components (possible designs)

Roof-mounted PV system on a public building in

Berlin (Germany)

Inverter manufacturing

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Market Situation and Forecasts

System cost breakdownA PV system is built from several com-ponents. A typical cost breakdown for a ground installation in Germany shows that dominant single factors are modules, representing 60% of the cost, and invert-ers and underconstruction each at about 10%. That breakdown is likely to remain stable in the forseeable future.

InvertersIn the fourth quarter of 2009, inverters were sold out and supply remained tight until July 2010. The lead times increased from 3 weeks to 30 weeks and prices increased rapidly at wholesale level.

From September 2010 onward prices stabilized, by November they started to decrease: The wholesalers cleared their stocks due to the slow pace of installation in Germany. In parallel, all major suppli-ers expanded their capacities. Reviewing the capacity announcements of inverter companies, iSuppli forecasts that capaci-ties will increase beyond 50 GW at the end of 2011.

The original bottleneck in inverters has disappeared, but has still not been fully averted. It is the supply of components which has to cope with several growing markets. Suppliers of power devices con-firm that devices can be supplied as long as the forecast does not increase beyond 22 GW. Suppliers of passive components are more reticent, mentioning that other markets, such as the Chinese automotive industry, are a black hole for electronic components.

MLPM solutionsModule Level Power Management (MLPM) solutions such as micro inverters and DC optimizers are intensely debated. Manu-facturers claim that they can harvest 3% to 20% more kilowatt hours (kWh) of PV power.

Approximately 150 MW of MLPM devices were shipped in 2010, of which 80 MW were micro inverters and 70 MW DC optimizers.

Micro (or module) inverters have an early lead in the MLPM market where initial adoption has been heaviest in the US residential market. iSuppli estimates that the price drops for micro inverters will be steeper than for string or central inverters, and that micro inverters will cost US$0.05 per Watt more than string inverters by 2014.

Optimizers can be applied more broadly because they still use an inverter and their role is more that of a power booster which improves energy harvest. They currently cost about US$0.15/Watt (US$0.13/W by mid year) and are expected to drop to US$0.08/Watt by 2014. Optimizers initial-ly entered the European, and to a lesser degree, the North American residential markets. Commercial applications have become more popular in recent months.

National markets and global development

In Germany, on Febuary 2, 2011 the German parliament accepted the environment minister’s proposal of a mid-year FIT cut. The amount of the FIT will be set accord-ing to the quantity of systems installed in March, April and May. According to Californian-based market research firm iSuppli, about 7.1 GW will be installed in Germany under the new scheme.

In the last quarter of 2010, installations in Italy grew much faster than expected by industry consensus. On January 25, 1.85 GW were officially connected, and a total of 2.85 GW were installed in 2010. On March 3, the Italian government announced that new FITs will be valid from June 1, with an annual cap yet to be announced and ground installations on farmland limited to 1 MW.

As a result, an immediate halt has been called to installation activity in Italy – though this was strong throughout Janu-ary and February – and only projects near-ing completion have been continued.iSuppli expects Italy to install 4 GW in 2011 due to the growing installation capacity there, assuming government support con-tinues, once the ongoing FIT negotiations are concluded.

France announced solar incentives to support 500 MW new PV installations in 2011. In addition, around 30% of PV plants that have already received approval will be built during the next 18 months. These projects will benefit from high return rates based on the earlier FITs. They will add to the annual target of 500 MW. IHS iSuppli estimates that 1,300 MW will be installed in France in 2011.

The solar markets in Spain and the Czech Republic will not expand in 2011, and may even shrink. Serious measures to reduce solar investor business are on the way. The Spanish government will reduce funding for existing solar power parks by ap-proximately 30%. In addition, FITs for new ground installations will drop to 14 €ct/kWh in 2011. The Czech Republic is set to stop state support for ground-mounted plants by March 2011.

Taking into account these multiple chang-es, iSuppli expects that in 2011 about 21 GW will be installed worldwide. Instal-lations will grow by 31% compared to 2010. Looking forward from 2012 to 2014, considerable market growth is not antici-pated. The German market is expectedto contract from 7 GW to 5 GW.

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35,000

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140

120

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60

40

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7,240

2010*

15,945**

2011*

20,897

PV installations (MW) Y/Y growth (%)

2012*

22,956

2013*

22,000

2014*

27,798

2015*

34,435

Y/Y Grow

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Annual PV installation worldwide

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System cost breakdown 1 - 10 MW Germany (a-Si/µc-Si 9%)

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59% Modules

10% Inverters

11% Underconstruction

6% Cabling & small parts

6% Labour

8% EPC Margin

Country 2009 2010* 2011* 2015* CAGR 2015 VS. 2010 (%)

Czech Republic 397 1,331 350 350 –28

France 250 719 1,307 873 14

Germany 3,806 6,727 7,100 5,000 –11

Italy 720 2,850 4,100 2,750 9

Spain 70 250 345 1,000 41

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

02009

*estimated

2010* 2011*

PV installations (MW) Y/Y growth (%)

2012* 2013* 2014*

Source: iSuppli | © SOLARPRAXIS AG

Y/Y Grow

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100

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PV inverter shipment forecast

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30

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Micro inverters (MW) Optimizers (MW)

2012* 2013* 2014*

MLPM shipment forecast

230

80 870

730 3,

540

2,38

0

8,90

0

5,30

0

17,7

60

12,5

80

31,4

60

30,9

40

Source: iSuppli | © SOLARPRAXIS AG

Glo

bal

an

nu

al s

hip

men

ts (g

igaw

atts

)

In terms of MW, the inverter market more than doubled in 2010 growing at 125%. As installation growth cools off in 2011 and flattens in 2012, growth will slow to 26% and 2% respectively.

Estimated PV installations in selected countries (MW)

* estimated

Source: iSuppli

* estimated** The European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) predicted that a total of 14,300–16,500 MW would be installed in 2010.

14


15

The PV Generator

The PV Generator Electrically connected solar modules make up a PV generator, which generates electrical power depend-ent on insolation and temperature. The output of a solar generator is therefore not only determined by the efficiency of its modules, but also by how well those modules exploit the strength and spectrum of the insolation, and how they react to the module temperature.

The photovoltaic effect in solar cells can be used to generate power. Solar cells are made from a variety of different materi-als, with crystalline silicon being the most common. Thin-film cells made from cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium selenide (CIS), amorphous silicon (a-Si) and amorphous/microcrystalline silicon (a-Si/_c-Si) are, however, also extensively used. Several solar cells are connected together to make up a module.

The electrical properties of crystalline modules are markedly different from those of thin-film modules and must be taken into account in order to achieve the highest possible yield in a given location.

The bigger the area, the thinner the moduleSince modules made from crystalline silicon are generally more efficient than thin-film modules, they are used wher-ever space is at a premium, such as on the roofs of single-family homes. Module efficiency therefore solely affects the space requirements for the PV plant: In the case of crystalline solar modules, an area of around eight to ten sqm is needed to achieve an output of one kilowatt peak (kWp), whereas for thin-film modules the area required for the same output is between twelve and 20 sqm – depending on the technology used.

On the one hand this means that the cost of support structures and installa-tion is higher for thin-film solar modules, and that the modules themselves must therefore be somewhat cheaper in a turnkey system of the same price. On the other hand, the area required only has an indirect effect on the specific yield of a PV plant, which is indicated in kWh/kWp. To calculate the specific yield, the electricity output (in kWh) is related to the installed system capacity (in kWp) so that module efficiency becomes immaterial. All in all, the specific yield and costs of photovoltaic

Cells made from different materials have different efficiencies. PV array surface area depends on the type

of cell used.

Cell material Module efficiency

Surface area need for 1 kWp

Monocrystalline silicon 13–19% 5–8 m2

Polycrystalline silicon 11–15% 7–9 m2

Micromorphous tandem cell (a-Si/μc-Si) 8–10% 10–12 m2

Thin-filmcopper-indium-diselenide (CIS) 10–12% 8–10 m2

Thin-filmcadmium telluride (CdTe) 9–11% 9–11 m2

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) 5–8% 13–20 m2

Thin-film modules require a greater surface area than crystalline silicon modules to generate the same power.

Crystalline silicon modules in a free-standing system (left) and a roof-mounted installation (top)

16


17

The PV Generator

installations – and thus their profitability – are roughly the same whether crystal-line silicon modules or thin-film modules are used.

The cost of land plays a secondary role when installing ground-mounted systems, as economies of scale come into play in such installations. Ground-mounted plants are therefore often equipped with thin-film solar modules.

Crystalline silicon solar cells are particu-larly responsive to long-wave solar radia-tion. In contrast, thin-film modules make better use of the short and medium-wave range of the solar spectrum. In cloudy conditions, the spectrum that hits the ground has a higher proportion of short-wave light, which is best exploited by amorphous thin-film modules. CdTe, CIS and microcrystalline thin-film modules, on the other hand, are best suited to ab-sorbing medium wavelengths. In general, thin-film modules are ideal for sites which experience a high proportion of diffuse in-solation due to frequent cloudy weather, or temporary or partial shading.

Despite the lower efficiency observed in laboratory simulations with high irradi-ance and at module temperatures of 25°C (standard test conditions, STC), the electricity yield of thin-film modules can be relatively high under certain condi-tions. On the one hand this is linked to the temperature coefficient gradient, which is markedly different to that of a crystal-line module. On the other, the specific yield in kWh/kWp is a variable which is not related to surface area, meaning that the lower efficiency of individual modules becomes irrelevant for comparison.

Temperature coefficientThe temperature coefficient of output voltage is negative. This means that the module output and output voltage decrease at high temperatures (higher than the reference temperature T=25°C under STC) while they increase at low temperatures. The temperature coefficient of current is both very small and positive, so currents will only alter to a very small degree as a result of temperature fluctua-tions.

Here is an example with some typical val-ues: Under STC, a given solar module with crystalline silicon solar cells has a nominal output of 200 Wp and the temperature coefficient of output is -0.5%/K. This means that the output of this module would decrease by 5% for every tempera-ture increase of 10 K. If this module were to reach a temperature of T=55°C, the output would drop by 15%, i.e. the module would “only” supply 170 Wp. Inversely, at a module temperature of T=5°C, the module output would increase to 220 Wp.Thin-film modules are characterized by a lower temperature coefficient of output, typically -0.3%/K. This means that at a module temperature of T=55°C, the solar module would only show a drop in output of 9%.

Insolation can heat PV modules to as much as 70°C. For this reason, they are installed so as to ensure that air can circu-late to provide sufficient rear ventilation. Where rear ventilation is not possible, for instance if the modules are integrated into the roof or façade of a thermally insu-lated building, thin-film modules are bet-ter suited as their output is less dramati-cally impaired by high temperatures.

Bypass diodes prevent overheating Since a single solar cell is only able to gen-erate around 0.5 volts, a number of cells are connected in series to form a string. This has the disadvantage of making the module extremely sensitive to partial shading because, if the shadow of say a chimney pot or an antenna is cast on a cell, the affected cell will turn from power generator into power consumer, becom-ing a weak link which restricts the power output of the entire string.

Shaded cells do not generate electricity, while the other, fully illuminated cells in the string remain completely active and drive their power through the shaded cell, which converts that power into heat. In extreme cases, this leads to a “hot spot” being created in the cell, which can melt a hole in the cell material. A bypass diode, which bypasses the module string con-taining the shaded cell, is therefore used to steer the electricity past the passive cell.

Positioned in the module junction box, a bypass diode usually bypasses 18 to 20 cells. Modules consisting of 36 cells are therefore equipped with two bypass diodes, while three such diodes are gener-ally employed in modules with between 54 and 60 cells. As each diode bypasses one string, even slight shading leads to the output of all the series-connected cells within a module being lost.

It would therefore be ideal if each solar cell could be equipped with a bypass diode. Unfortunately, the junction box does not provide enough space for this. To get around the problem, several manu-facturers have started to laminate “string bypass diodes” into their modules. This allows a greater number of diodes to be used than will fit in the junction box, and shading tolerance is noticeably increased as a result.

Overall, shading has the same effect as sharply reduced insolation: a decreased flow of current. This applies in principle to both crystalline and thin-film modules. However, the latter benefit from the strip-like arrangement of their solar cells, as it is relatively uncommon for long, narrow, thin-film solar cells to become completely shaded. The reduction in output of a thin-film module is therefore usually propor-tionate to the shaded area.

Where losses are expected due to high operating temperatures or shading, thin-film modules are often given preference over crystalline silicon models.

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

Temperature coefficientRe

lativ

e ch

ange

(%)

Temperature (°C)

STC (Standard Test Conditions)

-5 5 15 25 35 45 55 65TC PMPP cSi

TC PMPP aSiTC PMPP CdTe / TC UOC CdTe

TC UOC cSiTC UOC aSi

TC ISC cSi

TC ISC aSiTC ISC CdTe

TC Temperature coefficientPMPP Power maximum power pointUoc Volt at open circuitIsc Ampere short circuit

Bypass diode

cell 1

cell 20

cell 21

cell 22

cell 2

Bypass diode

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

The reduced output and possibility of damage to cells and modules caused by shading can be mitigated by the use of bypass diodes. The diode short circuits the affected area and allows the current to bypass it.

f.l.t.r.:Thin-film cell made from cadmium telluride

CIS-based thin-film solar modules Antireflection glass

Generator junction boxTemperature coefficient measurement

18


19

Inverters and Their Influence on the Overall System

Reflection losses In order for yield to be increased even fur-ther, reflection losses must also be taken into account. Modules with antireflection glass are already in use, but are relatively expensive. Reflection losses can, however, be virtually eliminated if the PV genera-tors are equipped to track the sun’s move-ment on a dual axis, though this involves relatively high additional expense for the mechanical system. Such outlay is really only worthwhile if adequate additional yield can be achieved, i.e. if the PV system is installed at a site with a high propor-tion of direct insolation, preferably along the earth’s sunbelt. This applies similarly to concentrating sunlight with mirrors or lenses.

Yield can also be increased by active cooling. Here, cooling modules on their rear side produces warm water or warm air in addition to electricity. All in all, the advantages of this method are, however, too few for it to have become well-estab-lished.

Aging processesSince they contain no moving parts, solar modules age very slowly. As long as their materials (glass, solar cells, plastics, alu-minum) have been carefully selected, they are also sufficiently weather resistant. If a system is installed in such a way that corrosion cannot take hold, it can achieve a service life of 20 years or more. The assembly frame should be designed to ensure that there are no corners or niches where dirt, leaves and other deposits could collect, and standing water should also be avoided. Different metals may only be used together if it can be guaranteed that no electrochemical reaction will take place. This particularly applies to the screws and clamps in the support frame that holds the PV generator.

In the early days of PV technology, the transparent conductive oxide (TCO) coat-ing, applied to the illuminated upper face of most thin-film modules to conduct current, was often damaged by corrosion. TCO corrosion is irreversible and leads to severe output losses. Such damage predominantly occurs in the event of high voltages caused by earth leakage currents. Grounding the generator’s negative pole can prevent TCO corrosion, though it also precludes the use of several inverter types.

Generator junction boxModules are connected in series to form a string, and the voltages of each individual module are totaled to give the string voltage. Strings of equal length are then connected in parallel to make up the PV generator, where the output power of the strings is cumulative. If the PV generator consists of more than three strings, the cables are consolidated using Y-adapters, or joined in a generator junction box (GJB).

The GJB is located close to the modules and connects the strings in parallel so that only one positive and one negative cable must be laid from each junction box to the downstream inverter. It can also perform additional safety-related functions, such as that of string fuse or overvoltage conductor. If thin-film modules are used which are not reverse current proof, blocking diodes must also be employed. In addition, there are certain components which may be positioned in several different locations within the system. For example, the main DC switch could be a part of the GJB or could be integrated into the inverter.

1. Blocking diodes2. DC switch3. Surge suppressor4. String fuses

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

1. 2. 3. 4.

Generator junction box Inverters and Their Influence on the Overall SystemMajor discrepancies exist between power generation with PV modules and the requirements of the public grid. The job of the inverter is to reconcile the systems with each other and to feed the solar power into the grid with the highest possible efficiency. A PV installation’s yield is, therefore, just as heavily dependent on the reliability and efficiency of the inverter as on the orientation, interconnection and quality of the PV modules.

Inverters reconcile the PV system with the public grid.

20


21


The inverter is connected directly to the public grid, and must therefore perform several tasks simultaneously. The most important of these are MPP tracking and converting the solar modules’ direct current into grid-compatible alternating current.

An inverter is a power converter which converts the direct current supplied by the PV generator into alternating current that has the same voltage and frequency as the grid. If required, this conversion can occur with a specified phase shift, in order to feed reactive power into the grid (e.g. in the event of grid failure) and lend it support. Thanks to state-of-the-art power electronics, converting direct current to alternating current now only incurs mini-mal losses. The term “grid-tie inverter” (GTI) is also used for the device, as it is specifically geared toward the require-ments of the public grid.

In order to ensure that it always feeds-in the maximum power output, the inverter automatically searches for the PV genera-tor’s optimal operating point, or “maxi-mum power point” (MPP). The MPP must be continuously tracked, as the current and voltage of the PV generator fluctu-ate widely. This is due to the constant changes in insolation and temperature, and means that the MPP moves back and forth along the current-voltage curve (I-V). The most efficient inverters available are designed to always locate the MPP with precision and to follow its movement im-mediately. Rapid control of the MPP in this way enables the maximum possible out-put of the PV generator to be obtained.

In addition to converting current and detecting the temperature and insolation-dependent MPP, the inverter performs further essential tasks: It plays a part in system monitoring, collecting and storing information, such as operating data, which is necessary to analyze the efficiency of the PV plant. It also displays error messages and sends them to a computer when required. Furthermore, it monitors the grid connection and checks if this has failed or been switched off.

European and Californian EfficiencyAs a result of converting the direct cur-rent, losses are incurred which can be rela-tively high within the partial load range of the inverter (0 to 20% of the rated power), but which are usually less than 5% at the rated output. Inverters usually achieve maximum efficiency at around half the rated output; some even reach over 98%.

The gradient of the efficiency curve is an important factor in inverter design, as they should be operated in the partial load range for as few hours as possible each year. The time curve of a PV genera-tor’s output in a given location is crucial here. Because the PV generator will only rarely supply its full rated output, it is es-pecially important to know the probability of different outputs occurring.

The European efficiency standard (valid for the type of irridiance level found in Central Europe) is a method which enables different inverters with different efficacy curves to be compared by taking into consideration the amount of time the inverter can be expected to operate at particular percentage loads/levels of solar insolation:

η€ = 0.03 η5% + 0.06 η10% + 0.13 η20% + 0.1 η30% + 0.48 η50% + 0.2 η100%

For regions with high solar radiation – ap-proximately 1,200 kWh/m3 annual global irradiance upon a horizontal surface as in South Europe – Californian Efficiency leads to more appropriate results. Accord-ing to different conditions of radiation its formula is:

ηCEC = 0.04 η10% + 0.05 η20% + 0.12 η30% + 0.21 η50% + 0.53 η75%+ 0.05 η100 %

Dimensioning Where moderate solar radiation is prevalent, but full insolation only rare, an inverter which has a much lower rated output that that of the PV generator should be selected.

Subdimensioning the inverter in this way has the advantage that it will operate in a higher output range most of the time, and will thus be more efficient. The disad-vantage of this system design is that the inverter will more rapidly become over-loaded if the level of insolation is high. If this happens, energy will effectively be wasted as a result of the internal output limitations.

The operator must therefore decide whether solar energy yield or economic gain should take precedence. Optimum profits can also be achieved with a relatively small inverter, though at times this may be overloaded and energy yield will be diminished as a result. This setup is, however, also less expensive, a saving which can compensate for yield losses.

Owing to the poor efficiency curve in the partial load range, it was initially wide-spread practice to design AC inverter out-put to be up to 25% lower that the rated generator output under STC. However, in view of today’s much improved efficiency curves, it is now recommended that such stark subdimensioning be avoided. Moreover, the accuracy of weather data has also improved, and it has come to light that short radiation peaks occur more frequently than expected.

Working on the basis that a maximum 0.5% of the energy generated should be lost due to output limitations, it is now recommended that an inverter’s rated output should be no more than 10% lower that the STC rated output of the solar generator. Many renowned experts even argue that the practice of subdimension-ing inverters should be abandoned com-pletely. Debates surrounding economically viable system design are ongoing.

Cel

l cu

rren

t (A

)

Cell p

ower ou

tpu

t (W)

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

0

I-V curve of a crystalline solar cell

0

1

2

1,2

0,8

0,4

3

4

Cell voltage (V)0 0,2 0,4 0,55

Short circuit current

Open circuit voltage

MPP

European Efficiency

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

P5

P10

P20

P30 P

50P

100

0%

50%

100%

3%6%

13%10%

48%

20%

3%6%

13%10%

48%

20%

η=91.8%

η=85.9%

η=95.8%

η=96.4% η=96.0%η=94.8%

η=91.8%

η=85.9%

η=95.8%

η=96.4% η=96.0%η=94.8%

The inverter in this example has a European Efficiency of 95.5%. The maximum efficiency is 96.4%, but it only operates at this level of efficiency when the inverter is operating at 50% of its nominal rating.

The I-V curve of a crystalline silicon solar cell. The open circuit voltage (VOC) is around 0.5 V. At the maximum

power point (MPP) of the curve, the voltage is about 80% of the open circuit voltage (VOC) and the current

is about 95% of the short circuit current (ISC).

f.l.t.r.:Central inverter

Home inverter and electric meter Module inverterString inverters

22


23


Autonomous operationThe inverter input voltage is determined by the number of modules connected in series to form a string, the input current is determined by the number of strings. The inverter is connected directly to the public grid and feeds output of up to 4.6 kilo-watts (or more precisely: 4.6 kVA), usually in single phase, into the low voltage grid. Large-scale PV plants, however, require three-phase inverters.

Thanks to their high efficiency and the excellent quality of power they deliver to the grid, self-commutated inverters have gained a strong foothold in the market. Such inverters contain a microprocessor to create the on and off signals for the electronic circuit breaker. This switching frequency is much higher than the grid frequency. By rapidly chopping the direct current supplied by the PV modules, signals are created which best simulate sine function. During pulse pauses, the current is temporarily stored in the input capacitor.

Because the inverter is not controlled by the grid, but works autonomously, it also feeds-in power when the grid is switched off, for example in the event of mainte-nance work. In order to avoid endangering the grid operator’s electricians, the system is required to have a protective circuit which automatically disconnects the inverter from the public grid if its voltage or frequency deviates from the author-ized limits. Two automatic load break switches are used to ensure safety. A com-mon design concept for this automatic disconnection device (ADD) is the “Mains monitoring unit with allocated switching devices connected in series” (MSD – see chapter “Planning and Grid integration”).

TransformersThe use of transformers in inverters sim-plifies the conversion of alternating cur-rent to match the grid voltage level, but involves magnetic and ohmic losses, and increases the device’s weight. Further-more, far from operating silently, it draws attention to itself with a low-pitched humming noise. For this reason, high frequency transformers are often used instead of 50 Hz models. They are smaller, lighter in weight and more efficient, but require more complex power electronics.

If the direct current supplied by the PV generator is greatly above the crest value of the grid voltage, the transformer be-comes technically redundant. In addition, buck-boost converters can be employed to expand the input voltage range of an inverter and adjust it to suit different PV generators. Owing to their high efficiency, transformerless inverters are now well-established on the market.

Since removing the transformer also entails the loss of galvanic isolation, a DC-sensitive fault protection switch needs to be included. A further disadvantage of removing the transformer is a slight increase in electromagnetic radiation (electrosmog). Inverters should therefore be installed in a cool, dry place away from living rooms or bedrooms.

Inverter conceptsRecent times have seen the construction of ever larger PV plants. As the modules used here are the same as those used in smaller installations, tens of thousands of them are required to build megawatt-range solar power plants. The fact that photovoltaic generation involves so many small elements means that, depending on the power rating, several options are avail-able for feeding into the grid.

Today, inverters come in so many differ-ent sizes that, in principle, each module could be fitted with a customized inverter. Such module inverters essentially enable optimum adjustment to the MPP of each individual module. The alternating current output of these “micro inverters” can be easily connected in parallel, eliminating the need for DC cabling. Though easy to install on the rear side of the module, the devices have relatively low efficiency and high specific costs. To date, these small inverters are only used in special applica-tions, such as installations with an output of between three and five kilowatts designed for consumption at source.

Alternatively, every module string can be connected to one sole inverter. When PV plants were still small, such central inverters were the norm. Today, particu-larly in large-scale PV plants, a variant of the central inverter with three to four inverters in hierarchical order (master and slave) is used. While insolation is low, only the master is active, but as soon as its up-per output limit is reached, as insolation increases, the first slave is switched in. The characteristic curve of the master-slave unit is composed of the curves of the individual inverters, and therefore displays higher efficiency in the lower output range than a central inverter. To ensure that the workload is distributed evenly among the individual inverters, master and slave are rotated in a fixed cycle, which could be that each morning the inverter with the fewest operating hours starts as the master.

In addition to module and central invert-ers, string inverters provide a third option, enabling the MPP of each string to be tracked individually. This solution is ideal where strings receive different degrees of shading throughout the day, causing the operating points of individual strings to move differently. Here, the electricity is fed into the grid by several, independent string inverters. A further variant of the string inverter is the multistring inverter, which combines several MPP trackers in one device.

DCAC

4.

5.

1. PV generator2. Generator junction box3. DC switch4. Inverter5. Grid supply

Central inverter

1.

2.

3.

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

1.

2.

3.

1. PV generator2. Inverter3. Grid supply

Module inverters

DCAC

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

3.

4.

1. PV generator2. DC switch3. Inverter4. Grid supply

Single string inverters

2.

DCAC

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

1.

Single-string inverters take a single string of series-connected modules. Each string has its own inverter.

The PV array consists of several strings of series-connected modules. The whole of the installation is

served by a single central inverter.

Module inverters connect single modules or pairs of modules directly with the grid.

Island inverter with battery

24


25


Optimization using individual MPP controllers Given that each module in a string has its own MPP, controlling the MPP of a string is always a compromise which results in losses. Inverters with separate MPP controllers have recently been developed to get around this problem. These “power optimizers” – sometimes also called power maximizers – equip each module with its own MPP controller, enabling it to generate power at its optimum operating point and thus allowing the inverter to achieve a high level of efficiency. Opinions on the actual efficiency of the different systems are divided. Advocates argue that they are particularly useful if a PV gen-erator’s strings are exposed to different levels of insolation in the course of a day. Then, for instance, shading on individual modules no longer impairs the yield of the system as a whole.

Inverter lifespanLong-term experience suggests that an inverter will operate fault-free for ten to twelve years before extensive repairs or full replacement become necessary. De-spite technical developments to increase the lifespan of inverters, this is still clearly lower than that of the PV generator.

Inverters are used in many different envi-ronments: both indoors and outdoors and in almost all climate zones. The most im-portant factor limiting where an inverter may be installed is the maximum permis-sible temperature at rated power. Where the ambient temperature could cause this to be exceeded (e.g. if the inverter is installed in an uninsulated roof structure), active cooling becomes necessary.

However, the use of ventilators entails fur-ther risks, for example when inverters are installed in agricultural buildings. Here, if incorrectly installed, the ventilator can draw grain dust or ammonia vapors into the inverter, which can restrict ventilator operation or induce corrosion.

In order to increase service life, particu-lar attention must therefore be paid to ensuring that an inverter’s individual components cannot overheat. In addition, they must be kept free from dust, damp and aggressive gases. Inverters in off-grid systems

Inverters are now also increasingly used in locations where it is not possible to feed energy into the grid. Such island systems are the traditional territory of photovolta-ics. Here, electronic charge controllers are employed to ensure that power supplied by (usually stand-alone) PV modules is stored in batteries as efficiently as possible. DC power consuming equip-ment (such as lamps and refrigerators) is connected to the charge controller and is thus supplied either by the solar power generated at a given moment or by power stored in the batteries.

However, two serious disadvantages of DC power consuming devices mean that charge controllers require supplemen-tation: As they are only manufactured in small quantities, such devices are relatively expensive and the selection is very limited. On the other hand, many inexpensive lamps, televisions and re-frigerators already exist which, although they require 230 Volt (V) AC voltage, are well-suited to use with solar power supply systems owing to their low energy con-sumption. Inverters are therefore needed in order for such equipment to be used in island systems. The devices are usually connected directly to the battery. They may also be connected to the load outlet of the charge controller, though this could become overloaded by the high initial cur-rent of certain devices (such as electrical machines or compressor refrigerators).

It is therefore wise to choose island inverters with integrated charge control-lers. This solution has the disadvantage, however, that the charge controller and inverter can no longer be individually matched to a given PV plant.

Stand-alone PV systems

DC loads

Pumpscathodic protection

AC loads

AC loads

DC loads

DC loads

DC loads

DC loads

Charge controller,battery monitoring

Lead-acid or NiCd battery,capacitor

Additional power source (diesel, wind)

PV module(s) Inverter DC-DC converter

Simple DC motors, fountain pumps, fans

Pumps with power conditioning, cathodic protection

Larger AC pumps, or other AC drives

Miniature appliances, pocket calculators,watches

Mobile applications, telecom, medical refrigeration, bus shelter lights, small SHSs

Autonomous DC loads, emergency telephones,clocks (with load management)

Remote homes, schools, hospitals - with additional power source (diesel / wind) in larger installations

<0.1

W 1 W

1 W

100

W1,

000

W>1

0,00

0 W

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

ApplicationPower rangeSystem

Product development: inverter

left: Regular maintenance prolongs the system’s life

expectancy.right: PV sytems are often exposed to harsh weather

conditions.

Island system in the European Alps

26


27

Plant Monitoring and Identifying Faults

Plant Monitoring and Identifying FaultsEvery kilowatt hour counts, because only kilowatt hours that are fed-into the grid or privately consumed are remunerated. It is therefore necessary to thoroughly monitor operational data. A plant’s operator can only take prompt measures to eliminate operational faults and failures where these are signaled imme-diately. Merely reading the feed-in meter each month is not sufficient to recognize faults and to avoid the loss of yields. Constant measurements are therefore necessary to ensure optimal operation.

Many inverters record the most impor-tant operational data, evaluate the data automatically and, in the event of a fault, send the operator notifications via email, text message or internet. This is sufficient for basic plant monitoring. However, it only allows obvious faults, such as fault currents or total failure, to be recorded.

In order to determine whether a PV plant is producing optimal yields, the plant data needs to be measured continually, and preferably compared with the actual radiation values present. This is due to the fact that currents and voltages, and con-sequently feed-in capacities, constantly change depending on meteorological con-ditions. The operator can only determine whether or not the PV plant’s operational data indicate optimal functioning by directly comparing them with insolation data.

Measuring insolation and outputSolar radiation is established either using pyranometers or PV sensors. A third – more indirect – possibility is to compare a plant’s data with meteorological data and yields from PV plants in that locality.

Pyranometers measure insolation on hori-zontal surfaces with great accuracy. They essentially consist of two hemispherical glass domes, a black metal plate that acts as an absorbing surface, the thermal ele-ments positioned below this and a white metal casing. Solar radiation heats the absorbing surface, the warming of which is directly dependent on the insolation. Insolation can thus be ascertained from the temperature difference between the absorbing surface and the white metal casing. The advantage of high measuring accuracy is, nevertheless, opposed by a se-rious disadvantage: Due to their thermal functionality, pyranometers are relatively sluggish, which means that they are incapable of accurately detecting rapid in-solation fluctuations caused, for example, by broken overcast. Moreover, insolation recorded on a horizontal plane must be converted to the module plane in order to obtain meaningful radiation values for evaluating a PV plant’s yields.

PV sensors installed in the module plane offer an alternative to accurate, but slow and expensive, pyranometers: Here, there is no longer a need for the insola-tion measured to first be converted from horizontal to module plane. A PV sensor consists of a solar cell which supplies power in proportion to insolation. This power is, however, also dependent on the operating temperature of the solar cell, which means that a temperature sensor is necessary in order to offset thermal effects and determine the exact insolation. However, owing to its limited spectral response, the solar cell cannot detect certain portions of the insolation, and reflection losses may also occur. PV sensors are therefore much less accurate in their measurements of insolation than pyranometers. Despite this, they are often used to monitor PV plants. This is because a PV sensor can be selected to correspond to a plant’s modules. For example, a PV plant consisting of CIS thin-film modules is monitored by a PV sensor with a CIS solar cell. This simplifies the comparison of instantaneous values, which means that operational faults and defects can be recognized quickly.

Inverter test trackSimulation of extreme temperature conditions: inverter in cold chamber

28


29

Plant Monitoring and Identifying Faults

With both pyranometers and PV sensors, additional measurement of the modules’ operating temperature is necessary to convert the insolation data to the target value. This is because, with the same insolation, a module supplies a much greater output on a cooler day than on a warm one.

Comparisons with regional meteorologi-cal data mean that pyranometers and PV sensors are no longer required. Yield simu-lations are calculated using data supplied by neighboring meteorological offices and compared with the actual yield. Operators can also check their own performance data by examining the yield of nearby PV plants. Both methods have the disadvan-tage that faults often go unrecognized for hours or even days.

Insolation data obtained from satellite pictures may also be consulted in order to determine whether the PV plant is running efficiently. The yields are re-corded hourly and sent to a server via the internet once a day. There, the data are compared to the yields expected. This method achieves an average accuracy – although not very quickly – comparable to plant monitoring with PV sensors. If a fault is identified, it often cannot be recti-fied immediately because the target value and actual value of the yield are only compared once a day.

Another method of monitoring a plant is the continuous comparison of output supplied by the individual module strings (string monitoring). If all the strings have been installed with the same orientation, then their output should always be the same. If it is possible that partial shad-ing could occur, this is known in advance. Therefore, if a string unexpectedly falls behind the others this means that there must be a fault. String monitoring is a quick, simple and effective method of identifying yield losses.

If the operational data are saved on the internet, a service provider can take over the task of monitoring the plant and then inform the operators of any faults which occur, or even independently take meas-ures to rectify them.

Causes of faults resulting in yield reductionYield losses can generally be attributed to three causes of faults. Component faults, installation faults and faults caused by external influences.

Component faults are more frequently found in inverters than modules. These can be due to production faults, aging or thermal overload of the inverters. Such faults often lead to the complete fail-ure of either the PV plant or the part of the generator connected to the defec-tive inverters. An increasing number of inverter manufacturers are, therefore, now providing long-term guarantees and service contracts. PV modules are not as badly affected by thermal overload as in-verters, but rather by external influences, although this happens over relatively long periods of time. Crystalline solar modules can supply power for 30 years without showing significant signs of aging.

Production faults are often identified in the factory, meaning that broken cells or incomplete lamination only rarely appear in a PV plant as component faults.

Installation faults rarely result in com-plete plant failure but only in partial yield reduction. Sometimes, installation faults only start to take effect after a certain time, which means that they are recog-nized far too late. If, for example, modules are installed so close to one another that there is no longer an expansion gap, the glazing may crack due to the effects of temperature and wind. Individual mod-ules or even whole strings will continue to fail as a result of electrical connections not being installed carefully enough. Insulation can also be adversely affected by installation faults. For this reason, it is wise to use an automatic insulation monitor, which is integrated into some inverters.

External influences primarily affect PV modules. Over the decades, UV radiation from the sun will lead to light aging. The darkening of the plastic film (browning) can lead to a reduction in module output (degradation). Weather-induced aging is only observed relatively rarely in the plastics, in which the cells are embedded. Cell damage occurs more often, which is caused by shading and subsequent excessive heating (hot spot). Bypass or string diodes may be damaged by thermal overload or overvoltages. Inverters are not normally directly exposed to meteorologi-cal conditions although they are adversely affected by circuit feedback, for example.

System inspection

PV sensor

Satellite image of global irradiationPyranometer

Test plant

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Protection against Lightning and Overvoltage

Protection against Lightning and OvervoltageHighly excessive voltages and currents can threaten the operation of a PV plant. Such surges are mainly caused by lightning strikes, but also by faults in the grid. Ensuring a path to earth for any lightning or cur-rents caused by overvoltage is an extremely important factor in PV plant protection.

In principal, a PV plant does not gener-ally increase the risk of a building being struck by lightning. A separate lightning protection system does not necessarily need to be constructed simply because a PV plant has been installed. Nevertheless, VdS (the German institute for fire protec-tion and security) recommends installing a lightning and overvoltage protection system for all plants with a capacity of ten kilowatts or more. In a given case, the risks should be assessed in order to enable a decision in favor of or against the construction of a lightning and overvolt-age protection system. If the building on which the PV plant is constructed is already equipped with a lightning protec-tion system (e.g. a public building), the PV plant must be integrated into the protec-tion concept.

External lightning protection includes all measures for arresting lightning and conducting it to ground, and consists of a lightning current arrester, a down lead capable of carrying lightning and a grounding system which distributes the lightning current in the earth.

Priority must be given to preventing the lightning from directly hitting the modules. This is first and foremost neces-sary when the PV generator has been installed in an exposed area (elevated on a flat roof, for example). Rods or wires are used as lightning current arresters, and the core shadow of these should not be cast on the modules as far as this is possible. Somewhat smaller air terminal rods are, therefore, placed in front of the solar modules and somewhat larger ones are placed behind the modules. The exact number and spacing of the air terminal rods is given by the class of protection desired and is calculated using methods such as the “rolling sphere method”.

Indirect effectsThe probability of indirect lightning effects occurring is significantly higher than that of a direct lightning strike. This is because every lightning strike within a one kilometer radius can generate current flow in the modules, module cables and in the main DC cable by means of induc-tion. Conductive and capacitive coupling are also possible and can equally cause overvoltage.

An integrated lightning protection system comprising measures and equipment within the PV plant and in the building is, therefore, required. Its fundamental purpose is to prevent inductive coupling and provide a path to earth for currents caused by overvoltage.

In order to keep coupling in the module cables to a minimum, the area of the open conductor loops in the generator circuit must be as small as possible. The outgo-ing and return lines of the strings are, therefore, laid as close as possible to each other. The use of shielded single lines also reduces the risk of lightning effects.

Surge protection devices (SPD) not only prevent inductive coupling but also the occurrence of grid-side overvoltage, and are normally built into the generator junction box. Because varistors used as voltage dependent resistors can age due to leakage currents, the combination of two varistors and a spark discharger in Y connection is considered the safest long-term protection against overvoltage.

Surge protection measure

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

Surge protection measure - DC cables of the same

string bundled together to avoid loops in which volt-

age surges can be induced.

External lightning protection

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Cables and Connectors

Reverse current and electric arcsIncreased currents can also occur if there is a voltage drop in a string, caused for ex-ample by shading or a short circuit. If this happens, the parallel-connected strings will function like an external power source which drives a fault current in the direction of consumption (reverse current) through the modules of the defective string. If the reverse current resistance of the modules is exceeded they will start to heat up, so string diodes are used to prevent such reverse currents. Many PV plants today are, however, built without string diodes, as most modules now have higher reverse current resistance and will easily withstand reverse current of 10 to 20 amps.

Since direct current and DC voltage are generated in a PV plant, there is a danger that non-self-extinguishing arcs could be created, which could cause fire. This danger is not present in an alternating current circuit because the regular zero crossing of the alternating current’s sine curve immediately extinguishes any electric arc created. The electrical connec-tions in the DC circuit of a PV plant must, therefore, be extremely secure, because a loose connection can lead to sparking and, consequently, trigger an electric arc. As a result, when laying the DC cables of a PV plant it is standard to protect them from short circuit and ground leakages. This is achieved by tidy cable routing (e.g. not running unprotected over sharp edges) and the use of separate positive and negative cables, as well as double cable insulation.

String fuses in the GJB can also generally prevent the cables from becoming over-loaded in the event of faults. These are intended to reduce the risk of electric arcs.

Cables and ConnectorsThe electrical connections in a system may be inconspicuous, but their effects should not be underesti-mated. As a relatively large number of electrical connections are required in order to connect the modules of a PV plant to the inverter, the losses at contact points can add up. Long-lasting, secure cable connections with low contact resistances are necessary to avoid defects, losses and accidents.

Lightning damage

Solar cables

34


35

Cables and Connectors

A PV plant’s electrics consist of the DC cables between modules, generator junc-tion box and inverter, and the AC cable running from inverter to grid. DC cabling is composed of two single-core, double-insulated cables and is almost exclusively laid outside, which means that the insula-tion must be weatherproof. A three-core AC cable is used for connection to the grid if a single-phase inverter is used, and a five-core cable is used for three-phase feed-in.

Individual modules are connected using cables to form the PV generator. The module cables are connected into a string which leads into the generator junction box, and a main DC cable connects the GJB to the inverter. In order to eliminate the risk of ground faults and short circuits, the positive and negative cables, each with double insulation, need to be laid separately.

Solar cables, which are UV and weather resistant and can be used within a large temperature range, are laid outside. Single-core cables with a maximum permissible DC voltage of 1.8 kV and a temperature range from -40°C to +90°C are the norm here. A metal mesh encas-ing the cables improves shielding and overvoltage protection, and their insula-tion must not only be able to withstand thermal but also mechanical loads. As a consequence, plastics which have been cross-linked using an electron beam are increasingly used today.

The cross-section of the cables should be proportioned such that losses incurred in nominal operation do not exceed 1%. String cables usually have a cross-section of four to six square millimeters.

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

Solar cable

Solar cables are single-cored, double-insulated and must withstand extreme weather conditions.

Losses add upConnection technology has needed to develop rapidly over the last few years, as inadequate contacting can cause electric arcs. Secure connections are required that will conduct current fault-free for as long as 20 years . The contacts must also show permanently low contact resistance. Since many plug connectors are required in order to cable a PV plant, every single connection should cause as little loss as possible, so that losses do not accumulate. Given the precious nature of the solar power acquired from the PV plant, as little energy as possible should be lost.

Terminal screws and spring clamp connec-tors are gradually being replaced by spe-cial, shock-proof plug connectors, which simplify connection between modules and with the string cables.

Crimp connection (crimping) has proven itself to be a safe alternative for attaching connectors and bushes to the cables. It is used both in the work carried out by fit-ters on the roof and in the production of preassembled cables in the factory. Here, litz wire is pressure bonded with a contact using a crimping tool, which causes both to undergo plastic deformation creating a durable connection.

A recently developed special plug makes it possible to secure connections without the use of a special tool. In this instance, the stripped conductor is fed through the

cable gland in the spring-loaded connec-tor. Subsequently, the spring leg is pushed down by thumb until it locks into place. The locked cable gland thus secures the connection permanently.

Plug connectors are now also available with cables welded on. Such connections cannot, however, be carried out during installation work on the roof, but only dur-ing production in the factory.

Another recent development are pre-assembled circular connection systems for the AC range. These are intended to reduce the high levels of installation work required when several inverters are used within one plant.

Module with cable connection

PV connector for tool-free assembly

Individual, customized, mounted branch cable leads

36


37

Planning and Grid Integration

Planning and Grid IntegrationIntegrating increasing amounts of solar energy into the public power supply puts various demands on PV plants. For example, special protective devices are required to prevent the risk of danger in the event of mains interference. The more PV plants feed into the public grid, the greater the demands placed on the grid services that they must perform.

Guidelines and standards regulate exactly how PV plants should be connected to the public grid, which gives rise to two highly important requirements. Firstly, when solar power is fed into the grid the power quality of the grid should not be reduced. Secondly, personal safety must be ensured in the event of mains interference. Anoth-er requirement has also recently gained importance: PV plants should support the power grid and perform grid-related control functions.

The requirements for power in-feed are clearly defined: The grid requires sinusoi-dal alternating current with stable voltage and frequency, and the harmonic com-ponent limits are regulated in guidelines and standards. Modern inverters meet these power quality requirements, yet in some cases limits may be exceeded.

Voltage and frequency stabilities are high in the fully-developed, close-meshed grid supplied by large thermal power sta-tions, and solar power can usually also be injected without problems, even in large quantities.

High demands on grid feed-inThe further away the feeding point from large power plants, the greater the requirements that are placed on grid feed-in. If PV plants feed into a rural grid structure or grid branch lines, this may cause an increase in voltage that exceeds the specified limits.

When a large amount of energy is con-sumed, the voltage in these weak grid spurs decreases, meaning that the act of feeding in decentralized solar power sup-ply counteracts this decrease in voltage and, in turn, supports the grid. Increased consumption and increased feed-in do not, however, always occur at the same time, which means that measures need to be taken to inhibit excessive increases in voltage.

Disconnection devicesThe grid operator stipulates that a protec-tive device be used between the power generating plant and the grid, which can disconnect the plant from the grid when necessary. Its primary function is to ensure personal safety, because if the grid is shut down to carry out repair or main-tenance work, power generating plants could continue to feed energy into the grid and put the safety of staff at risk.

This task is performed by an automatic disconnection device (ADD) or a manual disconnection device to which the grid operator has permanent access. An ADD recognizes grid failures and cutoffs, as well as changes to voltage and frequency which exceed the authorized limits, and disconnects the PV plant from the grid.

Until 2004, only the use of an MSD as an ADD was permitted in Germany. The MSD measures grid impedance and is able to recognize power failure and cutoff on the basis of impedance jumps. Since 2005, other grid monitoring methods have been authorized: These include evaluating the harmonic components, measuring the de-viation of grid frequency and three-phase voltage monitoring.

A single-phase ADD is sufficient for PV plants with a feed-in capacity of up to 4.6 kVA, while a three-phase ADD is required for plants with a feed-in capacity from 4.6 to 40 kVA. Larger plants are mostly equipped with manual disconnection devices.

Grid operators prefer ADDs with three-phase voltage monitoring, while the MSD is now only used for single-phase feed-in due to its method of measuring imped-ance and the associated measurement pulses which cause interference.

PV systems are decentralized power suppliers and push forward the development of smart grids.

The importance of grid-related functions has increased significantly.

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Static and dynamic supportIn Germany, large-scale PV plants which feed into the medium-voltage grid must provide certain grid services in accord-ance with the country’s Medium Voltage Directive (Mittelspannungsrichtlinie). In addition to a device facilitating power re-duction, these include static and dynam-ic grid support. Control algorithms are therefore developed for inverters in order to control voltage and frequency fluctua-tions. The directive came into force on January 1, 2009, although transitional periods apply. It is to be expected that similar requirements will be incorporated into the Low Voltage Directive (Nieder-spannungsrichtlinie), which is currently being revised, so that small PV plants will also need to provide grid services in the near future.

Static grid support is required when grid voltage rises or falls slowly. Support is provided by supplying reactive power and limiting active power dependent on the frequency. Dynamic grid support is predominantly required when voltage dips occur in the upstream high-voltage grid. The PV plant should not then shut down immediately, but should remain on the grid for a time (fault ride through, FRT) and feed-in reactive current to sup-port the grid voltage dynamically. Only when the grid ceases to function for sev-eral seconds is the PV plant shut down.

From July 1, 2011, static grid support will be prescribed by law in Germany. This applies to all inverters that feed into the medium and low voltage grids which have an output of 3.68 kVA or above (230 V x 16 A). Once the transitional period expires on January 1, 2012, practically all PV plants that are connected to the grid will be required to perform this grid service. These increased requirements on systems technology bring with them the advan-tage that it will now be possible, even in weak grids, to install a far greater amount of PV capacity before the grid needs to be expanded.

The low-voltage grid offers great poten-tial for conserving and displacing power, which can be optimized by decentralized feed-in systems. Microgrids generating their own power, which are connected to one another by the public grid, can play a decisive role in this and can comple-ment the grid integration of photovoltaic systems.

Decentralization and consumption at sourceUsing intelligent control engineering, a variable, virtual, large-scale power sta-tion could be developed in connection with decentralized feed-in systems and electricity consumers. As elements in this power plant, PV plants would contribute to reducing the purchase of electricity from the public grid. Moreover, PV plants could improve supply security through short-term island operation.

In future, inverters could take over grid management tasks and provide energy services. In addition to stabilizing voltage and frequency, these include controlling the power factor and the targeted produc-tion of harmonic components to improve grid quality.

For this reason, bidirectional network interfaces are required to enable the necessary communication and to link the large number of decentralized suppliers and consumers together in “smart grids”.

Due to the decentralized nature of solar power generation, it is obvious that users generating power should themselves consume as much of this as possible at source. This reduces grid feed-in and the need to transport power over great distances.

In an average household, 20-30% of energy is consumed at times when solar power is generated. Simple measures could be used to increase this proportion by a further ten percentage points, for example by logging consumption as well as generation using the automatic plant monitoring system, which will compare

Structure of the German power grid

Low voltage 230-400 V

Ultra-high voltage 220-380 kV

High voltage 80-110 kV

Medium voltage 6-60 kV

Wind farms

Small and medium-sized enterprisesAgriculture

Transformer

Transformer

Transformer

Small towns, individual households

Cogeneration plants

Large-scale PV plants

Small-scale PV plants

Large factories and residential areas, hospitals, office buildings,

shopping malls…

Large industrial plants

Regional power suppliers

European power union

Heavy industry

Power stations

Rail

Medium-sized industrial plants

© SOLARPRAXIS AG

Solar community in Freiburg (Germany)

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41


both graphically. Users could then bet-ter adapt their consumption to match generation and maximize their own consumption of the solar power.

The inverter could be fitted out so that it automatically switches on individual household appliances (washing machines, dishwashers, dryers, etc.) as soon as enough solar power is generated. These appliances would be equipped with remote-controlled sockets and their per-formance data stored as profiles. The PV plant and the power network in the home would thus be unified, and electronic appliances would be supplied with either pure solar power or a mix of solar and grid power depending on insolation.

In Germany, the personal consumption of solar power by those who generate it has been encouraged since 2009 as part of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). Only energy consumed concurrently with its production, i.e. the actual energy that is not fed into the grid but is directly con-sumed in close proximity to the PV plant, is considered to be for “own consump-tion”. It is not possible to balance out yield produced throughout the year with yearly consumption. In order to check concurren-cy, a production meter is required in ad-dition to a reference meter and a feed-in meter. The actual consumption at source is calculated from the difference between production and feed-in.

If feed-in is single-phase but individual consumers have a three-phase connec-tion, differences will arise which impact badly on the evaluations of own con-sumption. Three-phase feed-in is, there-fore, an advantage.

Across the pond: a view on the United StatesIn the United States, transmisson lines run from 138kV to 765kV whereas distribution lines run as low as 4kV. However, com-pared to European countries for example, the main challenge for feeding solar power into the U.S. grid is not different voltage levels, but rather the complexity of its structure. The electric grid in the United States is a collection of many regional grids that are owned and operated by private compa-nies but governed by state and federal governments. Figuring out interconnec-tion and the wholesale power market rules can be daunting for new entrants into the solar market.

The country is roughly divided into three main power grids: Western Interconnect, Texas Interconnect and Eastern Intercon-nect. Each region is further divvied up by grid operators who coordinate and moni-tor these transmission networks and who sometimes also oversee the wholesale electric market. Ten large grid operators serve two-thirds of the consumers in the United States and more than 50% in Canada.

In California, the largest solar market in the nation, the California Independent System Operator manages about 80% of the grid. Utility-scale project developers typically apply to the California ISO for the rights to connect their projects to the transmission network. The application involves hefty fees; sometimes develop-ers have to help pay for new transmission equipment in order to send power from their projects in remote areas to cities. For commercial and residential PV customers, they apply to their utilities for connecting their systems to the part of the grid that is called the distribution network. The United States has more 3,200 public and private utilities.

The anticipated growth in solar and other renewable sources has prompted FERC, states, grid operators and utilities to examine whether they need to expand and upgrade the transmission networks. More renewable power projects require a greater grid capacity. The intermittent nature of solar and wind makes it tricky for grid operators to predict and manage supply and demand.

Many transmission projects have been proposed mainly to accommodate the increase of renewable electricity. In Febru-ary, the U. S. Department of Energy an-nounced its first-ever loan guarantee for a transmission project called One Nevada Transmission. The DOE is providing a loan guarantee of $343 million to NV Energy and Great Basin Transmission to build a 235-mile transmission line to connect the northern and southern service territory of NV Energy for the first time. The 500 kilovolt line, which will cost about $500 million in total to build, will be able to ferry 600 megawatts of electricity and allow NV Energy to manage geothermal power from the north and solar power from the south.

00

Time (s) Time (s)0 0.40.2 0 0.40.2 0 0.40.2Time (s)

Voltage

Possible grid disturbances

Some power supplies, such as those used in older computers but also in other recent appliances and compact fluorescent light bulbs, cause changes in sine waves.

When “capacitive” power appliances are switched on, brief disturbances arise. Battery chargers are examples of capacitive loads. But these loads have to be very great indeed for the disturbances to have an impact.

A large power consumer can put such a great load on the grid that voltage drops. Inverters can only compensate for such disturbances if the devices can store electricity.

© S

OLA

RPRA

XIS

AG

The next step is to bring together energy consumption control and battery stor-age – either as a stationary battery bank or in mobile format in an electric vehicle. Conventional batteries are only of limited suitability for this purpose because high storage losses and low efficiency lead to costs of 20 to 30 euro cents per kilowatt hour saved. These costs can be reduced by higher consumption of energy at source, improved load displacement and, above all, by increased conservation.

Rising personal consumption of solar power has made battery storage (right) a new and

promising market segment.

8 MWp power plant in Alamosa, Colorado, USA

42

Companies: xxx

43

Companies: xxx

The Companies

44 45

OverviewOverview

OverviewCompanies presented at a glance (in order of appearance)

page 48 page 50 page 51












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Business AreasBusiness Areas

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48 ABB ● ● ● ● ●

50 Advanced Energy ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

51 AEG Power Solutions ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

52 Alteams Group ● ●

54 Answer Drives Srl ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

53 applied international informatics GmbH ●

56 Bonfiglioli ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

57 Danfoss Solar Inverters ● ●

58 DEHN + SÖHNE GmbH + Co. KG. ●

59 Delta Energy Systems (Germany) GmbH ● ●

60 Elettronica Santerno S.p.A. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

61 Eltek Valere ● ● ● ● ●

62 Emerson ● ● ● ●

63 Enecsys ● ●

64 Finnveden Metal Structures AB ●

66 Fronius Deutschland GmbH ● ● ● ● ●

65 KACO new energy GmbH ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

69 KOSTAL Industrie Elektrik GmbH ● ●

68 KOSTAL Solar Electric GmbH ● ● ●

70 M+W Group ● ●

71 Mastervolt ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

72 Multi-Contact AG ● ●

73 Power-One ● ● ● ● ●

74 RefuSol GmbH ● ● ● ● ●

75 Satcon Technology Corporation ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

76 Schneider Electric ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

78 SIEL S.p.A. ● ● ● ● ● ●

80 Siemens AG ● ● ● ● ●

79 skytron® energy GmbH ● ● ● ● ●

82 SMA Solar Technology AG ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

92 Solarpraxis AG ●

84 SOLON SE ● ● ● ●

83 SOLUTRONIC AG ● ● ● ● ●

86 Sputnik Engineering AG ● ● ● ●

93 Sunbeam GmbH ●

88 SUNGROW ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

89 Wieland Electric ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

48 49

Companies: xxxBusiness areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision, LOP, connection technology

ABB has been working for decades to offer products and solutions to reduce the envi-ronmental impact of energy systems. Now with the growth in photovoltaic (PV) pow-er systems, ABB is once again providing leading-edge solutions from low voltage components to frequency converters, me-dium voltage transformers, switch gears, and now solar inverters. Whether the PV power systems are industrial, commercial or residential, ABB’s high-quality products, systems and services provide optimum re-turn on investment.

Powerful solar inverters with global presenceThe ABB solar inverter utilizes over 40 years of advances in inverter and power convert-er technology that has contributed to ABB becoming the world leader in frequency converters and one of the biggest suppli-ers of wind turbine converters. ABB offers a complete portfolio of solar inverters from small transformerless single-phase string inverters up to hundreds of kilowatts trans-formerless central inverters. The portfolio is complemented by the megawatt station: a containerized turnkey solution designed for large-scale solar power generation. Fur-thermore, ABB solar inverters are support-ed through a worldwide sales and services

network that provides a complete range of life-cycle services.

ABB central inverters for photovoltaic power plants ABB central inverters are aimed at PV power plants and large industrial and commercial buildings. Based on ABB’s market-leading technology platform in frequency converters – the most widely used frequency converters in the market – the inverters comprise proven compo-nents with a long track record of perfor-mance excellence in demanding applica-tions and harsh environments. Equipped with extensive electrical and mechanical protection, the inverters are engineered to provide a long and reliable service life of at least 20 years. A wide range of options like remote monitoring with string current measurements, fieldbus connections and integrated DC cabinets are available. ABB central inverters were brought onto the market in 2009. Rapidly increased interest from the market has confirmed that there is strong demand for compact and modu-lar inverters based on a proven technology platform, that deliver high maximum effi-ciency and extremely low auxiliary power consumption. The inverters are available from 100 to 500 kW.

ABB Oy, DrivesAddress: Hiomotie 1300380 Helsinki · FinlandPhone: +358 10 22 11Email: [email protected] Web: www.abb.com/solar

Year founded: formed in 1988, merger of Swiss and Swedish engineering companies with predecessors founded in 1883 and 1891Employees: 124,000 (ABB Group)

ABBInverters for the Entire Spectrum without Losing a WattComprehensive solar inverter offering based on decades of experiencein power technology products, supported globally by a range of life-cycle services

181 kW PV power plant on the roof of the ABB factory in Finland

(opposite, top)

1 MWp PV power plant in Slovakia

ABB string inverters for residential buildingsABB string inverters are designed for PV systems installed on residential, commer-cial or industrial buildings. The inverter’s all-in-one design includes the necessary protection functions built into the invert-er, reducing the need for costly and space-consuming external protection devices and larger enclosures. The result is a more compact, reliable, safer and cost-effective solution, especially in installations using multiple inverters. The heart of the invert-er is the intuitive control unit equipped with a graphical display. It offers a compre-hensive range of key functionalities that are easy to use with the built-in assistants and help menu. The control unit has three different mounting options. It can be inte-grated in the inverter housing or mounted separately on a wall to monitor inverter performance from outside the installation room. It can also be wirelessly connected so that the inverter can be installed in a re-mote part of the site and monitored wire-lessly from inside the main building. The inverters are available from 3.3 to 8 kW.

Turnkey solution for large-scale solar power generationThe ABB megawatt station design capital-izes on ABB’s long experience in the devel-opment and manufacture of secondary substations for electrical authorities and major end-users worldwide in conven-tional power transmission installations. A station houses two 500 kW ABB central inverters, an optimized transformer, me-dium voltage switchgear, monitoring sys-tem and solar generator terminal boxes, which connect a photovoltaic power plant to a medium voltage electricity grid easily and rapidly. All components within the new megawatt station are part of ABB’s prod-uct portfolio. The steel-framed insulated container comes complete with a concrete foundation, also designed and produced by ABB. The station’s thermal insulation ena-bles operation in harsh temperature and humidity environments and is designed for at least 20 years of operation.

ABB is a leader in power and automa-tion technologies that enable utility and industry customers to improve their per-formance while lowering environmental impact. The ABB Group of companies oper-ates in around 100 countries and employs about 124,000 people.

ABB central inverter, PVS800, 500 kW

ABB solar inverter product portfolio

ABB string inverter, PVS300, with control unit

50 51

Business areas: inverters, housing,

power plant control, MLPM, monitoring/supervision, LOP,

connection technology, planning and grid integration,

software/IT, charge regulators

Business areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision, LOP, planning and grid integration, software/IT

Customer experienceWe are committed to providing an un-paralleled customer experience that en-compasses every aspect of interaction with us. Our industry-leading lead times mean that our customers receive their products when we say they will; we keep our word. We put our extensive PV system and power conversion experience to work in each customer engagement. At AE, we are much more than a technology provid-er; we are an extremely reliable partner in every customer’s success.

Innovation Advanced Energy is consistently first to market with products and services that set the standard for what comes next. We pioneer improvements in power conver-sion, power architecture, O&M services,

Advanced Energy Advanced Energy’s Solaron® and PV Powered™ inverters enable utility-scale, commercial and residential solar power project owners and devel-opers to maximize the lifetime value of their power plants. Customers count on AE’s global scale, 30 years of power experience and balance sheet confidence for optimum project financing and life-cycle performance.

grid stability and smart grid controls. AE delivers both technology and commercial innovation to generate project life-cycle economic value for our customers.

Maximum energy harvestThe PV Powered and Solaron inverters are reliable, provide high uptime and have up to 98.6% efficiency. They are designed to last at least 20 years with an architecture optimized to deliver the lowest possible levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Simply put, AE delivers life-cycle performance.

Solar site servicesAE delivers whole-site operations and maintenance service plans that increase the reliability of customers’ PV systems, regardless of whether inverters were pur-chased from us or elsewhere. AE global services is dedicated to responding quickly to issues, whether that means rolling a truck, providing phone support or any-thing in between. We provide application engineering support and warranties for up to 20 years, partnering with customers for the entire project life-cycle.

Advanced Energy Address: 20720 Brinson Blvd. Bend, OR. 97701 · USAPhone: +1 541 312-3832Fax: +1 541 312-3840Email: [email protected]: www.advanced-energy.com/renewables

Year founded: 1981Employees: 1,800

Solaron 500 kW inverter manufacturing team

AE’s power stations gener-ate electricity dependably, optimize levelized cost of

energy (LCOE) and help stabilize grid operation.

17.2 MW solar field with AE Solaron inverters

The central solar inverters are designed es-pecially for utility-scale applications both on industrial building roofs and in ground-mounted installations. A “power stack” with advanced design measuring and control technology, which provides an in-verter efficiency factor of 98.7% (certified by Fraunhofer ISE), is at the heart of the inverter. The Protect PV.250 and PV.500 inverters exceed expectations for their power class. The innovative FPGA circuits ensure flexible, precise and rapid con-trols needed to meet virtually all national grid standards.

The “Copain mode” using two inverters in a master-slave arrangement enables ver-satile power production and maintains a balance in the usage of the two units. The PV inverter can be configured to take ad-vantage of the “active earthing” capability with thin-film solar modules.

The TKS-C container solution includes me-tering and monitoring components as well as a robust communications infrastructure. The container station comprises a pair of Protect PV.250 or PV.500 solar inverters along with a medium-voltage transformer and switchgear. The container is a purpose-built safety structure capable of withstand-

AEG Power SolutionsWith over 60 years experience in providing power systems, AEG Power Solutions now supplies turnkey solutions for the photovoltaic industry with a wide range of PV inverters and containerized solutions.

ing medium-voltage transformer failure without detriment to the inverters, envi-ronment or personnel. The solar panel out-puts are collected using combiner boxes to produce appropriate voltages and currents. The infrastructure is integrated via commu-nication links between the combiner boxes, inverters, sensors (temperature, radiation, pyrano, weather) and data logger. PV.GuarD software allows the monitoring of power plant data via the web.

With facilities across Europe, the Middle East, Asia, China and North America, AEG Power Solutions is on hand for worldwide collaboration with all potential partners, including EPC, consultants, operators and investors.

AEG Power Solutions GmbHAddress: Emil-Siepmann-Straße 3259581 Warstein-Belecke · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)2902 763-141Fax: +49 (0)2902 763-1201Email: [email protected]: www.aegps.com

Year founded: 1946Sales volume: 400 million Euro (in 2009, worldwide)Employees: > 1,500 (worldwide)

AEG Power Solutions – Competence Center Warstein-Belecke, Germany

Combiner box PV.IcX

Built in cooperation with abakus solar AG, a solar plant in Derching, Germany, delivering 1.10 MWp

Solar Inverter Protect PV.250

52 53

Business area: software/ITBusiness areas: inverter components, housing

ai informatics is a provider of complete IT solutions and has been a reliable partner for companies in the manufacturing in-dustry for more than 35 years. ai informatics specializes in guiding cus-tomers through all phases of the IT appli-cation and infrastructure life-cycle: from design and implementation to application support and operations in the ai informatics data center.

In SPEED Solar, ai informatics has brought to market the first qualified SAP business all-in-one solution for the solar industry. This pre-configured and integrated soft-ware package is designed to meet the spe-cific requirements of companies in the PV industry. It can be used anywhere in the world, and is both scalable and future-proof.

SPEED Solar is, however, more than just SAP software that supports your value-added processes. ai informatics can offer SPEED Solar as a highly customized solution for all your specific needs with best practice templates, effective project management and implementation at a fixed price.

SPEED Solar can be customized, particu-larly for the following tasks:• power plant construction• variable end products, stochastic pro-

duction• uniform and universal use of watt-peak

and unit as terms in basic reporting areas

• transparency in sales planning, general production planning and long-term planning

• serial number and batch management• document management and CAD inte-

gration• integrated quality inspection• standardized consolidation system

(IFRS-compliant and local GAAP-based reporting)

• contact management and customer service

• material flow optimization• variable feedback from production –

easy connection to shop-floor systems• multi site

To see the full range of our professional services or get in touch with us, visit www.aiinformatics.com.

We look forward to talking to you!

applied international informatics GmbHBusiness Campus München: GarchingAddress: Parkring 485748 Garching bei München · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)89 255495-0Fax: +49 (0)89 255495-205Email: [email protected]: www.aiinformatics.com

Year founded: 1975

applied international informatics GmbHSPEED Solar Sheds Light on All Your Business Processes Customized SAP ERP solution for module and power plant builders and inverter technology

The # 1 choice in cast aluminum enclosures

Alteams Group is a global leader in the supply of cast aluminum enclosures for communication networks base stations, motion control systems and other elec-tronics systems. We have extensive expe-rience in tooling development and mass production of enclosures to protect elec-tronics and software, such as:• heat transfer solutions• environmental protection (IP class)• electronic isolation (EMC) • corrosion protection (alloy selection and

surface treatment)

Alteams globally serves customer needs in product segments such as network RF filters, microwave radio units, frequency converters, solar inverters, and electric mo-tors – just to mention a few. Design for cost and quality – assisting your R&D team

Our goal is to partner with your R&D team to optimize cast aluminum enclo-sures – considering both functionality and mass production conditions from the beginning of the product design phase. Alteams’ involvement will:• shorten the overall product design pro-

Alteams Group Die Cast Aluminum Solar Inverter EnclosuresAlteams Group is your partner for developing advanced cast aluminum enclosures. Our involvement early on in product R&D phase ensures:design optimization for mass production and quick time to market.

cess by anticipating potential casting production issues

• minimize necessary manufacturing steps and processes

• ensure stable product quality and con-formance to your requirements with proper tool design and process selection

Alteams Group has the product design and manufacturing expertise to ensure your next-generation solar inverter will be in the top of its class.

One partner for global supply and supportAlteams Group has manufacturing

facilities in Europe, China, and India. To-gether with our logistics centers in Europe and captive tool manufacturing facility in China, Alteams can ensure control of your IP and the entire supply chain to success-fully deliver your product to your factory.

Our European commercial and technical presence – supported by expert manufac-turing site personnel – ensures Alteams’ promise to our customers: Global Partner – Local Commitment.

Alteams Group – your ‘one stop shop’ for advanced cast aluminum enclosures ready for your assembly lines.

Alteams GroupAddress: P.O. Box 91 40351 Jyväskylä · FinlandPhone: +358 201 339-500Fax: +358 201 339-501Email: [email protected]: www.alteams.com

Year founded: individual foundries date back to 1943 – Alteams Group founded in 2002Employees: 1,500 (worldwide, 2010)

Minimizing enclosure size often requires better heat

transfer solutions.

Enclosure designed for outdoor conditions (top picture)Conductive gaskets (FIP) improve electronic isola-tion (EMC, bottom picture).

54 55

Business areas: inverters, housing, power plant control, MLPM,

monitoring/supervision, LOP, connection technology, planning and grid

integration, software/IT

Answer Drives Srl, established in 2007, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali with the specific mis-sion to conquer the emerging renewable energy market. At the beginning of 2009, the company launched its plug-and-play solution for large-scale solar power sta-tions, the Solargate5000. The inverter quickly caught the market’s attention and, in less than a year, the company sold and installed more than 50 MW of inverters. According to the Italian magazine “Affari & Finanza” (Business & Finance), based on 2010 sales, Answer Drives Srl is now the 10th largest player in the Italian solar en-ergy market.

The company’s attention to customer re-quirements led it to launch a water-cooled version of the inverter in 2010, in response to the high demand for photovoltaic plants in extremely hot climates. The in-verter system can be supplied in a panel or in a totally enclosed container-housing that greatly reduces installation time. The containers are extremely robust and well able to withstand rugged environmental conditions. “Our containerized solutions

have been very well received by the mar-ket,” stated Elio Piovano, Sales Manager for Answer Drives Srl. “In response to our customers’ demand for a twenty-year guarantee on solar power plants, we have designed our containers to withstand the test of time. Furthermore, our Group’s experience as a system integrator and in-dustrial automation provider has allowed us to design a highly rationalized layout that facilitates product maintenance and inspection.”

The unique feature of the Solargate5000 is that it was specifically designed and developed for large-scale, grid-connected photovoltaic power plants with a strong focus on:• photovoltaic power plants distributing

power directly to the grid system• industries wishing to install a photo-

voltaic plant to produce power using on-the-spot trading with the grid system

The inverter’s active front end ensures extremely low harmonics (THDLca < 3%), maximizing grid stability and ensuring near unity power factor and a maximum

Answer Drives Srl – an Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali SpA companyAddress: SS 11 – Cà Sordis, 436054 Montebello, Vicentino (VI) · ItalyPhone: +39 0444 449268Fax: +39 0444 449276Email: [email protected] Web: www.answerdrives.com

Year founded: 2007Sales volume: 70 million EuroEmployees: 60

Answer Drives SrlAnsaldo Sistemi Industriali SpA’s Answer for Solar PowerAnswer Drives Srl, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ansaldo Sistemi In-dustriali, now ranks among the top ten solar inverter suppliers in Italy thanks to the success of the Solargate5000.

The Solargate5000 for high-power solar plants with an installed base of more than 50 MW

efficiency of 98%. The Solargate inverter family comprises four classes of inverters available in two versions – low voltage (400 V) for net-metering installations and medium voltage (15/20 kV) for commercial applications. The inverters are certified according to EN61000-6-3, EN61000-6-4 and are also CE compliant. The grid con-nection meets CEI 0-16 and Real Decreto RD1663/2000 standards, and the interface is user-friendly and intuitive. The backlit graphic display with 3 LEDs and 20 keys is very easy to navigate and read. In their standard configuration, the Solargate in-verters can operate in temperatures from -10°C to 40°C; we can also supply inverters for temperatures up to 50°C (max – with a 1% derating per °C). And, of course, the in-verter is equipped with a series of protec-tion devices to safeguard and guarantee constant performance.

In addition to offering state-of-the-art technology, as part of Ansaldo Sistemi Industriali, Answer Drives Srl also offers customers the guarantee that they will receive the support they need for the en-tire life-cycle of the plant. Ansaldo Sistemi

Industriali can trace its history back 150 years. This is a strong indicator of the com-pany’s long-term continuity and commit-ment; both important aspects in assess-ing a supplier of large-scale power plants. Ensuring customers make a return on their investment is a fundamental part of cor-porate philosophy.

Answer Drives Srl is based in Montebello Vicentino (VI), Italy. With sales of roughly 75 million Euro and a workforce of 60, the company is rapidly expanding into over-seas markets including China and the US. Being highly focused and part of a large multinational organization, with the ex-perience and structure to guarantee the long-term commitment that customers in the solar market have come to expect, are two of the keys to Answer Drives Srl’s success.

The GT3000 inverter – the basic building block of the Solargate5000

Robust containers reduce installation time and prolong equipment life.

Being part of a large group offers customers better guarantees for future needs.

56 57

Business areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision, LOP, planning and grid integration, software/IT, communication services

Business areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision

Centralized and remote monitoring The TripleLynx Pro facilitates highly effec-tive system surveillance using centralized system configuration and monitoring. This is made possible by the integrated web server, master inverter functionalities and high-speed Ethernet connection.

Integrated monitoring makes it possible to monitor the system from anywhere in the world, once connected to the internet.

The comprehensive integrated web server then facilitates a centralized review of status information, plant performance, and inverter settings for the entire net-work. Reports in the form of numeric or graphical data display performance sta-tistics on a daily, monthly or annual basis, without the need for external loggers or other units.

With the ability to define one inverter as the master, system access becomes con-siderably faster and more efficient. Sim-plifying routine surveillance means that data from the entire network of inverters can be viewed by accessing the master inverter only. Furthermore, the master inverter can be configured to send daily yield reports for the entire site and, when required, alarms via email or SMS.

Danfoss Solar InvertersAlways One Step Ahead Based on the TripleLynx inverter platform, the TripleLynx Pro string inver - ter introduces new unique facilities. Planning and installation is made easier, operational efficiency and ease of use have been further improved.

One service access point for the entire networkCentralized access makes it possible to work more effectively with central system settings replication, message setting and export of log data directly to a PC.

The single point of entry to the network also makes it faster and easier to pinpoint and remedy errors, or simply just to imple-ment repetitive routine updates.

Time-saving technology and productivity enhancementsAll in all, the TripleLynx Pro inverter is the ideal solution for boosting the productivity of PV systems. With the TripleLynx Pro in-verter, installation, surveillance and service processes are streamlined by innovative, integrated monitoring and by the master inverter functionality.

Danfoss Solar Inverters A/SAddress: Ulsnaes 16300 Graasten · DenmarkPhone: +45 7488 1300Email: [email protected]: www.danfoss.com/solar

Year founded: 1933 Employees: 26,000 (worldwide)

The TripleLynx Pro is based on the strong TripleLynx platform with 1000 VDC, 3ô400 VAC and 98% efficiency.

The TripleLynx Pro features an integrated web server, providing online access whenever needed.

TripleLynx Pro is easy to install and configure, weighing only 35 kg and featuring an integrated web server.

With more than 50 years’ experience in system solutions for industry, 25 years in power electronics and 10 years in PV panel applications, the Bonfiglioli Group, head-quartered in Bologna (Italy), has laid the foundations for competitiveness and for the production of advanced, innovative products.

Thanks to the Bonfiglioli Vectron German center for solar inverters, the Group has been able to develop a range of high-ef-ficiency products for energy conversion in the photovoltaic sector. Bonfiglioli’s com-pact solutions portfolio includes specific inverters for all types of systems with out-puts between 30 and 170 kWp, for indoor and outdoor use, as well as a transformer-less modular system and the RPS Stations turnkey solution. The RPS Modular series offers modularity from 280 to 1,460 kWp at

Bonfiglioli The Bonfiglioli Group develops and manufactures a wide range of solar inverters and system components for photovoltaic systems, from 30 kW compact devices to 1.6 MW turnkey solutions.

a maximum efficiency level of 98.6%, flex-ibility in terms of planning and extreme ef-ficiency. It is also easy to install. Thanks to its comprehensive grid management func-tions and choice of “Multi MPPT” or “Mas-ter Slave” configurations, Bonfiglioli is able to meet the changing requirements of its customers and of the market.

Bonfiglioli inverters come with a life ex-pectancy of over 20 years and can be con-trolled via the web from anywhere in the world. The Group is active with a dedicated sales and after-sales network in all coun-tries where energy is billed and is able to assist customers in every phase of the product’s life-cycle. Flexible and scalable production puts the Group in a position to respond quickly to customer needs and product innovation. Thanks to Bonfiglioli’s continuous improvements and techno-logical innovations, the installation and operation of photovoltaic systems is made easier, more reliable, safer and more eco-nomical.

Bonfiglioli S.p.A. Address: Via Giovanni XXIII, 7/A 40012 Lippo di Calderara di Reno – Bologna · ItalyPhone: +39 0516473111Fax: +39 0516473126Email: [email protected]: www.bonfiglioli.com


Bonfiglioli string connection box and RPS Log communication module

One of the largest plants in the world. Bonfiglioli

inverters: 46 MW

RPS Bonfiglioli inverters

58 59

Business area: invertersBusiness area: lightning and overvoltage protection

Delta Energy Systems, a subsidiary of Delta Electronics Group – the world’s leading manufacturer of switch-mode power sup-plies – has been investing in the research and development of solar inverter prod-ucts at its German location since 1999. The result of this is something to be proud of – reliable solar inverters with high efficien-cies and state-of-the-art, high-frequency topology. At the center of the company’s activities is the designing of new equip-ment with steadily improving efficiencies, low no-load losses and high reliability.

The wide product range is comprised of models with various power classes for versatile applications, which makes it suit-able for all commonly used solar modules. Delta offers string and central inverters with transformer as well as transformer-less models. The third generation SOLIVIA solar inverters are appealing due to new features and improved product properties. Integrated country specific software, max-imum efficiency of up to 98.1% and wide operating temperature ranges are particu-larly characteristic for the SOLIVIA models. Delta has invested in state-of-the-art, cer-tified production facilities to manufacture the high-quality solar inverter product line. The company has a long-standing his-

tory of producing a wide range of cutting-edge power conversion devices at these locations for computer, medical, telecom, industrial and renewable energy applica-tions.

Service and support are two of our core competencies. Our highly motivated and up-to-date solar team is able to offer Delta customers a fast service via the Solar Sup-port Hotline set up for this purpose.

Since 1994, Delta has grown by 18% an-nually. More than 60,000 people work for Delta all over the world in sales, develop-ment and production.

Delta Energy Systems (Germany) GmbHAddress: Tscheulinstraße 2179331 Teningen · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)7641 455-00180 10 SOLAR (76527)*Monday to Friday from 8 am to 5 pm (CET – apart from official bank holidays) *3.9 ct/min from German landlines, prices for cell phone networks may vary

Fax: +49 (0)7641 455-318Email: [email protected]: www.solar-inverter.com

Year founded: 1928 Employees: approx. 180 employees at the German location in Teningen (60,000 worldwide)

Delta Energy Systems (Germany) GmbHSOLIVIA stands for “SOLar Inverters for Versatile and Intelligent Appli-cations”. The third generation of our solar inverters offers innovative and exciting SOLIVIA features that make your life easier.

German site located in Teningen

The modular central inverter CM 100

SOLIVIA solar inverters from Delta

Technologies for photovoltaic power gen-eration made in Germany set the global trend. It is therefore no surprise that the most innovative products with regard to the safety of PV installations come from Germany.

DEHN + SÖHNE is a leading provider of surge and overvoltage protection for PV systems. For more than two decades DEHN + SÖHNE has been setting trends in this area of protection technology world-wide. From kilowatts to megawatts, DEHN + SÖHNE protects your investment against faults and damage caused by lightning and surges.

Based on decades of experience in apply-ing surge protective devices in PV systems, the DEHNguard® M YPV SCI surge arrester embodies the continuing progress and rev-olution in device and system security.The proven DEHN + SÖHNE technology for fault-resistant Y protective circuits, and patented combined disconnecting and short-circuiting devices with Thermo Dy-namic Control and an additional backup fuse, allow for safe and easy replacing of the protection modules in case of overload without disconnection from supply. This synergy of technologies reduces the risk

DEHN + SÖHNE GmbH + Co. KG. DEHN – Global Specialist in Lightning and Surge ProtectionLocated in the Nuremberg Metropolitan Region, DEHN + SÖHNE is a globally active family-owned company specialized in the field of surge protection, lightning protection/earthing and safety equipment.

of damage caused to protective devices by installation or insulation faults in the PV circuit. It clearly reduces the danger of fire occurring as a result of an overloaded arrester, by putting it into a safe electrical state without disturbing the operating state of the PV installation.

DEHN + SÖHNE offers innovative lightning and surge protection products, protection concepts tailored to customer needs as well as engineering and testing services in the company’s impulse current laboratory. Finding and taking new paths in lightning and surge protection has been the focus of the lightning and surge protection spe-cialist DEHN + SÖHNE for more than 100 years.

DEHN + SÖHNE GmbH + Co. KG. Address: Hans-Dehn-Straße 1, Postfach 1640, 92306 Neumarkt · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)9181 906-0Fax: +49 9181 906-100Email: [email protected]: www.dehn.de

Year founded: 1910Employees: 1,381 (DEHN Group)

DEHN + SÖHNE Neumarkt – headquarters and manufacturing plant

Lightning protection systems and surge arresters to protect

your investment

Test laboratory with worldwide unique performance parameters

60 61

Business areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision, software/IT

Business areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision, LOP, connection technology, software/IT, charge regulators, communication services

Established in 1970, Elettronica Santerno S.p.A. specializes in the design and manu-facture of inverters for renewable energy sources, industrial automation and hybrid traction drives.

Headquartered in Italy, it has subsidi-aries and sales offices in Spain, Germany, Brazil, Russia, India, China, the US and Can-ada. A wide commercial network, with over 40 distributors and service centers all over the world, ensures a comprehensive and high-quality service.

Santerno is one of the world’s leading companies in the solar energy field, with 1.2 GW of solar inverters installed world-wide. Santerno offers a comprehensive range of high-tech solutions and digital in-verters for use in both grid-connected and stand-alone systems with low, medium or high outputs of up to 1.35 MW AC power.

The Sunway M XS is the ideal solution for PV plants ranging from 2 to 9 kWp. Light-weight and very simple to install thanks to its transformerless architecture, the Sunway M XS features an easy to use interface with a color touchscreen display, an integrated data-logger and wireless connectivity. The user can communicate with the inverter using special applets for mobile phones.

Elettronica Santerno S.p.A. Santerno: Giving Energy More ValueYour best partner for high efficiency photovoltaic plants

For bigger systems, Elettronica Santerno offers a wide range of three-phase in-verters on the market. Equipped with an external or a built-in transformer, the Sunway T line is very robust and features easy configuration and maintenance, thanks to easy-to-reach components and an enhanced remote monitoring service.

With the Sunway Station, Elettronica Santerno offers a complete plug & play, modular solution: Compact and versatile, it is tested for transportation to and direct installation in the plant, with no need for demanding civil works. Santerno backs its customers by offering the comprehensive assistance and engineering support neces-sary for on-site configuration and commis-sioning.

Elettronica Santerno S.p.A.Address: S. S. Selice 4740026 Imola (Bo) · ItalyPhone: + 39 0542 489711Fax: + 39 0542 489722Email: [email protected]: www.santerno.com

Year founded: 1970Employees: > 250

Santerno headquarters in Italy

TG 900 TE, three-phase inverter for low and

medium voltage applications

Sunway M XS, transformerless inverter for

single-phase application

Eltek was founded in Norway in 1971 as aspecialist in telecom energy systems.Through a strategy of mergers and acqui-sitions Eltek Valere has become the fast-est growing company in the DC power industry. The company now has offices in over 30 countries worldwide and business activities in more than 100 countries.

Eltek Valere develops and markets en-ergy systems for the telecom, renewables industrial, and e-mobility sectors and is one of the largest suppliers of power conversion electronics worldwide within its market segments. With a core compe-tency in high efficiency (HE) energy con-version, Eltek Valere offers an extensive range of high power density, flexible and cost-efficient rectifiers, converters and in-verters.

Eltek Valere’s Renewable Energy Division has transferred the company’s expertise in HE technology into a new area, photo-voltaics, and focuses on the field of solar power generation. It is the knowledge and experience from other sectors that enables Eltek Valere to take a competitive stance in the rapidly growing renewables market. The company’s core competency in power electronics, established logistics chain and its global network of sales and service experts provide great advantages in this market.

Eltek Valere offers a complete panel-to-grid product range, from string and cen-tral inverters to accessories for monitor-ing and control. The THEIA central inverter range is designed for use in medium to large-scale photovoltaic plants, is fully certified and provides the performance and reliability required for stable and ef-ficient energy harvesting. The competi-tive, highly efficient and complete family of THEIA string inverters covers any need, from residential installations to utility-scale PV plants. The range includes both isolated and transformerless models, ranging from 2 to 21 kW, all certified and available in all major markets.

Eltek Valere ASAddress: Graaterudveien 83036 Drammen · NorwayPhone: +47 32 20 32 00Fax: +47 32 20 32 10Email: [email protected]: www.eltekvalere.com

Year founded: 1971Employees: approx. 2,000

Eltek ValereA Global Power Conversion Specialist with Leading Technology and ProductsDrawing on 40 years of experience in power electronics, Eltek Valere is committed to meeting the power conversion needs of the photovoltaic industry. The THEIA HE-t defines a new level of

efficiency (97.3%), flexibility and user-friendliness for isolated string inverters.

62 63

Business areas: inverters, MLPMBusiness areas: inverters, housing, monitoring/supervision, LOP

1. The resources to deliver on our promisesEmerson is a Fortune 500 company with outstanding bankability in the eyes of the financial community.

2. Designed for long lifeEmerson’s standard mass-produced in-verter modules are used in both indus-trial and PV systems. The modules are based on an established design that is proven to be robust.

3. Higher efficiency, more frequentlyEmerson PV inverters are efficient. Thanks to our unique modular invert-er solution, we switch on sooner and switch off later, efficiently generating more energy at lower irradiation levels than single-inverter solutions. Peak ef-ficiency can occur at loads as low as 5%.

4. Energized to meet your deadlinesEmerson understands the time pres-sures associated with PV plant installa-tions; our project management teams work tirelessly to ensure that you meet your start-up deadlines.

5. Tolerant to faultsEmerson inverters are fault-tolerant. In the event of an inverter module trip, the inactive module is isolated allow-ing the system to operate under partial load. System redundancy can also be specified for critical applications.

EmersonTen Mission-Critical Reasons for Selecting Emerson’s PV Inverter Solutions

6. Wherever you are, so are weEmerson employs more than 127,000 people; with resources located within engineering centers around the world, project engineering and support for our energy conversion products can be guaranteed.

7. As much or as little as you needEmerson can provide as much or as little of the PV inverter system as you need, from a single inverter to a com-plete solution incorporating string con-nection boxes, transformers, shelters, medium voltage switches and SCADAs.

8. Complete peace of mindEmerson’s extended warranties and service contracts of up to 20 years are available to ensure that the highest energy yield is maintained over the life-time of the plant.

9. Ready for PV industry growthEmerson is geared up to mass produce standard modules with high availabil-ity to support the growth of the PV in-dustry.

10. In service around the worldOperational plants worldwide under-line our experience and flexibility in ap-plying Emerson technology to PV gen-erating equipment.

Control Techniques UKAddress: 79 MochdreNewtown SY16 4LE · United KingdomPhone: +44 (0)1686 612300Email: [email protected]: www.controltechniques.com

Control Techniques GermanyAddress: Meysstraße 2053773 Hennef · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)2242 877-0Email: [email protected]: www.controltechniques.de

Employees: 125,000 (Emerson)

Emerson’s 12,000 sqm inverter manufacturing facility (below top) Emerson 1 MWp inverter panel (below bottom)10.9 MWp solar plant in Southern Spain

The Enecsys micro inverter, installed on the racking at the back of solar modules, converts the DC power from a solar mod-ule to high quality AC power for supply to the electricity grid. The patented Enecsys micro inverter offers a unique and compel-ling value proposition compared to con-ventional string inverters and other micro inverters:

Maximized energy harvest – the power harvested from each solar module is maxi-mized thanks to Maximum Power Point Tracking and performance monitoring for each solar module and not a string of modules. The degradation in performance of any one module, resulting from mod-ule mismatch or shadows caused by trees, chimneys or debris, does not degrade the performance of the solar array, resulting in an increased energy harvest of up to 20%.

Improved safety – as power conversion from DC to AC is done at each solar mod-ule, there is no need for high voltage DC wiring of string inverter systems, making the solar system intrinsically safer.

Increased lifetime and reliability – pat-ented rugged topology and design enable the use of long-life, thin-film capacitors

instead of less reliable electrolytic capaci-tors. This results in high reliability and a life expectancy of 25 years. Operating per-formance and efficiency are maintained from –40°C to +85°C.

Simplified PV array design and installation – solar modules can be installed on any available roof space without complicated adjustments for shading issues. Installa-tion does not require specialized high volt-age DC procedures resulting in lower costs.

Enhanced monitoring capability – per-formance monitoring is carried out for each solar module, a capability not avail-able with string inverters. This provides us-ers and installers with real-time specific in-formation to ensure system optimization.

Enecsys Europe GmbHAddress: Louisenstraße 6561348 Bad Homburg · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)6712 855-2430Fax: +49 (0)6172 855-2440Email: [email protected]: www.enecsys.com

Year founded: 2003Employees: 50

EnecsysMicro Inverters That Reliably Deliver up to 20% More Energy from Solar PV SystemsIn the drive for lower costs, improved reliability and safety, and simpli-fied installation, there is growing demand for Enecsys micro inverters.

Enecsys’ headquarters in Cambridge, UK

Micro inverters that deliver up to 20% more energy from solar PV systems

Online and real-time per-formance monitoring for each solar module enables PV system optimization.

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Business area: housing Business areas: PV generators, inverters, monitoring/supervision,

connection technology, software/IT

Finnveden Metal Structures produces both high-quality die cast as well as deep-drawn metal housings, in addition to other metal components. With five production sites in Europe, a uniquely extensive range of machinery and a highly skilled staff acc-ustomed to working to precision require-ments, Finnveden is able to meet these growing demands.

Die castFinnveden specializes in larger, more com-plex components – with a high pressure die casting capacity that ranges from a clamping force of 200 to 2,750 metric tons. This is the equivalent of cast goods weighing up to approximately 20 kg. The focus is on lightweight design, and com-ponents are therefore cast in both alumi-num and magnesium alloys. CNC machin-ing is carried out in-house and surface treatment is available from Finnveden’s external partners.

Sheet metalThe sheet metal stamping machinery has a capacity of up to 2,000 metric tons and contains mechanical presses with trans-

fer technology and hydraulic presses for deep-drawing. Components are pressed in a range of different types of steel, in-cluding high strength carbon alloys. Sheet thickness: 0.5-10 mm.

As a well-established subcontractor for the automotive sector and general indus-try, Finnveden is used to high demands on quality, delivery precision and lean produc-tion. The company is quality certified ac-cording to ISO 9001 and ISO/TS 16949 as well as the environmental standard ISO 14001.

During the development phase, Finnveden often assists customers by proposing de-sign improvements and changes which can result in less CNC machining, weight reduction and lower costs: all things that the solar industry could benefit from.

Head office: Göteborg, Sweden. Production in Sweden and Poland.

Finnveden Metal Structures ABAddress: Box 9148, August Barks gata 6B400 93 Göteborg · SwedenPhone: +46 31 73459-00Email: [email protected]: www.finnveden.com/fms


Finnveden Metal Structures ABLightweight Housing for Solar InvertersAs inverter volumes increase, it is becoming more and more important to find a reliable and trustworthy supplier of metal housings, which has an extensive range of production machinery and is able to cope with increasing capacity demands – now and in the future.

Example of an extreme deep-drawing: cutting deck for lawn mowers produced using Finnveden’s 2,000 metric ton hydraulic press

KACO new energy has been one of the leading manufacturers of solar inverters for many years. Because a long inverter service life is a prerequisite for calculable, reliable yields, we invest in top-quality components and first-class workmanship. This ensures that our Powador inverters will continue to perform well for years, guaranteed – for up to 25 years.

Ready for the change to renewable energyEach of our Powador inverters is equipped with a broad range of country settings so that it can easily be installed worldwide. Our product portfolio covers the full power spectrum, from a single-family home to a solar park producing megawatts of elec-tricity.

The large spectrum of our transformer-less single-phase inverters spanning up to 10 kW allows system operators and in-stallers tremendous freedom in planning: All units can be combined with one anoth-er as needed and, due to the finely graded power levels, can be matched exactly to the power of the PV generator.

KACO new energy GmbH Dedicated to High Performance and ReliabilityOur vision is a power supply that comes from 100% renewable sources: Our high-performance solar inverters help make this a reality. KACO new energy Powador inverters are used around the world in solar systems with all types of modules and of all sizes.

Our Powador three-phase inverters pro-vide sinusoidal alternating current with 120° phase shift for perfectly harmonious feeding into the grid. Depending on the installation, transformerless Powador TL3 units or galvanically isolated Powador TR3 units are available.

Powerful Powador XP central inverters form the heart of large, megawatt-range solar parks. The fully digital controller makes operation and maintenance user-friendly and allows for a multitude of monitoring and communications options. The redundantly designed power supply for the controller and a powerful cooling system for critical components provide for extreme reliability.

KACO new energy GmbHAddress: Carl-Zeiss-Straße 174172 Neckarsulm · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)7132 3818-0Fax: +49 (0)7132 3818-703Email: [email protected]: www.kaco-newenergy.de

Year founded: 1998Employees: > 500

Solar plant in Heilbronn, Germany, powered by Powador inverters

Taking responsibility for a sustainable world: carbon-

neutral inverter production at KACO new energy in Neckarsulm, Germany

Powador 14.0 TL3 three-phase inverters are able to perform like powerhouses when it comes to grid management.

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Companies: xxxBusiness areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision, software/IT

Fronius, a company headquartered in Aus-tria, has been conducting research into new technologies for converting electrical energy since 1945. That is more than 60 years of experience, progress and constant innovation. In addition to its solar elec-tronics division it is also involved in bat-tery charging systems and welding tech-nology, enjoying international success in both fields. Its outstanding products and services have made Fronius a technology leader on the world market.

The use of renewable energy and conser-vation of resources are firmly established in the Fronius philosophy and are clearly integrated in all activities, for example throughout all the processes at the com-pany’s production and logistics site in Sattledt, Austria: Electricity is supplied by a 615 kWp photovoltaic system and heat comes from the site’s own biomass plant.

The German subsidiary – Fronius Deutsch-land GmbH – was founded in 1993. Since 2006 it has been based in Neuhof, at the center of Germany. There, all three divi-sions, solar electronics, battery charging systems and welding technology, are con-solidated under one roof.

Quality and high-techFronius Solar Electronics stands for qual-ity and high-tech to generate, convert and harness energy in a regenerative way.

The solar electronics division has been in existence since 1992. Its products are sold through a global network of sales partners. The division develops and produces high-powered inverters for mains-coupled solar power plants of any size. The product range is rounded off with an extensive selection of components for professional plant mon-itoring, data visualization and analysis, all of which can be used separately.

Grid-connected invertersSolar energy is converted into electricity and fed into the public grid. Efficient, reli-able, high power inverters form the heart of any PV system. In the development of PV inverters, Fronius has thought out new technologies, searched for innova-tive solutions and has found completely new answers. The result: highly functional mains-connected inverters, which interact optimally with all solar modules.

With its new technologies and creative ideas, Fronius is continually setting new standards around the world. Its latest

Fronius Deutschland GmbHAddress: Am Stockgraben 336119 Neuhof-Dorfborn · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)6655 91694-0Fax: +49 (0)6655 91694-50Email: [email protected] Web: www.fronius.com

Year founded: 1945 foundation of Fronius InternationalSales volume: 329 million Euro (2009)Employees: 2,677 (2009)

Fronius Deutschland GmbHFronius – A Technology LeaderState-of-the-art technology in high-performance electronics, the use of high-capacity processors and the interconnection of stand-alone devices are the keys to success for Fronius.

Assembly of the Fronius IG Plus – optimal product quality is ensured

via highly-sensitive screening tests.

Assembly of the Fronius IG TL transformerless inverter, available in power classes from 3 to 5 kW

group of products, “Fronius IG TL”, confirms this trend: It includes the first transfor-merless inverter, which is both the most future-proof device of its class and the one that will generate the highest yields. It is the only inverter that uses a standard USB stick, not only to handle plant monitoring but also to deliver software updates for the inverter.

Unique system design with the Fronius MIX™ conceptFronius’ flair for innovation is also reflected in its MIX™ products, which obtain maxi-mum energy from the sun and provide a re-liable yield, even when there is little direct sunlight. Fronius inverters are renowned for their extreme reliability, efficiency and power. Fronius employs the very latest pro-duction and testing methods to ensure the very highest quality before its products are shipped to customers around the world.

Fronius also places a great deal of empha-sis on user-friendliness and outstanding customer service. All Fronius devices have a modular design that makes installation considerably easier. All plant monitoring components can also be retrofitted easily (Plug&Play) to guarantee maximum flex-ibility.

Fronius Service Partner program for PV installersOnly by working together as a local dis-tributor and manufacturer is it possible to maintain a hold on the dynamic photo-voltaics market in the long term. Success through working together is the main con-cern of this partnership so that reliability and quality remain the most important purchase criteria. Fronius and the Fronius Service Partners know each other person-ally and maintain a cooperative relation-ship.

PC board replacement conceptThe core of the Fronius Service Partner program is the PC board replacement con-cept, which offers decisive competitive ad-vantages to Fronius Service Partners. With the service case, the PC board replacement concept allows trained partners to serv-ice Fronius PV inverters directly on the PV system – without replacing the inverter. In case of an error, Fronius Service Partners are able to immediately put a PV system back into operation.

Fronius IG TL: transformerless PV inverter with standard system monitoring

Fronius IG Plus: reliability and maximum earnings

security

Since 1995, Fronius has been producing and dis-tributing highly-efficient grid-connected inverters.

One of Austria’s largest so-lar electricity plants (3,600 sqm) at the Fronius facility in Sattledt

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Business area: invertersBusiness areas: PV generators, connection technology

KOSTAL Industrial Electronics and KOSTAL Solar Electric – simply a smart connectionThe almost 100-year-old KOSTAL Group is an independent, internationally active, Ger-man family company. KOSTAL Industrial Electronics was founded back in 1995 under the umbrella of the KOSTAL Group. One of the company’s core product segments is the photovoltaic sector. In addition to customer-specific and universal connection technol-ogy for PV modules, KOSTAL’s activities focus on its “PIKO” range of solar inverters.

The KOSTAL “Smart connections.” phi-losophy is based on the long tradition of a family company, extensive experience, top quality and real partnership. When all these factors interact harmoniously, “Smart connections.” are established be-tween the company and its customers.

PV module junction boxes – products that make connectionsKOSTAL Industrial Electronics has been developing and producing connection technology for PV modules for over a de-cade. Initially the focus was on customer-specific solutions, for companies includ-ing SolarWorld AG. Using this extensive know-how, the company was then able to extend its portfolio of PV module junction boxes with a wide range of products for universal use, for example a junction box with a leadframe.

Various automatable solutions have re-cently also been successfully launched on the market. As a company with a proactive approach to quality, KOSTAL is not simply satisfied with what it has achieved in the past; it is already actively working on the next generation of connection technology.

KOSTAL Industrie Elektrik GmbH(KOSTAL Industrial Electronics)Address: Lange Eck 1158099 Hagen · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)2331 8040-4800Fax: +49 (0)2331 8040-4811Email: [email protected]: www.kostal.com/industrie

Year founded: 1995

PIKO inverters: communication at its bestKOSTAL Solar Electric offers an extensive range of PIKO products in various power classes through to central inverters, with the emphasis on three-phase feed con-cepts even in the lower power classes. The high input voltage range and the inde-pendent MPP trackers in all of the PIKO in-verters provide maximum flexibility in the field of application and simple handling. All inverters in the KOSTAL PIKO range in-clude a comprehensive communication system. Each PIKO also has an integrated data logger which stores the data of the PV system for up to a year. Further com-munication options range from the provi-sion and monitoring of all important data, with the aid of the integrated interfaces, to the control of external devices. The PV system can be monitored both locally

and remotely using the web server, PIKO Master Control, and the PIKO Solar Portal.

KOSTAL Solar Electric is expanding, and is pursuing a clear strategy with the focus on prime markets via local distribution compa-nies. With subsidiaries in Spain, Italy, France and Greece, KOSTAL offers sales, service and training on site in the local language.

The KOSTAL knowledge campaign pro-vides its customers and partners with new perspectives by providing the latest information on experience gained and new developments. A proactive exchange of knowledge and information allows cus-tomers and partners to quickly and direct-ly keep up-to-date with the latest develop-ments.

Smartconnections.

KOSTAL Solar Electric GmbHAddress: Hanferstraße 679108 Freiburg i. Br. · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)761 47744-100Fax: +49 (0)761 47744-111Email: [email protected]: www.kostal-solar-electric.com

Year founded: 2006

KOSTALIntelligent Photovoltaic Solutions for Every Requirement

Hagen/Westphalia – home of KOSTAL Industrial Electronics

Automatable PV module junction box

PIKO inverters – quality that pays off

The KOSTAL team – a strong partner

PIKO inverters – communication at its best

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Business areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision Business areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision, LOP, connection technology,

software/IT

M+W Group offers life-cycle services for high-tech projects in the fields of ad-vanced technology facilities, life science industries, energy & environment tech-nologies and high-tech infrastructure.M+W Solar, a company of the M+W Group, is specialized in consulting, design, con-struction, project management and op-eration for turnkey, large-scale PV power plants worldwide.

M+W Solar’s optimized and cost-effective inverter conceptThe new M+W Solar central inverter concept sets new capacity and flexibil-ity standards in the construction of large-scale PV power plants.

M+W Solar offers two types of central inverter: MW 125 (maximum PV power 140 kWp) and MW 65 (maximum PV power 70 kWp).

Thanks to the string connection box with its single string MPP tracker, it is possible to connect varying amounts of PV modules and different slopes and orientations for each string. The new concept also allows the usage of different PV module technol-ogies without negative mismatch effects.

M+W Solar inverter concept for large-scale PV power plantsThe modular M+W Solar’s inverter concept is suitable for PV systems ranging from 65 kWp to well above 10 MWp. It combines high technology with intelligent single string MPP trackers to offer a solution for complex PV park demands.

All single PV module strings can be tracked through the web-based string monitoring system worldwide.

The advantages are:• single MPP tracking for each string• no mismatches• DSP processor• less DC-loss• high efficiency at low power• 250 kg in weight• web-based string monitoring system

M+W Group is able to support you any-where in the world thanks to its extensive range of services and long-term experi-ence.

Working together with M+W Group gives you the maximum possible security of having a strong and reliable partner for future-oriented solutions.

M+W Solar GmbH A Company of the M+W GroupAddress: Lotterbergstraße 3070499 Stuttgart · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)711 8804-2094Fax: +49 (0)711 8804-2029Email: [email protected]: www.mwgroup.net


M+W GroupM+W Solar Inverter - The All-rounder for Solar Power PlantsThe MW inverter is developed for mid and large-scale PV systems, focusing on an intelligent and effective way to enlarge and optimize the power output of the PV system.

Part of a 14.5 MWp PV free field installation

in Italy

1 MWp container solution with MW inverter

MW 125 inverter

Today, Mastervolt has branches in over 80 countries on all continents of the world. Since January 2011, Mastervolt has been a subsidiary of Actuant, a globally active technology group. The association with a financially strong, listed corporation will allow Mastervolt to continue the growth course and to bring innovative products and technology to the market even faster.

Flexible technology optimized for installers’ needsMastervolt supplies photovoltaic inverters ranging in output from 1.3 kWp to 25 kWp. The technology used in all of the com-pany’s devices is designed to achieve the highest yields, even in variable weather conditions or in combination with a mul-titude of different PV module types. A va-riety of plant sizes and different types of solar modules can, thus, be covered with relatively few inverter types. This flexibil-ity reduces training times and storage re-quirements for installers and distributors alike. Owing to their low weight and versa-tile assembly accessories, Mastervolt prod-ucts are optimized for easy installation.

Business operations tailored to collaborationMastervolt has also tailored its business operations to achieve the best possible collaboration with its partners and in-stallers. The company guarantees a uni-fied and transparent price structure. All products, including inverters for large-scale solar power plants with capacities of several MW, are solely available through Mastervolt’s distribution partners.

Mastervolt International BVAddress: Snijdersbergweg 931105 AN AMSTERDAM ZO · The NetherlandsPhone: +31 (0)20 3422-100Fax: +31 (0)20 6971-006Email: [email protected]: www.mastervolt.com

MastervoltMaximum Yield – WorldwideFor 20 years, Mastervolt has been developing, manufacturing and distributing technologies for independent electricity generation. As early as 1993, Mastervolt launched its first photovoltaic inverter, the Sunmaster 130. Mastervolt is, thus, a true pioneer in the solar industry.

Sunmaster XS series solar inverter

Mastervolt’s Masterlog monitoring module

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Buisness areas: PV generators, connection technology

Swiss-based connector manufacturer Multi-Contact, founded in 1962, pioneered the MC3 (first PV connector in series pro-duction) in 1996, followed by the MC4 in 2002. MC has since developed a broad range of PV-specific products such as con-nectors, solar cables and junction boxes for crystalline and thin-film panels, pro-viding complete cabling solutions from panels to inverters. Based on the unique MC Multilam Technology, the connectors are characterized by particularly low con-tact resistance, minimal power loss, high corrosion resistance and long product life. As dynamic industries bring forth unprec-edented requirements, Multi-Contact spe-cializes in customized solutions.

Cost-efficiency is becoming increasingly important in the PV industry, resulting in a higher level of automation as well as the need to ensure quick and easy instal-lation on-site. Multi-Contact answers this

demand with its latest product develop-ments. The new PV connector MC4QUICK has been designed for quick, tool-free as-sembly. An integrated spring-clamp con-nection allows easy, safe and fast instal-lation and provides a reliable contact and strain relief in one simple step. The snap-in locking provides highly secure connections and can be unlocked with a screwdriver.

Assembly work in solar parks or on slop-ing roofs can be considerably simplified with Multi-Contact’s customized mounted branch cable leads. They are packed in a manner appropriate to their length (rolled, bundled and/or welded into plastic film) and only need to be unpacked and con-nected at the place of installation. “End-less leads”, i.e. where cables are cut to the required length on site just before installa-tion, are also possible. This version is suit-able for relatively large installations with regularly spaced PV modules.

Multi-Contact AGAddress: Stockbrunnenrain 84123 Allschwil · Switzerland Phone: +41 (0)61 306 55-55 Fax: +41 (0)61 306 55-56Email: [email protected]: www.multi-contact.com

Multi-Contact AGPV Connector Systems MC3 & MC4. Rely on the Original!With over 15 years of experience in the field, Multi-Contact is highly sensitive to the PV industry’s connection requirements, offering effi-cient, reliable solutions for all kinds of installations.

MC4QUICK – suitable for toolless connection

MC4QUICK – lockable in conformity with NEC 2008

Type of MC Multilam, based on the torsion spring principle

Multi-Contact AG headquarters – Switzerland

Individually customizable branch cable leads: PV-JB/BC...

The year 2010 saw remarkable growth for Power-One in the renewable energy indus-try. Power-One grew from being ranked a top ten manufacturer of PV inverters to number two globally.

This growth has been consolidated with operations now established on three con-tinents and production sites in Italy, the US, Canada and China. These manufactur-ing facilities are complemented with de-sign centers in Italy, the US and China with tailor-made products for the local markets.Power-One’s Aurora® solar inverters range from residential units of 2 kW up to large commercial and utility grade scale applica-tions of up to 1.3 MW in size.Aurora® products offer some major ben-efits enjoyed by its many customers and installers.

Wide working input range to accommo-date any panel string size, multiple power-point trackers (MPPT) to accommodate sub arrays with different orientations or made from different PV panels, and rug-ged construction to fit any type of installa-tion without putting restrictions on where and how the inverter should be installed.To date, Power-One has shipped more than 3 GW of inverters worldwide with an equivalent of 750 million (full power) power-on hours.

The next twelve months will see many new products launched, sales offices opened and initiatives to keep Power-One’s Au-rora® brand at the forefront of the renew-able energy power inverter industry.

Within the Power-One team, there is a motto which is felt to be very appropriate to the company’s ethos: “At Power-One, we aim high so you can too.”

Power-One Inc.Address: 740 Calle PlanoCamarillo, California, 93012 · USAPhone: +1 805 987 8741Email: [email protected]

Web: www.power-one.comYear founded: 1973Sales volume: In 2010, Power-One achieved net sales of 1.05 billion USD, an increase of 143% compared to 2009.Employees: > 3,200

Power-One GmbHAddress: Denzlinger Straße 2779312 Emmendingen · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)7641 955-2020Email: [email protected]

Power-One Italy S.p.aAddress: Via S. Giorgio 64252028 Terranuova Bracciolini, Arezzo · ItalyPhone: +39 055 9195-396Email: [email protected]

Power-OneAiming High with Power-One Power-One is now the world’s second largest manufacturer of solar power inverters, featuring its Aurora® product range from small resi-dential string inverters to large commercial/utility central inverters.

German PV installation at Betzweiler im Schwarzwald

Power-One’s Aurora® Central Inverter

Manufacturing the Aurora® inverter

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Business areas: inverters, power plant control, monitoring/supervision, LOP,

connection technology, planning and grid integration, software/IT, accumulators,

charge regulators, communication services

Business areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision, connection technology

As a specialist in power electronics, RefuSol GmbH has produced high-quality converters in Germany for more than 45 years. Drawing on these many years of ex-perience, the first line-commutated pho-tovoltaic inverter was developed as early as 1997. In 2010, RefuSol produced invert-ers with a PV power of more than 1 GW.

RefuSol focuses its attention on the devel-opment, manufacture and distribution of efficient photovoltaic inverters. At 98.2%, the excellent efficiency of these inverters results in a leading position in current test series. This high efficiency results from the wide input voltage range, fast MPP track-ing and innovative circuit topology. Owing to these features, the yield of each pho-tovoltaic system can be maximized even with low incidence.

RefuSol’s innovative product range com-prises string and central inverters with an output range from 4 kW to 1.3 MW. These inverters are used on all continents under a variety of climatic and geographical con-ditions. The three-phase 8 kW to 20 kW string inverters do not require transform-ers and are particularly characterized by their light-weight, compact design. Inte-grated standard interfaces ensure safe

RefuSol GmbH Highly Efficient Inverters and Accessories for PV Systems RefuSol GmbH is one of the world’s technologically leading manufac-turers of photovoltaic inverters. These inverters reach a top efficiency of up to 98.2%.

and fast data exchange. These interfaces can be connected to the company-owned monitoring portal REFULOG. The internet portal allows all the important operating parameters of the solar plant to be visual-ized and provides comprehensive evalua-tion options. In higher power classes, the product range includes the central solar inverters REFUSOL 100K to 630K. Using these central inverters, the company offers the ready-for-use REFUSOL PowerBox – in power ratings from 500 kW to 1.3 MW.

With its staff in Germany and Europe, its subsidiaries in the US and Korea, and its sales and service partners in the most im-portant PV markets, RefuSol has gained worldwide presence.

RefuSol GmbHAddress: Uracher Straße 9172555 Metzingen · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)7123 969-0Fax: +49 (0)7123 969-165Email: [email protected]: www.refusol.com

Year founded: 1965

The ready-for-use REFUSOL PowerBox in power ratings from 500 kW to 1.3 MW

Reference system at the company’s head office in

Metzingen

Innovative, efficient and compact – REFUSOL string inverters

For over 26 years, Satcon has designed and delivered power control solutions that en-able utility businesses and energy compa-nies to convert clean energy into efficient and reliable power. Satcon’s photovoltaic, stationary fuel cell and energy storage solutions have delivered millions of grid-connected kilowatt hours of energy in some of the world’s largest installations.

Founded in 1985 by a group of engineers from MIT and the Charles Stark Draper lab-oratory, Satcon is built on a foundation of world-class technical expertise. The com-pany is responsible for a number of indus-try firsts, including the first single cabinet PV inverter, the first high-efficiency power conditioning system for commercial PV in-verters and the first 1 MW PV inverters.

Today, we offer a complete range of PV in-verters and services to the markets:

Satcon PowerGate: One of the most widely deployed large-scale solar PV inverter solu-tions. Available in 18 models (from 30 kW to 1 MW) with 1 GW installed to date.

Satcon Equinox: Industry-leading 98.5% peak efficiency, combined with the indus-try’s widest thermal operating range

Satcon Solstice: A first-of-its kind DC archi-tecture solution that offers the benefits of a large-scale central inverter and localized micro inverter. It increases energy produc-tion by 5–12% compared to a centralized inverter system, and reduces balance of system costs by up to 20%.

Satcon Prism: Factory-integrated MW so-lution optimized for utility-scale PV instal-lations

Energy Equity Protection: Maximizes sys-tem performance over the lifespan of the PV project. Warranties and service plans can be extended to 20 years including preventative maintenance, performance management and uptime guarantee plans.

Satcon Worldwide: USA, Canada, South Korea, China, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, France, Greece

Satcon became a publicly traded company on the NASDAQ in 1992 (NASDAQ: SATC).

SatconAddress: 27 Drydock AvenueBoston, MA 20210 · USAPhone: +1 617 897 2400Fax: +1 617 897 2401Email: [email protected] Web: www.satcon.com


Satcon Technology CorporationSatcon Technology Corporation offers one of the most advanced power conversion solutions and system design services for large-scale solar projects. Today, more than 2 GW of Satcon solutions have been de-ployed worldwide.

Satcon Solstice: complete system solution that increases energy production by 5-12% and reduces system cost

Satcon Prism: factory-integrated MW solution optimized for utility-scale PV installations

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Companies: xxxBusiness areas: inverters, housing, monitoring/supervision, LOP, connection technology, planning and grid integration, charge regulators

As a global specialist in energy manage-ment with operations in more than 100 countries, Schneider Electric offers inte-grated solutions across multiple market segments including leadership positions in energy and infrastructure, industrial processes, building automation and data centers, as well as a broad presence in residential applications. Focused on mak-ing energy safe, reliable and efficient, the company’s 110,000 plus employees achieved sales of 19.6 billion Euro in 2010, through an active commitment to help individuals and organizations “Make the most of their energy.”

Renewable energies

In October of 2008, with Schneider Electric’s purchase of Xantrex Technology, a sig-nificant milestone was reached in the company’s expansion into the renew-able energies sector. Combining Xantrex’s knowledge and expertise in renewable energies and Schneider Electric’s depth of experience in energy management was critical to the future success of the organi-

zation in this field. The renewable energies business of Schneider Electric is focused on designing and developing renewable energy products and solutions, and provid-ing best-in-class, global customer service and technical support.

Make the most of your energy

Schneider Electric provides complete solu-tions from panel DC output to grid con-nection, including monitoring, supervi-sion, servicing and maintenance for large PV power plants as well as for commercial and residential installations.

Schneider Electric offers a PV Box, a pre-wired equipment package for large PV power plants, which is designed to meet the growing demands on large-scale, grid-tied solar farms and large commercial rooftop solar installations. The PV Box is a complete solution for electrical distri-bution, security, monitoring and control, available from one vendor. A PV Box typi-cally consists of solar inverters, DC com-biner boxes, step-up transformers and a

Schneider Electric SAAddress: 35 rue Joseph Monier92506 Rueil-Malmaison · FrancePhone: +33 (1)14 1297-000Fax: +33 (1)14 1297-100Email: [email protected]: www.schneider-electric.com

Year founded: 1836Sales volume: 19.6 billion Euro in 2010Employees: > 110,000

Schneider ElectricThe Global Specialist in Energy ManagementThe history of Schneider Electric: Founded in 1836, Schneider Electric has transformed itself into a global specialist in energy management. With its roots in the iron and steel, heavy machinery, and ship building industries, the company now works in the field of electricity and auto-mation management.

10 MW installation from Martifer Solar in Moratalla (Spain)

medium voltage switch gear housed in a prefabricated building to allow quick field wiring from both the solar arrays and the utility grid connection point. Other items can be added to the package including climate controls, security equipment, ar-ray string monitoring, SCADA monitor-ing equipment and power metering, with operation and maintenance offerings also available.

The PV Box can be customized to meet specified power needs. The Schneider Electric Xantrex GT100E, GT250E, GT500E and GT630E can all be integrated within this solution. The inverters are designed to be easy to install and operate, with au-tomated start-up, shutdown and fault de-tection. They integrate user-configurable power tracking that matches the inverter to the array, and adjustable delay periods which allow users to customize system start-up and shutdown sequences.

Schneider Electric offers DC/AC kits and grid-connected, single-phase and three-phase inverters ranging from 2 kW to

30 kW for residential and commercial markets. All inverters are easy to install and service. The single-phase inverters are available with or without transformers and are suitable for outdoor and indoor installations. Thanks to the company’s complete solutions, Schneider Electric is able to optimize the energy efficiency of installations.

The Schneider Electric solution for off-grid and back-up installations includes invert-er/chargers, charge controllers (with or without MPPT tracking), DC/AC breakers and related accessories. The Xantrex XW inverter/charger has unsurpassed surge capacity to prevent drops during power surges. It can be configured for single and three-phase installations up to 36 kW and allows dual AC inputs for the grid and a generator.

For more information about Schneider Electric and its renewable energy solu-tions, please visit www.schneider-electric.com.

Schneider Electric headquarters in Paris (France) (top left)Armadillo House installation at Solar Decathlon Europe 2010 (bottom left)1 MW installation (right)

Solutions for residential installations

Solutions for PV power plants

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Business areas: power plant control, monitoring/supervision, connection technology,

planning and grid integration, software/IT

ControlRoom

Power Generation

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Inverter Stations

Utility Substation

Combiner Boxes

Power Utility Bus Ethernet

Central Data Logging

Radiation Tracking Voltage

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oFoC I

CurrentWindTemp.

CANopenField Bus

skylog

skycontrol

PVGuard

ArrayGuard FIELD LEVEL

· Power generation

· Field data measurement

· Condition monitoring

DC/AC LEVEL

· DC/AC power inversion

· Centralized logging of all field and inverter data

· Condition monitoring

CONTROL LEVEL

· Plant performance control

· Automation acc. to IEC 61850

· Interfacing and protection

· Transformation

· Metering

DATA HOSTING

· Long-term data storage

SUPERVISORY LEVEL

· Central control room

· Supervision and maintenance

· Reporting and billing

skylog

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skylog

String InvertersSensors / Actuators

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skycontrol

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Broadband Communication

The merger of skytron® energy with Wuseltronik, a 1977 spin-off of Berlin Tech-nical University, has evolved into three decades of unique expertise in the use of solar energy. It is not without reason that we pride ourselves in being “pioneers of energy”.

Pioneering spirit, continuity and long-standing experience, all combined with our vision for trendsetting power plant technology — this is our motivating force, and is driving the development of our inte-grated monitoring and control system for photovoltaic power plants.

Today installed all over the world in utility scale solar installations, skytron’s control system meets the criteria for grid stability and security. It ensures dynamic adjust-ment of the feed-in power in response to the grid operator’s demand.

From string current monitoring in the gen-erator field to supervisory control room services allowing remote supervision of photovoltaic installations — skytron’s so-lutions are independent of the module and inverter technology used.

skytron® energy GmbH Continuity since 1977 Integrated monitoring, control and supervision – complete single-source DC distribution and control equipment for utility scale photo-voltaic installations

StringGuard® High-precision current monitoring

skyCONNi Sensor system field data measurement

ArrayGuard®Intelligent combiner boxes

skylogHigh-resolution real-time data logging

skycontrol Closed-loop control of feed-in parameters for grid stability

PVGuard®SCADA system for multi-vendor multi-site power plant supervision

PV Asset ManagementControl room and complete O & M services

skytron® energy GmbHAddress: Ernst-Augustin-Straße 1212489 Berlin · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)30 688 3159-0Fax: +49 (0)30 688 3159-99Email: [email protected]: www.skytron-energy.com


Enrique de la Cruz (left), Martin Sauter (right)Managing Directors, skytron® energy GmbH

Intersolar Award 2008 for skytron’s advanced

string current monitor-ing and power plant

SCADA system

The Italian company SIEL S.p.A. works in-ternationally in two crucial fields of mod-ern civilization, i.e. power protection and renewable energies.

In its headquarters located at Trezzano Rosa, Milan, SIEL has been one of the main international producers of certified ISO 9001-2000 emergency power supply sys-tems for public and private mission-critical applications in financial, industrial, tele-communication, healthcare, data centers and other organizations since 1983.

In 2000, SIEL successfully approached the market of PV and wind energy with the extensive production of single-phase inverters, high-power solar three-phase inverters and wind turbine inverters un-der the company brands of SIAC SOLEIL and SIAC WIND WAVE.

SIEL’s product portfolio includes PV invert-ers for stand-alone, grid-connected and hybrid applications, namely single-phase inverters from 1.5 to 6 kWp, three-phase BT inverters from 10 to 500 kWp, three-phase TL inverters from 80 to 500 kWp, PS500 and PS1000 power stations and one of the latest products called SIAC SOLEIL 10TL.

SIEL’s offer can meet every request in terms of power and usage, supported by a range of on-going maintenance services such as installations telemanagement, multian-nual maintenance agreements, special-ized consulting, a free-call help desk and the fast provision of original spare parts from the company’s many world subsidi-aries.

SIEL co-operates in many international projects on a regular basis. Over 900 MW of SIAC SOLEIL inverters are already in-stalled throughout Europe.

SIEL’s commitment in promoting and sustaining green energy involves every aspect of company life, through the adoption of governance and social re-sponsibility criteria.

SIEL S.p.A.Address: Via I Maggio, 2520060 Trezzano Rosa (MI) · ItalyPhone: +39 02 909861Email: [email protected]: www.sielups.com


SIEL S.p.A.The International Energy ExpertCustomized project capability and continued product support – two of SIEL S.p.A.’s highlights in its relentless international activity within the renewable energy field

SIEL’s testing team

SIEL’s interior with TL Inverters in the background

Mr Glauco Pensini, Administrator (left) and Mr Enrico Pensini, SIEL’s President (right)

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Companies: xxx

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Siemens AG is a global powerhouse in the fields of electronics and electrical engi-neering, operating in the industry, energy and healthcare sectors. For over 160 years, Siemens has stood for technical achieve-ments, innovation, quality, reliability and internationality. Around 410,000 employ-ees develop and manufacture products, design and install systems and plants, and offer customized solutions.

In addition to the environmentally com-patible design of our products and the en-ergy efficiency of our production facilities, our Environmental Portfolio also plays a major role in protecting the climate. In fiscal 2010, the Portfolio generated rev-enue of about 28 billion Euro.

These products and solutions helped our customers reduce their CO2 emissions by 270 million metric tons in 2010 – which is a multiple of the amount of CO2 that Siemens itself produced with its own busi-ness activities.

Top performance is in our natureWith many years of global experience in the planning, installation and mainte-nance of photovoltaic power supplies, Sie-mens offers best-in-class solutions.The Siemens portfolio encompasses prod-ucts and solutions catering to the entire photovoltaic value chain: from products, systems and concepts for glass and silicon manufacture through automation solu-tions for module production to finished components for photovoltaic facilities.Our photovoltaic portfolio is completed by high-efficiency SINVERT inverters and connection components such as reliable switchgears and high-performance trans-formers.

SINVERT – photovoltaic inverters from SiemensWith their high level of availability and op-timized efficiency, SINVERT inverters pro-vide a reliable basis for operating a pho-tovoltaic plant efficiently throughout its entire life-cycle. SIEMENS PV inverters with their peak efficiency of > 98% are available for a broad market spectrum (commercial and power plants).

SINVERT PVM inverters are available in the range from 10 to 20 kW for small to medi-um-sized plants in the “commercial” mar-ket segment. The three-phase inverter se-ries is characterized by its compact design, its robust nature and its long service life.

SINVERT PVS inverters from 350 to 2,400 kW are available for medium to large photovoltaic plants in the “power plant” market segment.

Sunny prospects for the future of your PV plantThe functioning and yield of the entire photovoltaic plant can be monitored and visualized in a user-friendly manner using SINVERT Webmonitor or SIMATIC WinCC industrial software. Remote realtime mon-itoring enables faults to be detected im-mediately; this functionality also en ables configuration changes to be made remote-ly, thus minimizing the service costs for the customer. Furthermore, the software provides comprehensive verification of all occurrences and measurements, such as the current energy yield or data after the commissioning of the PV plant.

Complimentary SINVERT Select layout software is available for determining the optimum configuration for a PV plant. It calculates all feasible combinations for

Siemens AGIndustry Sector, Industry AutomationAddress: Würzburger Straße 12190766 Fürth · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)911 750-0Fax: +49 (0)911 750-2246Email: [email protected]: www.siemens.de/sinvert


Siemens AGWe Are Shaping a Green and Sustainable Environment for Future Generations Siemens technology covers the entire photovoltaic value chain, from glass and silicon materials to module production, field installation, PV inverters and integrated automation systems.

Test plant at production location in Fürth, Germany

most of the PV modules available on the market together with Siemens inverters and provides you with an easy means of analyzing and optimizing these calculated combinations.

In addition to professional hardware and software, the portfolio is rounded off by consultancy, studies and maintenance concepts.

SINVERT reference project, France – La Réunion

The SINVERT inverter family PVM

SINVERT reference project, solar park Vreden, Germany

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More than 600 developers work on opti-mizing existing and developing new prod-ucts at SMA. One of the latest product innovations is the Sunny Tripower, which was awarded the Innovation Award at the Symposium “Photovoltaische Solarenergie” 2010. In addition to three-phase feed-in and over 98% efficiency, this inverter contains five technological innovations that make it even easier and safer to use while reduc-ing system costs. The inverter preferred for large-scale installations is the Sunny Cen-tral 800CP, which offers top performance while requiring little space – this product received the Intersolar Award 2010.

SMA Solar Technology AG The Future of Solar Technology Solar inverters for any module type and power class, grid-connected installations and island or backup operation: Global market and tech-nology leader SMA offers a comprehensive range of products.

Technological edge, excellent quality and a wide range of services have steadily in-creased the demand for SMA inverters. The company took the world’s largest carbon-neutral inverter factory into operation in 2009. The factory’s energy concept was honored with the first prize at the Inter-national Energy Efficiency Award 2010. In 2010, SMA was able to once again double production capacity to 11 GW.

Sustainability and social responsibil-ity are an intrinsic part of SMA’s mission statement. Its carbon-neutral factory is proof of the possibility of CO2-neutral, highly modern industrial production and serves as a role model. The new SMA Solar Academy, which provides free train-ing to around 15,000 installers per year, also stands for sustainability. The building is provided with energy from renewable sources, independently from the grid, us-ing an SMA island system.

SMA is headquartered in Niestetal/Kassel, Germany, and is represented by 15 subsidiaries on four continents. The first international production site was opened in 2010 in Denver, Colorado to supply the North American market and was followed by another facility in Ontario, Canada.

SMA Solar Technology AGAddress: Sonnenallee 134266 Niestetal · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)561 9522-0Fax: +49 (0)561 9522-100Email: [email protected]: www.SMA.de

Year founded: 1981Sales volume: 934 million Euro (2009)Employees: > 5,000

Innovative, safe, user-friendly: the SMA Sunny

Tripower

SMA’s carbon-neutral inverter factory

Because of its special corporate culture, SMA has been awarded several prizes for being an outstanding employer.

Established in 2004, this German PV ex-pert specializes in developing and mar-keting grid-connected solar inverters. Its main technical focuses are product effi-ciency, sophisticated electronics and intel-ligent installation monitoring.

SOLPLUS inverters from Solutronic cover power ratings from 2.5 to 12 kW and are built exclusively in cooperation with re-nowned partners in Germany.

To optimize their efficiency, all SOLPLUS inverters are equipped with a microproces-sor-controlled MPPT controller that allows the ideal operating point to be set with great precision. In addition, all SOLPLUS inverters are kitted out with a data logger, Ethernet connector and RS485 ports.

Particularly noteworthy is the use of SOL-PLUS string inverters in large-scale photo-voltaic installations. The big advantages of these units are that they are far easier to install, maintain and monitor than central inverters, there is no need for expensive string boxes and Solutronic is able to sup-ply them very quickly.

The Majorcan PV installation pictured here comprises a total of 504 SOLPLUS 55 inverters arranged in 28 subsystems, each with 18 inverters, and has a total power

SOLUTRONIC AG Inverters “Made in Germany”Accredited top quality, exceptional efficiency, intelligent communica-tion functionalities and high-level standard feature specs – all charac-teristics that make Solutronic inverters stand out from the crowd.

output of just under 3 MW DCp. Each of these subsystems is connected via RS485 to a master inverter, which collects all the yield and monitoring data and then for-wards this to the server that requested it via the local network (using TCP/IP). The integral data logger allows each individu-al inverter to be accessed directly and its technical data to be monitored, even from Solutronic’s headquarters in Germany. This allows malfunctions or failures to be detected very quickly. All data collected is recorded and forwarded by the com-pany’s own server. The SOLPLUS+ graphics application is then used to generate eas-ily understandable graphics that facilitate monitoring of the installation as well as referencing and archiving.

SOLUTRONIC AGAddress: Küferstraße 1873257 Köngen · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)7024 96128-0Fax: +49 (0)7024 96128-50Email: [email protected]: www.solutronic.de


Majorcan photovoltaic installation

Alpine farm with SOLPLUS inverters and DE-ICING BOX

Endurance test on SOLPLUS inverters (left)Majorcan inverter shed (right)

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Companies: xxxBusiness areas: PV generators, power plant control, monitoring/supervision, planning and grid integration

As a solar system house, SOLON works dai-ly to make photovoltaic systems even more efficient, profitable and, hence, more com-petitive. Our extensive range of ser vices covers the development and distribution of PV system solutions for private homes and industrial roofs, and the planning and construction of large solar power plants. In addition, we offer monitoring, opera-tion and maintenance services. This is how we ensure maximum yields throughout a plant’s entire service life.

SOLON SE is a Berlin-based company with offices in Germany, Italy, the USA and France. We employ approximately 800 people.

We are one of the most experienced solar firms in the market: To date, SOLON has produced and installed solar modules and solar power plants with an overall output of more than 1 GW worldwide, even under the toughest geographical and climatic conditions. As a customer, you benefit di-rectly from this experience: through total reliability and perfect planning, start-ing with the project development stage, during construction and commissioning. Whatever your scheme is, SOLON has the perfect solution for every roof.

The most recent example: In early 2011, we were able to complete the world’s largest roof-mounted system with a capacity of 12.5 MW on top of a logistics center in Italy. The decisive components and processes have been standardized and all modules precisely aligned thanks to our experience. This allows us to guarantee maximum re-liability and offer a safe investment across the plant’s entire service life.

Optimized yield and grid capacity of solar power plantsSOLON has developed a web-based remote control system for solar power plants in or-der to allow constant access to the yield of a PV system, detect errors and minimize downtimes: SOLON Vega. It allows owners and operators to retrieve realtime informa-tion and important data about the plant’s current output. Detailed analyses make it possible to precisely identify possible module row failures and fix them faster. This guarantees high yields throughout the entire service life. The evaluated data is available in the most common trans-mission protocols used by grid operators and can easily be integrated into existing systems. SOLON Vega also calculates plant yields for the following day and reports them to the grid operator if weather fore-

SOLON SEAddress: Am Studio 1612489 Berlin · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)30 81879-0Fax: +49 (0)30 81879-9999Email: [email protected] Web: www.solon.com


SOLON SEExperience, Quality and Innovation: The Solar System House SOLON SESOLON SE is a globally active solar system house. The portfolio includes photovoltaic systems, project planning for and construction of large-scale roof-mounted systems and turnkey solar power plants, as well as the production of solar modules.

Masate, Italy: The SOLON built solar power plant with a capac-

ity of 1 MW

SOLON power plant on the roof of car maker Opel in Rüsselsheim, Germany

cast data is fed in. This makes it possible to better control grid capacity – which grid operators are increasingly beginning to re-quire.

SOLON Vega is made from industrial components that are suitable for extreme temperature ranges. This makes the sys-tem extremely robust and weatherproof.

Innovative monitoring and maintenance conceptsOnce a plant has been constructed and connected to the grid, owners and builders are proud of their successfully concluded project. However, smooth, optimal opera-tion is just as important as planning and construction. Considering a minimum lifetime of 25 years, small operating errors and inaccuracies can easily lead to more severe consequences. SOLON, therefore, offers plant owners two different operat-ing and maintenance concepts that ensure maximum outputs throughout the entire lifetime:

SOLON Quorum includes remote-con-trolled plant monitoring with error, yield and operating analyses, optimization rec-ommendations, inspection, maintenance and operation. SOLON Quest is a more com-prehensive premium solution providing a full-service package for plant owners. It

includes all services of the SOLON Quorum package with added informational depth for the yield and operating analyses, and the package price covers repairs.

In addition, closing a SOLON operating and maintenance contract extends the warranty period for solar plants from two to five years for both packages.

A photovoltaic system is a long-term in-vestment that is intended to generate stable revenues for several decades. The quality of SOLON products pays off – our customers get more out of their invest-ment.

Ideal solar power plant monitoring for maximum output: SOLON Vega

SOLON production of solar modules in Berlin, Germany

Fixed tilt SOLON solar power plant in Hegnenbach, Germany

Made by SOLON: the world’s largest roof-mounted system with a capacity of 12.5 MW (Interporto di Padua, Italy)

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Companies: xxxBusiness areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision

High-quality products made in Switzerland have enabled Sputnik Engineering to grow from a start-up into one of Europe’s lead-ing inverter manufacturers in an astonish-ingly short space of time. At present, the company has some 330 employees at its Swiss headquarters and at subsidiaries in Germany, Spain, Italy and France, as well as at its branches in Belgium, the Czech Re-public and the United Kingdom.

Sputnik Engineering AG’s SolarMax invert-ers are among the industry’s best, offering high efficiency, an intelligent cooling con-cept, an attractive, easily-mounted cas-ing and a user-friendly graphics display. Sputnik Engineering has the right device in its program for every application – from residential buildings to agricultural sites and including solar power plants with out-puts measured in MW.

SolarMax string inverters are ideal for small and medium-size solar plants. Their high efficiency – as much as 98% – enables them to deliver the very best yields. Me-dium and large-scale solar plants, on the other hand, are fitted with SolarMax cen-tral inverters.

Sputnik Engineering AG has 20 years’ experience in the development of central inverters.

All SolarMax inverters are extremely ro-bust and absolutely reliable – and the price/performance ratio is more than im-pressive. Every device contains the exper-tise gained over 20 years of development work. Extensive type and safety testing and a hassle-free package deal ensure sta-ble and reliable operation for the entire life of the solar plant.

Service at its very bestSolarMax customers who call the techni-cal help line obtain advice from highly qualified technicians – who handle calls in five languages. The service team finds and eliminates errors by remote diagnosis or by sending a technician to the site. Re-tailers, wholesalers, electricians and opera-tors of solar plants benefit from courses and training sessions designed by Sputnik Engineering for their own products and provided either at the company’s head-quarters, at one of its branches, or directly at the customer’s premises. The experts at Sputnik Engineering AG are always avail-able for their customers with advice and support. All requests are answered rap-idly, frankly and directly, because Sputnik Engineering believes in solid customer service and long-term customer relations.

Sputnik Engineering AGAddress: Höheweg 852502 Biel/Bienne · SwitzerlandPhone: +41 32 346 56 00Fax: +41 32 346 56 09Email: [email protected]: www.solarmax.com

Year founded: 1991Employees: 330 (2010)

Sputnik Engineering AGQuality “Made in Switzerland”Sputnik Engineering AG has been serving the solar energy market since way back in 1991, and during this time has pioneered significant advances. Founded in the Swiss town of Biel, from the very outset the company has focused its efforts on the development, production and sale of inverters for grid-connected solar power plants.

Swiss quality with high efficiency: With our SolarMax inverters, we set standards in terms of quality, reliability, and maximum yields.

Coping with enormous challenges: The highest solar power station in the world on the Jungfraujoch in Switzerland runs with SolarMax inverters. (above)

Top level service: Our customers get perfect, all-roundservice all over Europe – in German, English, Spanish,French or Italian.

Under the brand name SolarMax, Sputnik

offers its customers inverters for every

application.

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Business areas: PV generators, inverter components, housing,

monitoring/supervision, LOP, connection technology, software/IT

Business areas: inverters, monitoring/supervision, planning and grid integration, software/IT, charge regulators, communication services

With its gesis® system, Wieland has, by its own account, been the European market leader in pluggable installation systems for buildings for more than 30 years.The internationally oriented family-owned company is represented in more than 70 countries worldwide.Today the long-established company sets milestones worldwide in electrical instal-lation technology. Products are manufac-tured to the highest environmental and quality standards. Because: Contacts are green.

Wieland connects!Wieland Electric GmbH has been a special-ist in electric connection technology for more than 100 years. The family business located in Bamberg produces contacts for many industries and provides ingenious indoor and outdoor connector systems used in building installations, among oth-er products.

Professional electrical installation solutions for PVThe gesis® AC-SOLAR system, designed for the pluggable connection of inverters, com-biner boxes and tracking motors, was de-veloped for the AC side of photovoltaic sys-tems. The mechanically coded RST 25i3/i5,

Wieland Electric GmbH A Well-Engineered System for PV Installations – Watt for WattWieland Electric was founded in 1910 and is one of the pioneers of elec-trical connection technology. The product range includes over 20,000 components for industrial automation, building installation and the electrical infrastructure for renewable energies.

3 and 5 pole, round connectors provide for easy plug connections and save valuable time at the construction site. Cable as-semblies are available prefabricated to the required length, or field-assembled. More than 45 leading manufacturers already equip their photovoltaic inverters ex facto-ry with pluggable Wieland device connec-tions so that both installers and builders can profit from the benefits provided by easy electrical connections.Wieland Electric develops, builds and dis-tributes standard and project specific gesis® RAN SOLAR combiner boxes for the AC and DC sides of photovoltaic systems.

The best of 40 DC connectorsThe prefabricated PST 40i1 PV connectors from Wieland Electric were test winners in the PHOTON trade magazine product test 2010.

From the module to the grid: Wieland provides the complete solution!

Wieland Electric GmbHAddress: Brennerstraße 10–1496052 Bamberg · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)951 9324-0Fax: +49 (0)951 9324-198Email: [email protected]: www.wieland-electric.com

Year founded: 1910Sales volume: 225 million Euro (2010)Employees: 2,200 (2010)

Reference project under Californian sun

Plug and play components for DC and AC

Sungrow is a private, high-tech company established in Hefei, China, in 1997. More than 10% of the annual revenue is invest-ed in research and development. As a glo-bal supplier of renewable energy inverter products, Sungrow operates in China, Eu-rope and in the Asia Pacific region.

Sungrow held a market share of 43% for PV inverters in China in 2010. That year, the company entered the market in Germany, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Italy, Spain, France, the UK, Australia, South Korea and India. A US office was setup in Califor-nia, an AP office in Hong Kong and a fac-tory in Toronto, Canada. Forbes identified Sungrow as one of the SMEs with the high-est growth potential in China. Moreover, in 2010 the company’s Nay 4 KW PV inverter received an “A” rating from Photon.

Meeting market demands and serving our customers are Sungrow’s reasons for being. We provide excellent service, high-quality and low-cost products in order to enhance our customers’ competitiveness and profitability, and we are deeply de-voted to the research and development of innovative inverter technologies.

For 2011, Sungrow will release its new products, which are mainly targeted to-ward the European, North American and Australian markets.

In the EU market, the updated SG2K5TL/3KTL/4KTL series, which is lighter in weight, lower in cost and has an IP65 protection rating, is sure to become a fa-vorite of clients. In the commercial inverter market, the new SG20KTL/30KTL series, which features efficiency of over 98%, easy wiring and installation, an anti-theft de-sign, a serial port and Ethernet communi-cation, will be available from May and Sep-tember 2011, and will meet BDEW medium voltage regulations. These features make this series the most competitive product collection in its power range. In the central inverter product range, the new SG125K3, designed to be used outdoors, and the latest SG630KTL achieve efficiencies of over 98.5%, and have a film capacitor de-sign that guarantees high reliability. The SG1260KS 1 MW transformerless turnkey solution, with its integrated switchgear, combiner box, protection and SCADA sys-tem, covers every requirement and even goes beyond the expectations of our cus-tomers.

HeadquartersSUNGROW POWER SUPPLY CO., LTD.Address: No.2, Tianhu Road, New and High Technology Industrial Development Zone, Hefei, Anhui · China 230088Sungrow Business Hotline: Phone: +86 551 532 7834/7845Fax: +86 551 532 7856Email: [email protected]: www.sungrowpower.com

Europe RegionAddress: 27, Avenue de l’Opera, 75001, Paris · FrancePhone: +33 17038 5270Email: [email protected]

SunGrow Canada IncAddress: 895 Edgeley Blvd, Vaughan, Ontario L4K 4V9 · CanadaPhone: +1 905 760 8618Fax: +1 905 760 1158Email: [email protected] (Business)[email protected] (After-Sales)Web: www.sungrow.ca

SUNGROWInverters: Key Elements Affecting Performance and Energy OutputSungrow specializes in the design and manufacture of inverters for PV systems. Continuous, major investments have been made into the research, development, manufacturing and marketing of a wide range of high-quality, efficient inverters around the world.

Sungrow manufacturing shop (below right)One corner of the PV power plant in Brindisi, Italy (below, top left)Roof in Melle, Germany, 150 kW (below, bottom left)

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Companies: xxx

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Companies: xxx

The Publishers

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Business area: communication servicesBusiness area: communication services

Solarpraxis is one of the leading know l- edge service providers in the renewable energy sector. The Berlin-based company has been providing clients with expertise and professional ser vices in the fields of engineering, conference organization and publishing for over twelve years.

Engineering The engineering department of Solar praxis generates up-to-the-minute knowl edge and processes it for your customers using a targeted and project-orientated approach, operating in areas such as expert opinion reports, training, technical hotlines, tech-nical documentation and planning for so-lar installations.

Conferences Solarpraxis’ conferences are valued in-dustry platforms, which offer decision- makers in the renewable energy industry opportunities for targeted networking and information exchange. They are well-established, close to the market and cus-tomer-oriented. Using a combination of specialist presentations and topical panel discussions, they present practical knowl-edge relating to market development, fi-nancing and policies. Industry representa-tives are given the opportunity to share

Solarpraxis AG Engineering, Conferences and Publishing for Renewable Energies

ideas, to follow and discuss the latest de-velopments, and to meet representatives from politics, the press and the financial world.

Publishing With two B2B magazines published monthly, Solarpraxis reports on the latest developments within the solar industry: “pv magazine” focuses on the European, Asian and North American solar mar-kets while “photovoltaik” (with Alfons W. Gentner Verlag) deals with the German PV industry. Generally in collaboration with the rel-evant technical associations, Solarpraxis AG and Sunbeam GmbH jointly publish industry guides for various sectors of the renewable energy industry. These pro-vide companies with the opportunity to present their products and services. An ed-itorial section sets out the essential facts and figures relating to each sector plus the latest technological and economic devel-opments.

Solarpraxis AGAddress: Zinnowitzer Straße 110115 Berlin · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)30 7262 96-300Fax: +49 (0)30 7262 96-309Email: [email protected]: www.solarpraxis.de

Year founded: 1998Sales volume: > 5 million EuroEmployees: 53

Pictures in lower row:The engineering depart-ment generates up-to-the-minute knowledge (left).Solarpraxis’ conferences are valued industry plat-forms (center).Solarpraxis communicates expertise and practical knowledge to profession-als (right).

Since 1998, Sunbeam has been providing in-depth market knowledge and excellent contacts with industry associations and the media. We offer our expertise in the following domain areas:

Communications With over twelve years of experience in renewable energy, Sunbeam has acquired expertise in all relevant technologies as well as an extensive media network in the field. The company has successfully conducted a variety of campaigns for gov-ernmental departments and offers a wide spectrum of services to corporate clients, ranging from PR concepts and consultancy to the complete management of all press contacts. New media Sunbeam is one of the leading German agencies for information-oriented, acces-sible websites. The agency has won a pres-tigious BIENE award and ranks top in rele-vant listings for the content management system TYPO3. Two team members are also the authors of renowned specialist books on the design and implementation of web presentations.

Sunbeam GmbH Communications for Renewable EnergiesSpecializing in renewable energy and energy efficiency, Sunbeam offers technically oriented communication services which are perfectly tailored to the dynamic environment of the European renewable energy market.

Design Sunbeam values visual communications as a key success factor in the renewable energy market, and thus offers compre-hensive expertise in presenting complex matters to technically oriented target groups. In our work for companies, associ-ations and governmental departments we specialize in editorial design for periodical magazines, high quality brochures and ex-tensive industry guides. Added value Sunbeam operates through all media chan-nels connected to public relations, new media and design. Clients benefit from our experience both in the management of individual formats and the creation of integrated marketing solutions. Examples of this cross-media approach include our widely distributed press reports on solar, wind and bioenergy (“PresseTrend”) and various services for print to web and/or so-cial media publishing.

Sunbeam GmbHAddress: Zinnowitzer Straße 110115 Berlin · GermanyPhone: +49 (0)30 72 62 96 - 300Fax: +49 (0)30 72 62 96 - 309Email: [email protected]: www.sunbeam-berlin.de

Year founded: 1998Sales volume: 1.2 million EuroEmployees: 18

We combine high-quality communications with expertise in technologies and markets in the field of renewable energy.

Design and production of prime print products

Solarenergie in DeutschlandSolar Energy in Germany

Drei Jahre Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft

SolarwärmeInformationen für Vermieter

Solar – so heizt man heute

Suppliers for Photovoltaics | Maschinenbau und Ausrüster der Photovoltaikindustrie

2010 ■ 2011

engineering the solar age

The photovoltaics market continues to grow at a rapid pace. According to the European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), in 2008 the installed photovoltaic capacity worldwide rose from almost 16 to approximateley 23 gigawatts. EPIA pre-dicts an increase of at least 10.1 gigawatts by the end of 2010.

That the photovoltaics industry is now able to spread its wings is not only thanks to the manufacturers of solar cells and modules. Plant and machinery manufacturers also have a share in solar technology’s unprecedented success story.

“engineering the solar age” provides information about key applications, technologies and, most importantly, the key players in the fields of machine engineering, automation and factory design.

Der Photovoltaikmarkt wächst zügig weiter. Nach Angaben der European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) ist die instal-lierte Leistung photovoltaischer Anlagen 2008 global von fast 16 auf ungefähr 23 Gigawatt gestiegen. Bis Ende 2010 prognostiziert EPIA eine Steigerung um mindestens weitere 10,1 Gigawatt.

Dass die Photovoltaik heute flügge ist, hat sie nicht nur den Herstellern von Solarzellen und -modulen zu verdanken. An der beispiellosen Erfolgsgeschichte der Solartechnik sind vor allem auch die Maschinen- und Anlagenbauer beteiligt.

„engineering the solar age“ stellt aktuelle Anwendungen, Techno-logien und vor allem die wichtigsten Macher aus den Reihen der Maschinenbauer, Automatisierer und Fabrikplaner vor.

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Important noticeThis brochure, all parts thereof and the website are protected by copyright. The reproduction, alteration and any other type of use of the brochure or parts thereof, except for purely private purposes, is prohibited except with the prior approval of Solarpraxis AG. This shall apply in particular to reproduction/copies, translations, microfilming and storage in electronic systems.

The citing of text by media representa-tives and political decision-makers is expressly desired and does not require prior approval, provided that the source of any text used is also cited.

The texts and illustrations in this brochure were produced with the greatest pos-sible care and to the best of the author’s knowledge. As errors cannot be ruled out and both texts and illustrations are subject to change, we draw your attention to the following: Solarpraxis AG gives no guarantee with regard to the timeliness, accuracy, completeness or quality of the information provided in this brochure. Solarpraxis AG accepts no liability for damages, material or non-material, which are incurred through the use or non-use of the information provided or which are caused directly or indirectly by the use of erroneous and incomplete information, except where deliberate or grossly negli-gent culpability may be proven. Company entries are the sole responsibility of the respective company.

Picture credits

The illustrations printed in the company profiles were supplied by the respective companies. All other photos were created by Solarpraxis AG, with the exception of:

Cover front Main image SMA Solar Technology AGCover front Small images, f.l.t.r. KOSTAL Electric GmbH, Tom Baerwald, Fronius Deutschland GmbHCover back SMA Solar Technology AGp. 8 Gehrlicher Solar AG p. 9 small Delta Energy Systems (Germany) GmbHp. 9 large Sputnik Engineering AGp. 10 KACO new energy GmbHp. 11 Sputnik Engineering AGp. 16 left First Solar Manufacturingp. 17 left CENTROTEC Sustainable AGp. 17 center Gehrlicher Solar AG p. 20 left Juwi/ Richard Klichep. 20 right Tom Baerwaldp. 21 left DORFMÜLLER-SOLARANLAGEN GmbHp. 21 right Sungrow Power Supply Co., Ltd.p. 22 SMA Solar Technology AGp. 24 top Sputnik Engineering AGp. 24 bottom left SMA Solar Technology AGp. 24 bottom right Fronius Deutschland GmbHp. 25 IstockPhoto/ Neil Harrisonp. 26 SMA Solar Technology AGp. 27 SOLUTRONIC AGp. 28 top IKS Photovoltaik GmbHp. 28 bottom right unearthedoutdoors.netp. 30 DEHN + SOEHNE GmbH + Co. KG.p. 33 BELECTRIC Solarkraftwerke GmbHp. 35 Multi-Contact AGp. 36 IstockPhoto / José Luis Gutiérrezp. 38 Solarsiedlung Freiburg/unendlich-viel-energie.dep. 40 right Younicos AGp. 41 Suntech Power

Data in infographics and tables are obtained by Solarpraxis AG unless otherwise stated.

Legal information

Published bySolarpraxis AGZinnowitzer Straße 110115 BerlinGermany

Phone: + 49 (0)30 72 62 96 - 300Fax: + 49 (0)30 72 62 96 - 309Email: [email protected]: www.solarpraxis.de

Responsible under the German Press Act: Karl-Heinz Remmers

© 2011 Solarpraxis AG

Idea and concept Solarpraxis AG

Project management Solarpraxis AG / Dr Roland Ernst

Assistance to editorial department Ute Bartels, Jessyca Groß, Lena Kuhn, Sandra Steinmetz

Industry profile editors Dr Detlef Koenemann, exceptp. 41: Ucilia Wang Ch. 2: Dr Henning Wicht/iSuppli

“Industry” technical proofreadingSolarpraxis AG / Christian Dürschner

“Industry” translationÜbersetzungsbüro Peschel

Art DirectionSunbeam GmbH / Steffen Wilbrandt

Layout & compositionSunbeam GmbH / dermarkstein.de

Photo editor & image processingTom Baerwald

ChartsKay Neubert

Website design by sunbeam GmbH

Printed byDruckhaus Mitte, Berlin

Booklet website www.pv-system-tech.com

Important Notice, Picture Credits and Legal Information

Inverter Market Tracker —

The Battle for the Heart of the Systems.

Inverter and Microinverter Teardown —

Understanding the Cost Structure of Market Leaders.

Microinverters and Power Optimizers Special Report —

Can Moore’s Law Be Disruptive Again?

IHS iSuppli — The Global Leader in PV Market Research

Covering the topics critical to your business:

To learn more: www.isuppli.com/pv | [email protected] | +49 89 2070260-61

2663_0311PB

Solarpraxis EngineeringPhotovoltaics and Solar Thermal

Services to give you a head start

www.solarpraxis.com

Planning of PV- and ST-Installations Yield Assessment Yield Forecast Yield Optimization

Environmental Impact Assessment Grid connection services Technical hotline Technical documentation

Technical Due Diligences Acceptance Tests Quality Assurance Seminars / Seminar material

Please contact Christian Steinberg, +49 (0)30 726 296-342,[email protected]

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Reply form | Fax: +49-30-72 62 96-309

The industry guide is expected to be released following the Solarpraxis conference „Inverter and PV System Technology“ in January 2012 in Berlin.

This high-quality, English-language publication will assess both the upstream (production and supply chain) and the downstream (planning, distribution, installation and operation) aspects of the electrical system. It is targeted at system integrators, distributors, project developers, top planners and investors. Besides corporate portraits it includes an overview of market conditions, advances in technology, new areas of application and perspectives.

Customer contacts and image building for your company Worldwide presence in the booming regions of the PV industry Internet presence in English at www.pv-system-tech.com At least 40 brochures for your own marketing purposes (larger quantities on demand,

individual corporate and product presentations can be reprinted) Use of the information graphics in the brochure for press purposes, making the brochure

a pool of information for the press and multipliers

Text editing, graphics and typesetting High-quality design and printing of the industry guide Print run of 12,000 copies Internet presentation of the entire brochure at www.pv-system-tech.com Worldwide distribution of the industry guide by Solarpraxis AG

Please fi nd the complete content of the industry guide “Inverter and PV System Technology“ 2011 under www.pv-system-tech.com. Besides, Solarpraxis AG has also produced various other promotional brochures for the renewable energy sector

More at www.renewablesinsight.com

Scheduled to April 2012, Thin-Film Industry Forum 2012, Berlin

1-page full-colour presentation including Internet presentation: 3,500 euros plus VAT 2-page full-colour presentation including Internet presentation: 5,900 euros plus VAT Discount for participants of „Inverter and PV System Technology“ 2011: 5% Prices include complete production with the above-named services and distribution

of the brochures Please note the terms and conditions of Solarpraxis AG

Ms. Bing Wang, Phone: +49(30)726296-443, Mail: [email protected]

Benefi ts for you

Scope of services provided by Solarpraxis AG

References

Date of publication

Prices

Contact

Company

First name and surname

Street, Postcode, City

Phone

Mail

Yes, we would like to reserve a page presentation in the industry guide Yes, we have participated in the „Inverter and PV System Technology“ 2011 Please send me a specimen copy of „Inverter and PV System Technology“ 2011

Industry guide Inverter and PV System Technology 2012 2nd Edition

1

Inhaltsangabe


Industry Guide 2011

2011 edition

Conferences 2011/2012Photovoltaics and Solar ThermalTop marketing for your brand to the sector

www.solarpraxis.com

Solar Industry Forum UK 2011|12–13May2011,London,UK Solar meets Glass – 2nd Industry Summit for Logistics, Quality and Materials|13April2011,Berlin,Germany Thin-Film Industry Forum 2011|14–15April2011,Berlin,Germany Conferencia de la Industria Solar – España 2011|13–14October2011,Madrid,Spain 12th Forum Solarpraxis|17–18November2011,Berlin,Germany PV Power Plants 2011 – USA |1–2December2011,USA 2nd Inverter and PV System Technology Forum |January2012,Berlin,Germany SMEThermal |February2012,Berlin,Germany Conferenza dell’Industria Solare – Italia 2012 |February2012,Rome,Italy PV Power Plants 2012 – EU |March2012

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recommended by

In the on-going discussions about cost reductions and technical optimization in photovoltaics, usually the focus lies on the modules. However, it is important to optimize the entire system as a matched unit, not just the individual components; in this way, the efficiency of the whole PV system can be increased and the price reduced at the same time.

“Inverter and PV System Technology” takes a close look at the electrical compo-nents of the system and its interactions, gives an overview of market conditions and presents the latest technical develop-ments. Corporate portraits of 36 interna-tional companies round off this com-prehensive industry guide on PV system technology.

www.pv-system-tech.com

Documents

Industry Guide for PV and Inverter 2011