Industry Agenda Chemistry and Advanced Materials Industry Transformation Biotechnology ...€¦ · · 2016-02-26Advanced Materials Industry Transformation Biotechnology ... industry

Industry Agenda

February 2016

Chemistry and Advanced Materials Industry TransformationBiotechnology Ecosphere in China

2 Biotechnology Ecosphere in China

World Economic Forum ® © 2016 – All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced ortransmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system.

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Content

3 Foreword

4 Trends shaping the Biotechnology Ecosphere of the future


9 Trends driving the industry in China

11 Conclusions and recommendations

12 Contributors

13 Endnotes

3Biotechnology Ecosphere in China

Foreword

In 2009, the Biotechnology Ecosphere initiative was launched at the World Economic Forum to bring together stakeholders from industry, academia, government, and the start-up community to discuss top trends, challenges, and technologies that will help shape the biotechnology industry in the coming years. To develop this initiative, in-person annual sessions were held in key geographies including the U.S., Canada, Brazil, and China, as well as periodic virtual touchpoint sessions to share learnings and insights from other significant geographies across the globe.

In 2005, goals for Biotechnology Ecosphere initiative were established including:

– Create a clear visionary plan that focuses on ideas how biotechnology can enable circular economy solutions across industries

– Harmonize industry stakeholder’s input collected around issues, and establish recommendations for a unified voice for the industry

– Deploy this unified collective plan to influence policy makers to help make positive change in key global regions

In 2010 and as part of the initiative, an analysis of biorefineries of the future was published. This report presented a global view of the biotechnology industry including the opportunities ahead and challenges that would need to be addressed in order to advance biorefineries in the future. The report revealed significant value potential along the biotechnology value chain, from agricultural inputs through to end consumer-facing bioproducts, as well as across the industries of agriculture, automotive, energy, and chemicals. Key challenges identified in that report over five years ago include technical (feedstock yield and enzyme efficiency), commercial (integration into global supply chains), and sustainability (land use change and the impact on commodity prices).

In 2016, the analysis is being updated as part of the Biotechnology Ecosphere initiative to reflect changes in the industry that have occurred over the past several years. A regional analysis was conducted with the plan to provide regional updates on other areas in subsequent years. To provide a more streamlined perspective on the current and future state of the biotech landscape,


1

Biotech Diagram

Food Feedstock Waste (bagasse, etc.)

Crops

Oil & gas

Fuel Intermediate

building blocks

Human consumption

(burning, heating, transportation, etc.

Oil-based polymers & materials

Biopolymer biomaterials

Consumer goods, usable goods

Other materials

Bio-products, intermediate building

blocks, etc.

Household municipal

waste

Human consumption

Legend Processes or actions

Where biotech can have an impact

Role of biotechnology in a circular economy model

The topic of biomanufacturing integrated into circular economies to reduce cost, eliminate waste, and increase sustainability has been increasingly gaining traction in the past several years in the biotechnology industry. Traditionally, bioproducts have been manufactured from first generation feedstocks, particularly from starch crops such as corn. While this has enabled significant growth in the industry, it has also raised concerns regarding changes in land use, impact on commodity prices, and greenhouse gas emissions. Advances in biotechnology are now allowing for these feedstocks to be replaced with new, non-food inputs, which are referred to as second generation feedstocks and include a variety of bio-waste materials. As new technologies allow for the use of additional types of feedstocks to be utilized, there are significant opportunities to use the waste products generated in agricultural and urban centres as inputs for biomanufacturing in local hubs as shown in Figure 1. This circular economy model has the dual advantage of reducing waste accumulation and providing low cost and sustainable feedstocks for the manufacture of bioproducts.

Figure 1: Circular economy model

New enablers for bioentrepreneurship

Traditionally, a number of barriers have made it difficult for smaller entrepreneurs and academic researchers to develop and commercialize new bio-based solutions. These challenges have limited established players in the past from developing new innovations. Yet, today a series of dynamic enablers including facility space, equipment sharing, online collaboration platforms and financing have the potential to break down these barriers and drive innovation.1

– Facility space: New workspace and laboratory options are becoming available for biotechnology start-ups with limited financial resources. These include university-based spaces provide laboratories that can be shared to offset both facility and operational costs, and accelerate programmes by combining physical space, lab equipment, and access to mentors.

– Equipment sharing: Academic and private labs rent their equipment, tools, and reagents on a part-time basis to early stage companies that lack the funds to purchase these resources outright.

– Online collaboration platforms: Platforms that facilitate peer-to-peer exchange of expertise and ideas are being used to encourage more broad-based collaborative innovation.

– Financing: In addition to venture capital funds focused on biotechnology, new sources of funding are emerging in the form of crowdsourcing platforms that connect individual investors to early stage companies.

By helping to support enablers that create new growth pathways for bioentrepreneurs, the next wave of innovation could potentially re-shape the future direction of the industry.

Trends shaping the Biotechnology Ecosphere of the future

Source: World Economic Forum, December 2015.

China was selected to be the country focus of the 2015 Future of Industrial Biorefineries. China represents a unique opportunity for biomanufacturing opportunities given its high energy needs, coupled with its concerns regarding greenhouse gas emissions and the pollution associated with burning fossil fuels. While the biomanufacturing market in China is still significantly smaller than more established markets such as the U.S. and Brazil, it has seen major growth since its inception in the early 2000s. China’s biofuel production is rising from 380 million litres in 2004 to an estimated 3.08 billion litres in 2015. This historical growth was accompanied by varying levels of policy support and business investment.2

In recent years, several challenges have emerged that have impeded further growth in biomanufacturing development. High among these challenges are concerns with land use. China’s large population, shifting demographic trends, and limited amounts of arable land create stiff competition for land needed to grow first generation feedstocks such as corn, and makes these crops less attractive option for production of biofuels. While biomanufacturing has seen significant growth in China, it is still far short of the production targets that the Chinese government has set for the industry. This unique blend of challenge and opportunity make China an important market for driving change towards achieving future growth in biomanufacturing.

Biotechnology Ecosphere in China

In 2014, the World Economic Forum convened in Beijing with key industry and government stakeholders from the biotechnology industry to discuss environmental policy and regulation, accelerating the commercialization process for biorefineries, and the biofuel industry landscape in China. Over the course of these conversations, the key takeaways were as follows:

– The industry needs to address the bio-based versus oil debate by emphasizing the value proposition, such as flexible capital, producing less waste, creating new jobs, and a faster product development cycle

– A public policy framework is needed during the industry’s period of scaling, which can include how to aggregate biomass, where to locate facilities, how to use marginal land, etc.

– A set of best practices and standards will need to be defined for assuring progress in the industry during the scaling period

– A program will need to be developed that fosters increased collaboration between stakeholders, including financial players, engineers, consumers, consumer product companies



History of biomanufacturing in China

The roots of the biomanufacturing industry in China can be traced back to 1986 when biotechnology was included as a focus area of the National High Tech Research and Development Initiative. Research and investment in small scale pilot programmes continued over the next decade with the government beginning the creation of a regulatory framework for the production, transportation, and use of bioethanol in 2001 as part its 10th Five-Year Plan. This included standards for introducing ethanol-blend requirements in selected provinces. Larger scale commercial production commenced in 2004 and the industry has subsequently grown into what it is today.3

Industry statistics

Current production of biofuels in China is split into bioethanol, produced primarily from starch crops, and biodiesel, produced from fatty oils. In 2015, production of bioethanol is expected to reach 3.08 billion litres, an increase of 10 percent from the previous year, as increased demand from provinces with an ethanol blend mandate was offset by feedstock constraints.4 Bioethanol production is expected to be 1.14 billion litres, a 3 percent increase from the previous year as a government crackdown on illegal uses of fatty oils has created more feedstock availability, while imports of biodiesel have led to price competition and have slowed production.5

Current technology overview

The majority of bioethanol produced in China uses starch crops as the primary feedstock, with 76 percent of production coming from corn kernels and 14 percent coming from wheat kernels. Due to concerns regarding land use and competition with food crops, however, there has been a concerted push to develop biofuel using a variety of non-food grain feedstocks. These are commonly referred to as “one-and-a-half” generation feedstocks, with cassava and sweet sorghum stalks being the most commonly used. While there has been a significant amount of effort to develop production using these non-food feedstocks, it has yet to fully take off commercially with cassava and sweet sorghum contributing 8 percent and less than 1 percent of total bioethanol production respectively as of 2014.6

Recent advances in first generation feedstock conversion techniques may lead to significant cost reductions and energy savings. Traditionally, the cooking and saccharification process used to produce ethanol for starch crops has required a temperature of 100°C. New techniques are available and beginning to be adopted in China that reduced the required temperature to 50°C and consolidate several steps in the process reducing energy use. Additionally, one of the limiting factors in the use of “one-and-a-half” feedstocks, particularly sweet sorghum, has been conversion techniques. Due to the planting cycle of the sweet sorghum crop in China, traditionally used liquid fermentation techniques only allow for a relatively short three to four month ethanol production period for this feedstock. Chinese scientists have recently developed an advanced solid-state fermentation process, which both

allows for a much longer operational period for sorghum ethanol manufacturing plants and significantly reduces energy use. More widespread adoption of these techniques would likely be needed to make sweet sorghum a significant part of the bioethanol feedstock base.7

While the vast majority of bioethanol in China is still produced from first generation feedstocks, second generation feedstocks are beginning to gain a foothold, as well. There is currently one commercial cellulosic ethanol plant operating in China that provides fuel to seven cities in Shandong. While the current output only represents 1 percent of total ethanol production, there are a number of additional biomanufacturing facilities that are currently planned for development that will utilize cellulosic materials and other second generation feedstocks.8 A major source of investment into second generation facilities will likely come from foreign companies, as several have announced joint ventures with Chinese companies and institutions to develop facilities for research and development of second generation feedstocks in China.

Biodiesel production in China mainly relies on waste oils as a feedstock given the lack of vegetable or soybean oil that is available domestically. Production of biodiesel is much more dispersed than it is for bioethanol with a number of smaller local manufacturing plants, as opposed to the larger plants engaged in ethanol production, that often fail to fully utilize their production capacity due to a lack of oil feedstock.9 Feedstock shortages have been historically compounded by the fact that there is a large illegal market for the sale of waste oils, commonly referred to as “gutter oil,” for human consumption. In 2013, a government crackdown prevented the sale of gutter oil for human consumption, creating additional feedstock availability for use in biofuels and provided a large boost to production.10 There has also been significant investment into the production of biodiesel using Jatropha oil, though business enthusiasm for these developments is largely tied in with oil prices preventing these projects from generating significant forward momentum.11

Government and regulatory environment overview

In 2001, Chinese government policy regulating and supporting the biomanufacturing industry began with the 10th Five-Year Plan. The policy was originally designed to support the use of excess cereal grains for development of biofuels to supplement the automotive industry. After several years, however, the policy shifted course to address growing concerns of land use for planting cereal crops for biofuels purposes. In 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission of China released a middle and long-term plan for China’s renewable energy, which revised and decreased biofuel production and included provisions that biofuel development should not compete with growing of food for consumers or feed for livestock.12 While this policy was accompanied by strong regulatory support for research and development of “one-and-a-half” generation feedstocks, these feedstocks have yet to gain a strong foothold commercially, effectively serving to slow the growth of the overall market.13


For 2011 to 2015, the current biofuels policy is largely defined by the 12th Five-Year Plan, which biomanufacturing is considered a strategic industry.14 The plan includes ambitious utilization targets for biomanufacturing including 13 million kilowatts capacity for electricity generation, 30 billion m3 for biomass gas utilization, 10 million tonnes of biomass feedstock, and 5 million tonnes of liquid biofuel usage for biofuels.15 Due to limited feedstock availability, however, the industry will most likely fall short of these targets. For 2014 to 2020, the Energy Development Strategy Action Plan released by China’s State Council also reaffirms a commitment to advanced biofuels including the continued development of non-grain fuel ethanol and biodiesel, as well as the deployment and demonstration microalgae oil technology as part of its medium term renewable energy strategy.16

While in the past production of first generation bioethanol had received a government subsidy in the form of a value-added tax rebate, this policy will be phased out in 2015 and replaced with a 5 percent consumption tax for grain ethanol consumption to limit production.17 While the overall growth of the market has been slowed by the removal of the financial subsidy, a number of Chinese provinces have ethanol-blend mandates that have created a boost to demand. Currently all of six provinces and part of five others have mandatory blend rates of 10 percent ethanol to be included in gasoline.18 There is currently no national or regional mandate for biodiesel usage.19

Ethanol imports used for transportation fuel are currently not permitted, although ethanol can be imported for use in the chemicals industry. Officials are concerned about the potential impact to price and supply volatility that may be caused by free trade in the fuel industry. In 2014, a trial import of 13 million litres of ethanol was conducted that seemed to indicate that importing ethanol to China could be economically viable given the conditions in the domestic market. Yet, future imports would require a shift in policy. Government support for biodiesel imports has been on the rise due to the removal of a consumption tax on biodiesel imports and removals of tariffs on biodiesel trade with the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries. While imported biodiesel was only 13 percent of the amount produced domestically in 2015, price competition from imports is already beginning to impact the domestic market.20

Business sentiment overview

Because business enthusiasm has faded along with government support for development of first generation biofuel projects, there is currently a great deal of momentum and investment in the development of second generation projects both from Chinese and international companies. Within the past year, a number of companies have announced projects and joint ventures in China to research and develop a variety of advanced biofuel production technologies. These ventures are being driven by both multinational corporations and innovative emerging players and frequently involve collaboration between foreign and Chinese companies. These companies are seeking to develop a wide range of advanced biotechnology solutions including cellulosic ethanol, waste to fuels, algae based biomanufacturing, and sustainable aviation biofuels.21,22,23,24

In addition, industry leaders have reiterated commitments to sustainability despite headwinds caused by the broader economic slowdown and falling oil prices. In September 2015, CEOs from over 300 Chinese chemicals companies belonging to the China Petrochemicals and Chemicals Industry Federation (CPCIF) have signed the Responsible Care Global Charter as a commitment to improve sustainability and reduce the environmental impact of the chemicals and biotechnology industries.25 This is a potentially significant development for the industry, as CPCIF represents 70 percent of the petroleum and chemicals industries in China.26

New developments in 2015

Several new policy and economic developments in 2015 are also poised to impact the direction of the biotechnology industry in China. The most significant is likely the nationwide emissions trading system that was announced in September 2015. This programme is planned to launch across China in 2017 and will build on seven regional pilot carbon trading programmes initiated over the past several years.27 It is designed to help China reach its goal of ensuring its emissions peak by 2030 set during the bilateral climate deal reached with the United States in 2014.28 This policy is also part of China’s preparation for the United Nation’s climate change conference, which was held in Paris in December 2015.

As the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases29, China is to play a major role in global climate talks and is poised to continue pursuing climate related policies. This will have the potential to open up significant new demand for renewable sources of energy such as biofuels. The Chinese government’s 13th Five-Year Plan, which will be released in March 2016, is expected to increase targets for renewable energy sources and will be a useful barometer to gauge the level of support that the government plans to give to renewable energies in the medium term.30

The evolving economic landscape in China will also likely have a profound impact on the market for biotechnology. In 2015, there was a continuation of slow economic growth in China with a 6.9 percent increase in gross domestic product for the third quarter, the slowest quarterly growth rate for the Chinese economy since the first quarter of 2009. While this will still leave the Chinese economy roughly on track to meet its goals of 7 percent annual growth, economists project the slowdown as the result of structural factors, such as an aging labour force and a shift away from manufacturing export-led growth.31

These headwinds have raised concerns that climate policies may be deprioritized both in China and globally, with leaders focused on restoring short-term economic stability, rather than longer-term investments. Government and business leaders in China, however, have reiterated commitments to pursuing renewable energy technologies despite the economic slowdown, as part of their broader strategy to pursue low carbon growth and a circular economy.32


Current challenges

The main challenge facing the biomanufacturing industry in China is competition for land use with food crops. China’s enormous population and relatively small supply of arable land create constraints on the potential production of biofuels and have dampened enthusiasm for continued use of first generation feedstocks. China has .08 hectares of arable land per capita, a much smaller figure than in countries with more developed bioindustries such as .49 hectares per capita in the U.S. and .37 in Brazil.33 While attempts have been made to overcome this constraint by producing bioethanol with non-food sources, these have not yet achieved the scale necessary to replace traditional first generation feedstocks due to issues with field management and conversion techniques. To realize the growth potential needed to make biomanufacturing a major player in China, adoptions of second generation feedstocks at scale will likely be required.

Another challenge facing the biomanufacturing industry across the globe, and is felt particularly acutely in China, is the price competition from oil. The rise of fracking and shale gas production has led to a marked increase in the global supply for oil and a corresponding decline in the price.34 Given that energy sustainability was one of the initial drivers of biofuel adoption in China, the oil recent developments have caused concern for the industry. The most recent industry analysis indicates that given current levels of technology, advanced biofuels would only be economically competitive if oil prices are at US$70 to US$80, which is well above price levels in 2015.35 Given these trends, it will be important to move the public conversation on the bio industry away from directly competing with oil and towards promoting the additional benefits of biomanufacturing, such as increasing sustainability through circular economy models.


Direction of government policy

As previously discussed, government support for the use of first generation, cereal grain-based biofuel production has effectively ended with financial subsidization for grain ethanol production stopping in 2015. This does not, however, suggest the end of government support for the entire biomanufacturing industry. Reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions remain central government priorities. Also, the climate change accord signed between China and the U.S. in 2014 will create additional impetus for the increased use of renewable fuels. It is expected that the biomanufacturing industry will continue to play a key role in the upcoming Five-Year Plan that will be released in 2016. The nature of the policy will evolve, however, future regulations will likely support biomanufacturing in the circular economy to reuse waste products, while reducing pollution and promotion of second generation feedstock research and development. World Economic Forum Industry Partners have indicated that specific policy mechanisms that would benefit the industry are changing the bioethanol pricing mechanism to favour industry development and clarifying subsidies on advanced biofuels.

Another major policy initiative that will impact the development of biotechnology in China is the nationwide emissions trading scheme that was announced in September 2015 and is planned to begin in 2017.36 The programme will cover a number of industries, including iron and steel, power generation, chemicals, building materials, paper-making, and nonferrous metals. This policy will likely create significant demand for renewable fuels to help companies remain below emissions limit. Biotechnologies are well placed to potentially capture this demand. The industry will need to remain committed to advocating on behalf of biofuels, while ensuring that they remain part of the renewable energy mix in China.

Finally, the government’s position on expanding ethanol blend mandates will have a significant impact on the future of biotechnology. There are currently 10 percent ethanol blend mandates in 11 Chinese provinces, which have served as a significant driver of demand for biofuels. There is the potential to expand the 10 percent blend mandate by 2020, which help to increase demand for biofuels and provide an impetus for the development of advanced biofuels technologies.

Trends driving the industry in China

Role of biotechnology in the circular economy

An area in which biomanufacturing is likely to have strong role is in China’s future of reducing pollution, as part of the circular economy. Reducing pollution is one of the major challenges in China and is set to be a focus of both government and businesses in the coming years. A large contributor of pollution is the vast quantities of waste generated by China’s cities and agricultural production. Biomanufacturing represents an opportunity to create a positive situation by recycling these materials and using them as inputs for the construction of bio-based products. This contributes towards a circular economy, which the municipal wastes generated in urban areas are used to manufacturing products, and can then be sent back to the urban areas for consumption.

Promoting the role of biomaterials in circular economies will also be beneficial to the industry by shifting the public conversation away from purely how biofuels can replace fossil fuels for energy generation. When fossil fuel prices decline due to market factors such as oversupply, this rationale for promoting biomanufacturing becomes less attractive. Shifting the discussion to the circular economy model is a much more productive conversation as it presents an avenue for addressing a pressing concern – pollution – while producing fuels and other products in a manner which promotes resource security and reduces green-house gas emissions.

Increased development of second generation feedstocks: Joint ventures and foreign investment

Developing production of second generation biofuels will be essential for ensuring the future growth of the industry given the limited growth prospects for first generation products. There is currently a small amount of second generation production occurring in China. A major source of future production will likely come from foreign investment and joint ventures between Chinese companies and both multinationals and foreign specialty players. A number of projects have been announced within the past year to develop production in a variety of different advanced biofuel technologies. While currently announced projects represent a significant amount of potential for the industry, steps should be taken to encourage additional investment in these technologies.

Cross-border public sector collaborations can also play a role in helping to develop advanced biofuels technology. For example, the Danish government has collaborated with the China Energy Research Institute to develop advanced biofuels technologies over the past several years as part of the Sino-Danish Renewable Energy Development Programme.37 Such bilateral cooperation on energy development will be continued.


Optimization of biorefineries

Optimizing existing biorefinery processes will also be an important part of the achieving progress in the industry. Many existing conversion techniques are cost and energy intensive. Adopting new, more efficient techniques will improve both the economics and sustainability of the industry. Supply chain and logistics can also be optimized, as transportation, infrastructure, and storage facilities should be considered. Ability to change and adapt to feedstock availability and end product demand will also be critical. As a more global supply chain and infrastructure is developed in the biomanufacturing industry, China will need to take steps to ensure that it is fully integrated into this system.

Moving beyond fuels to other bio-based products

Another area that presents promise for the future of the biomanufacturing industry in China is moving beyond the traditional focus on producing just fuels from bio-based feedstocks and transitioning into producing products for with a variety of end uses. Currently, China is a major consumer of petroleum used in the production of a variety of widely used products from fuels and plastics. While traditionally the focus has been on replacing fossil fuels as part of the energy value chain, there are also additional opportunities to use bio materials as inputs in a variety of other values chains. This has been recognized through

Energy Pollution from coal-fired power plants is one of the largest issues facing China today – helping to power cities with locally produced biofuels helps reduce pollution

Chemicals Biomass is increasingly being used in the development of a variety of chemicals and is also serving as an input in the value chain for consumer products such as plastics

Agriculture Development of second generation biofuels will reduce competition with food crops and provide opportunities to reuse agricultural wastes as a part of circular economies

Automotive Wider implementation of ethanol blend mandates will make biofuels an increasingly important part of the energy mix that fuels transportation in China

Aviation There are significant opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by blending traditional jet fuels with biofuels, particularly biodiesel

Figure 2: Biotechnology Industry Impact

Source: World Economic Forum, December 2015.

government policy, as the current Five-Year plan includes targets for manufacturing of biomedicines, biomedical engineering, agricultural bioproducts, biochemical, and biomaterials.38 Given the wide range of industries that are developing bio-based products, there is significant room for collaboration and open innovation across industries. China has already seen commercial applications of bio-based products in several non-energy industries, including plastics and healthcare. Emerging technologies, such as a technology developed in China that uses biomaterials to create the first 3D printed blood vessels, 39 will also play a role in creating bio-based products with a variety of applications across industries.

Strategic relevance for selected industries

Biomanufacturing has strategic potential for a variety of industries in China. An overview of the strategic potential for biomaterials across selected industries are illustrated in Figure 2.


The future of the biomanufacturing industry in China is very positive. The ability to respond to a number of pressing national challenges, latest technology developments, the government’s support of the industry, and the large and small organizations driving towards commercialization have set the stage for a successful next phase of development and integration of China’s biotechnology environment. Achieving scale and unlocking the full potential of the biotechnology industry in a circular economy requires concerted effort from the industry at both the macro and micro level.

At the macro level (within the country structure), design policies, systems, and enterprises enable a circular economy transition in growth regions. This not only drives biotechnology economic development, but also unlocks a higher level of value and service from materials cycling through the economy.

At the micro level (within corporate systems), important work remains to assess and understand the systems necessary to better integrate biotechnology companies into circular economy practices and the broader economic landscape. This is critical to large for established businesses and small start-ups that are eager to build the biotechnology industry to a national scale.

The World Economic Forum believes that task forces should be reinvigorated with a focus on policy and regulation, feedstocks, and commercialization and technology:

Conclusions and recommendations

– Policy/regulation: Focus on establishing stronger dialogue with the government to continue to drive the commercialization of biotechnology.

– Feedstocks: Second generation feedstocks show great promise and will likely come from joint ventures. Identifying the right organizations and bringing them together for discussions focused on collaborative innovation will help to advance these new feedstocks. Third generation technologies could also be explored in greater detail.

– Commercialization/technology. Many small companies exist in this field and make a positive impact; however, many of them are not represented on the biotechnology initiative. Cataloguing these companies, reaching out, and establishing contact may support them in their endeavours to develop technology and drive commercialization.

Since the biotechnology environment in China is very fragmented, a more comprehensive view on the key industry organizations, big or small, would be beneficial. Case studies, particularly from smaller players, may help to better understand the biorefineries landscape and foster collaboration, knowledge sharing, and innovation.

The next meeting should attempt to bring together all of the relevant contributors in the biotechnology ecosphere to reinvigorate and advance this initiate. The group will reconvene in China (Beijing or another location) in the summer of 2016.


Expert Contributors

George Chen GuoqiangProfessor, School of Life SciencesTsinghua University

Weiming JiangPresident, DSM ChinaRoyal DSM

Timothy CesarekSenior Vice-President, Business DevelopmentEnerkem

Chong LiPublic Affairs ManagerNovozymes (China) Investment Co. Ltd.

Project Advisors, Deloitte

Duane DicksonGlobal Leader, Chemicals & Specialty Materials Sector Deloitte Consulting LLP

Jeff CarbeckSpecialist Leader, Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, DC InnovationsDeloitte Consulting LLP

Kevin HoganConsultantDeloitte Consulting LLP

Matt DonnellyConsultantDeloitte Consulting LLP

World Economic Forum Chemistry and Advanced Materials Team

Fernando GomezHead of Chemistry and Advanced Materials IndustryWorld Economic Forum

Kevin MaggittiProject Manager, Collaborative InnovationWorld Economic Forum

Alice CascioliCommunity CoordinatorWorld Economic Forum

Contributors


Endnotes

1. Bioentrepreneur, “How the sharing economy is influencing biotech innovation and what it means for startups,” accessed in December 2015, http://www.nature.com/bioent/2015/151101/full/bioe.2015.12.html.

2. United States Department of Agriculture, “China Biofuels Annual 2015”, 3 September 2015, http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_9-3-2015.pdf

3. International Association for Energy Economics. “Biofuels in China: Development Dynamics, Policy Imperatives, and Future Growth”. 20 March 2008, www.iaee.org/en/publications/newsletterdl.aspx?id=98

4. United States Department of Agriculture, “China Biofuels Annual 2015”

5. Ibid.

6. United States Department of Agriculture, “China Biofuels Annual 2014”, 3 September 2015, http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biofuels%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_9-3-2015.pdf

7. Center for Chinese Agriculture Policy, “Liquid Biofuels in China: Current status, Government policies, and future opportunities and challenges”, 22 March 2012, http://www.ccap.org.cn/uploadfile/2012/0927/20120927091142732.pdf.


9. Center for Chinese Agriculture Policy, “Liquid Biofuels in China: Current status, Government policies, and future opportunities and challenges”


11. Center for Chinese Agriculture Policy, “Liquid Biofuels in China: Current status, Government policies, and future opportunities and challenges”

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. The British Chamber of Commerce in China, China’s 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015), March 2011, http://www.britishchamber.cn/content/chinas-twelfth-five-year-plan-2011-2015-full-english-version.

15. Ibid.

16. The London School of Economic and Political Science, Energy Development Strategy Action Plan for 2014-2020, copyright 2014, http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/law/energy-development-strategy-action-plan-2014-2020/.


18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Biofuels Digest, “Edeniq signs R&D agreement with China’s Global Bio-Chem Technology Group,” 2 December 2014, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2014/12/02/edeniq-signs-rd-agreement-with-chinas-global-bio-chem-technology-group/

22. Sys Con Media, “Enerkem deepens entry into China,” 27 October 2014, http://news.sys-con.com/node/3218582.

23. Biofuels Digest, “Algae.Tec signs with China Finance Strategies to introduce tech to greater China region”12 January 2015, http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/01/12/algae-tec-signs-with-china-finance-strategies-to-introduce-tech-to-greater-china-region/

24. The Boeing Company, “Boeing Hosts China President Xi Jinping, Announces Airplane Sales, Expanded Collaboration with China’s Aviation Industry,” 23 September 2015, http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2015-09-23-Boeing-Hosts-China-President-Xi-Jinping-Announces-Airplane-Sales-Expanded-Collaboration-with-Chinas-Aviation-Industry


25. International Council of Chemical Associations, “All Aboard: Chinese Chemical Industry Leaders Sign Onto Responsible Care Global Charter,” 18 September 2014, http://www.iccaaticcm4.com/2015/09/18/all-aboard-chinese-chemical-industry-leaders-sign-onto-responsible-care-global-charter/.

26. Ibid.

27. Financial Times, “China to announce carbon trading plans,” 25 September 2015, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/b2ff40e0-631e-11e5-a28b-50226830d644.html#axzz3qN3tVR6R.

28. Ibid.

29. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, “National CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring: 1751-2011” accessed December 2015, http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_coun.html

30. Climate Home, “China top officials outline greener five year plan,” 10 October 2015, http://www.climatechangenews.com/2015/10/30/china-top-officials-outline-greener-five-year-plan/.

31. Financial Times, “China third-quarter GDP growth beats expectations at 6.9%,” 19 October 2015, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/78d86628-757d-11e5-8564-b4bb9a521c63.html#axzz3qN3tVR6R.

32. World Economic Forum, “Despite Economic Slowdown, China Strongly Committed to Green growth,” 9 September 2015, https://agenda.weforum.org/news/despite-economic-slowdown-china-strongly-committed-to-green-growth/.

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