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INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENTCOURSE OUTLINE
VOLUME II, THIRD EDITION
Chapter Topic Page
1 THE INDUSTRIAL PLANT OPERATOR................................................................................... 1Ken KerriDan Campbell
2 FIXED GROWTH PROCESSES (TRICKLING FILTERS ANDROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTORS) ............................................................................ 25
John R. Harrison
3 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS CONTROL .......................................................................... 121Ross GudgelLarry Peterson
4 SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS ......................................................................................... 247John Brady
5 ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL CONTROL................................................................................... 287John G. M. GonzalesRoss Gudgel
6 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT....................................................................................................... 349Ken KesslerDavid WadeJill Jordan
7 RESIDUAL SOLIDS MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................... 425Liberato D. TortoriciBoris L. Pastushenko
8 MAINTENANCE ......................................................................................................................... 597Norman FarnumStan WaltonJohn BradyRoger PetersonRevised by Malcolm Carpenter and Rick Arbour
Appendix COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW QUESTIONS AND SUGGESTED ANSWERS ........................ 741
INDUSTRIAL WASTE WORDS ................................................................................................. 765
SUBJECT INDEX......................................................................................................................... 813
Index 813
SUBJECT INDEX
A
Abnormal operationanaerobic treatment, 405rotating biological contactors, 84
Acetogenesis, 359, 360Acids, 195Actinomycetes, 190Activated biofilter, 90Activated sludge process
aeration, 142–154air distribution, 151, 164air filters, 146, 148, 163air headers, 146, 151, 155, 164Al West method, 193amoeboids, 191, 192, 193biological treatment of industrial wastes, 195–206blowers, 146, 150, 151, 152, 163brewery wastewaters, 217–228brush rotor, 145bulking, 169ciliates, 191, 192, 193complete mix, 160, 162, 169contact stabilization, 154, 160control of WAS (waste activated sludge), 173conventional, 173, 176dairy wastes, 232–240denitrification, 168description, 139diffused aeration, 146, 147diffusers, 147, 154, 157, 158, 159, 164endogenous respiration, 185extended aeration
F/M (food/microorganism) control, 176intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS),
270–279return activated sludge (RAS) control, 166waste activated sludge (WAS) control, 173
F/M (food/microorganism) ratio, 173, 175, 214filamentous organisms, 142, 190–193, 205, 221, 226, 227flagellates, 191, 192, 193foam control, 210, 226food processing wastes, 228–230food/microorganism (F/M) ratio, 173, 175, 214high rate, 173, 176industrial waste treatment, 195–206load ratio, 189MCRT (mean cell residence time), 173, 177, 191
MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) control, 173, 180
mean cell residence time (MCRT), 173, 177, 191mechanical aeration, 142–146microbiology, 190–193microorganisms, 190–193microscopic examination, 190–193mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) control, 173,
180nitrification, 166, 177nutrients, 197, 210operating guidelines, 166–193organic matter stabilization test, 189oxygen uptake rate, 181, 186–190petroleum refinery wastes, 230–232pH control, 210pin floc, 192, 193process control options, 166protozoa, 190–193pulp and paper mill wastes, 209–217pure oxygen, 146respiration rate, 181–186return activated sludge, 166–172rotifers, 190–193SVI (sludge volume index), 171safety, 163, 214sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 259settleability, 170settleability approach for RAS (return activated sludge), 169sludge age, 173, 174sludge volume index (SVI), 171start-up, 203step-feed aeration, 159, 161, 166straggler floc, 191, 192surface aerators, 163temperature effect, 177treatment of industrial wastes, 195–206troubleshooting, 169, 172, 173, 214turbine aerators, 146volatile solids inventory, 179volute, 151waste activated sludge, 172–193West, Al, method, 193“Y” wall, 153
Acute health effect, 14Aerated lagoon, 236Aeration, 142–154Aeration equipment, 90
814 Treatment Plants
Aerobic, 17, 300Aerobic digestion
air requirements, 485, 489batch operation, 480bulking, 485continuous operation, 480description, 480digestion time, 482, 483, 486, 489dissolved oxygen, 482, 485, 488efficiency, 483, 486, 487, 489factors affecting performance, 482filamentous organisms, 485, 489foam, 485, 486, 488, 489guidelines, operation, 483hydraulic loading, 484, 489inhibitory pollutants, 482laboratory analysis, 485loadings, 484, 489nitrification, 488observations, 486, 488odors, 486operation, 483, 485overflow, 480oxygen uptake, 486, 488performance, 482, 483, 486pH, 485, 488sampling, 485sludge type, 482, 485solids loading, 484temperature, 484, 486, 488time of digestion, 482, 483, 486toxicity, 489troubleshooting, 488, 490underflow, 480variables, 482visual inspection, 488volatile solids loading, 482, 484, 487, 489
Agglomeration, 139Agricultural use, uses of water, need to treat, 15Agronomic rates, 568Air chamber, pump, 693, 696Air distribution, 151, 164Air drive systems, RBC (rotating biological contactor), 66, 86Air gap device, 720, 721Air headers, 146, 151, 155, 164Air pollution
cyclonic separator, 549impingement scrubber, 549scrubbers, 549Venturi scrubber, 549
Air strainer, ejectors, 697Al West method, activated sludge process, 193Alignment
motors, 672, 673, 674, 675pumps, 614, 640, 689, 705, 706
Alkalies, 195Alkalinity, 315, 385, 399Alkalinity and pH, biological nitrogen removal, 317, 334–336
Alternating current (AC), 648Alum, 493Ammeter, 651Ammonia, petroleum refinery wastes, 232Amoeboids, 191, 192, 193Amps, 648Anaerobic, 17, 300Anaerobic digester, 479
Also see Anaerobic treatmentAnaerobic fermentation, 359Anaerobic selector, 328Anaerobic treatment
abnormal operation, 405acetogenesis, 359, 360advantages, 363, 378alkalinity, 385, 399attached growth, 362, 363, 365, 366, 369bacteria, 360biogas, 375, 377, 400, 418biomass, 375, 390corrosion, 375, 418covers, troubleshooting, 414disadvantages, 363downflow anaerobic filter, 365effluent recycle, 387effluent troubleshooting, 416facultative bacteria, 360fermentation process, 359fixed film, 369, 370fluidized bed reactors, 363, 366gas collection and handling, 395gas system, troubleshooting, 412, 413granular sludge, 371heat exchanger, troubleshooting, 411hybrids, 362, 363, 367, 368, 369hydraulic residence time (HRT), 382, 387Kjeldahl nitrogen, 402laboratory procedures, 397–402limitations, 361macronutrients, 381, 389maintenance, 418media materials, fixed film, 370methane production rate, 382methanogenesis, 359, 360micronutrients, 381, 390monitoring, 395normal operation, 392–405nutrient deficiencies, 407nutrient requirements, 378, 389, 390odor control, 396operation, 380–417operation guidelines, 381–390organic loading, 381organic removal efficiency, 382overfeeding, 405pH, 385pH extremes, 406pipelines, troubleshooting, 409
Index 815
Anaerobic treatment (continued)process, 359process control, 380pumping, troubleshooting, 409reactor loading, troubleshooting, 408reactor solids, troubleshooting, 409recycle, effluent, 387restarting, 417safety, 418separator, 375, 376shutdown, 417“silo” anaerobic filter, 369solids wasting, 386start-up procedures, 391struvite, 418suspended growth, 362, 363, 364temperature control, troubleshooting, 410temperature extremes, 406total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 402toxic substances, 407toxicity, troubleshooting, 415troubleshooting, 405–416types, 361, 362UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) systems, 367, 368,
371–379upflow anaerobic filter, 365upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) systems, 367, 368,
371–379volatile acid to alkalinity ratio, 385volatile acids, 382, 397
Analog readout, 649Anoxic, 186, 300, 330, 331Aquatic vegetation, uses of water, need to treat, 15Arch, chemical, 313Artichoke wastewater, 228Ash, incinerator, 551, 572Aspirator, 454Attached growth, anaerobic, 362, 363, 365, 366, 369Autogenous burn, 558Autotrophic, 105Autotrophs, 301Auxiliary equipment
instrumentation, RBC (rotating biological contactor), 73trickling filter, 47
Axial flow pumps, 617, 624
B
BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), 16, 198Baffle, scum removal equipment, gravity thickening, 444–446Baffles, RBC (rotating biological contactor), 65, 67Ball valves, 693, 696Bardenpho process, 330–332Basket centrifuge, 461, 462, 468, 472Bearings
electric motor, 699pump, 611, 614, 619, 620, 622, 623, 625, 626, 627, 632,
633, 643, 689, 692, 697
Beds, sludge, 525, 528Belt drives, pump maintenance, 701, 703, 704Belt filter press
belt speed, 516, 517belt tension, 514belt type, blinding, 516, 517cake, 516, 517cleaning of belt, 516, 517conditioning, 514description, 513drawing, 515factors affecting performance, 514guidelines, operating, 514hydraulic loading, 516, 517operation, 516performance, 517, 518plans and specifications, 575, 576polymer dosage, 514, 517pressure, 514sludge type, 514, 517solids recovery, 517troubleshooting, 517variables, 514washing out, 516, 517
Bioassay, 210, 359Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 16, 198Biodegradable, 195Biofilter/activated sludge, combined processes, fixed and
suspended growth, 93Biogas, 375, 377, 400, 418Biological buildup and stabilization, intermittent cycle extended
aeration system (ICEAS), 273Biological contamination, 14, 15Biological nitrogen removal
alkalinity and pH, 317, 334–336basic principles, 315denitrification, 315, 316, 322–327dissolved oxygen, 318equipment, 316fixed film reactor, 322methanol, 322, 324, 327nitrification, 315–320nitrogen levels, 318nitrogenous food, 318operation, 316–319, 322pH, 317review of plans and specifications, 344suspended growth reactors, 316, 322, 325temperature, 318troubleshooting, 320, 326
Biological phosphorus removallime slaking mechanism, 312lime slurry and mixing, 313luxury uptake of phosphorus, 303–314maintenance, 312–313operation, 309–312Phostrip process, 303–314reactions, 335
816 Treatment Plants
Biological phosphorus removal (continued)review of plans and specifications, 313, 343safety, 309sludge disposal, 312types of processes, 303
Biological treatment of industrial wastes, 195–206Also see Industrial waste treatment
Biomass, 35, 299, 375, 390Biopaq UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactor,
schematic, 371Biosolids, 88, 225, 234, 561, 568, 569, 571, 572Biothane® upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process,
cross section, 376Biotower, 88, 96Birds, public health vectors, land disposal, solids, 574, 575Blanket depth, gravity thickeners, 446, 448, 450, 453Blind, filter media, 522, 523Blowdown receiver, ejectors, 697Blowers
activated sludge, 146, 150, 151, 152, 163safety, 163, 720ventilation, 720
Body-contact water recreation, uses of water, need to treat, 15Bonnet valve, 713, 715Bound water, 446Brewery wastewaters
characteristics, 217filamentous organisms, 221, 226, 227foam, 226general, 217–228nutrient addition, 217, 220operational strategy, 217recordkeeping, 228sources, 217strategy, 217
Brinelling, 632Brush rotor, 145Bubbler-type controls, 633Budget administrator, 10Buffer capacity, nitrification process, 317Buffer, pH control, activated sludge, 204Buildings, maintenance, 608Bulking
activated sludge, 169aerobic digesters, 485centrifuge thickeners, 463enhanced biological treatment, 329, 337fixed film reactor, 105
C
COD (chemical oxygen demand), 199Cadmium, 561, 568Calculations
combined processes, 117nutrient addition, 220return activated sludge (RAS), 170, 171
rotating biological contactors, 116trickling filters, 113, 116
Calibrationflowmeters, 727, 730gas detectors, 720
Capacity, pump, 617, 691Casing, pump, 611, 615, 619, 620Cavitation, 456, 618Central pretreatment facilities, 201–203Centrate, 312, 461, 474Centrifugal force, 613Centrifugal pumps
description, 611, 617, 619–625maintenance, 641, 688
Centrifuge test, suspended solids, 286Centrifuge thickeners and dewatering
Also see Dewatering sludgeage of sludge, 463basket centrifuge, 461, 462, 468, 472bowl speed, 463, 467, 473bulking sludge, 463cake, 474centrate, 461, 474centrifugal forces, 461, 468, 474depth of pool, 463, 468, 473detention time, 468dewatering, 523differential scroll speed, 463, 468disc-nozzle centrifuge, 463, 466, 467, 468, 469, 473, 474factors affecting performance, 463feed solids, 463feed time, 467guidelines, operation, 463, 469hydraulic loading, 463nozzle size, 463, 468number of nozzles, 468observations, 472operation, 468, 523performance, 469, 523, 524plans and specifications, 575, 576polymers, 469, 470, 471, 473, 524pool depth, 463, 468, 473rising sludge, 463scroll centrifuge, 461, 464, 465, 468, 471, 473scroll speed, 473, 523shutdown, 468solids loading, 463, 523solids recovery, 468, 469, 471, 472start-up, 468thickened sludge, 469, 472troubleshooting, 472, 473variables, 463vibrations, 473, 474visual inspection, 472
Chain drives, 702, 703Change oil, pump, 693Channels, flow, maintenance, 609
Index 817
Chart, recording, 728, 729Check valves, 641, 691, 697, 711, 712Chemical conditioning of sludges
addition of chemicals, 500alum, 493automatic feeding systems, 501centrifuges, 469–472, 500chemical requirements, 493, 494, 500dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 460, 500dosages, chemicals, 494–499, 500equipment, 499ferric chloride, 493, 495gravity thickening, 500jar tests, 494, 496lime, 495, 499mannich reaction polymer, 494mixing equipment, 501plans and specifications, 575, 576polymers, 493, 494, 495, 496, 500pressure filters, 500, 509, 512seasonal chemical requirements, 493solution preparation, 499troubleshooting, 500, 501typical chemical requirements, 500vacuum filtration, 500, 518, 523
Chemical contamination, 14, 15Chemical oxygen demand (COD), 199Chemical solution preparation, 499Chemical stabilization of sludges
chlorine stabilization, 490, 491, 492lime stabilization, 490, 491operation
chlorine stabilization, 490, 491, 492lime stabilization, 490, 491
pHchlorine stabilization, 490, 491lime stabilization, 490, 491
slurry, lime, 491troubleshooting
chlorine stabilization, 491, 492lime stabilization, 490, 491
Chlorine stabilization of sludges, 490, 491, 492Chronic health effect, 14Ciliates, 191, 192, 193Cipolletti weir, flowmeters, 725, 728Circuit breakers, 653, 654, 655, 656–659Clarification, activated sludge, process control, 205Clarification, fixed growth processes
combined processes, 90, 97rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 79trickling filters, 56
Cleaning plugged pipes, pumps, and valvescosts, 723cutting tools, 724digested sludge lines, 723equipment, 723, 724high-velocity pressure units, 724
methods of unplugging, 723, 724pipes, 723pressure cleaning methods, 723, 724pumps, 689, 723, 724scum lines, 723sludge lines, 723temperature, 723valves, 723, 724
Cleaning pumps, 689, 723, 724Clinkering, 558Closed impeller, 621Coagulation, 493Coke wastes, 21Colloids, 309Combined processes, fixed and suspended growth
activated biofilter, 90aeration basin, 90, 91, 96aeration equipment, 90biofilter/activated sludge, 93biotower, 88, 96calculations, 117clarification, 90, 97components, 88contact channel, 90, 96control guidelines, 92data sheet, 113description, 88, 91filter pump station, 90maintenance, 97operation, 90–96process control, 96–97reaeration, 97, 98roughing filter/activated sludge, 93trickling filter, 88trickling filter/activated sludge, 93trickling filter/solids contact, 93troubleshooting, 97, 99
Complete mix, activated sludge, 160, 162, 169Components
combined processes, fixed and suspended growth, 88rotating biological contactors, 65–73sequencing batch reactors, 259trickling filter, 36upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) systems, 372–377
Composite sample, 81Composting
anaerobic conditions, 532, 534, 538balling, 534, 538blending, 532, 534, 536, 537, 538bulking material, 532climatic conditions, 537description, 532dimensions of stacks, 532, 535factors affecting performance, 534frequency of turning stacks, 536mechanical, 532moisture content, 532, 534, 537, 538
818 Treatment Plants
Composting (continued)odors, 532, 534, 538operation, 537performance, 534, 537polymers, 534pug mill, 532reduced volume sludge, 532sludge type, 534, 537static pile, 532, 533temperature, 532, 538time for composting, 534, 537troubleshooting, 537, 538turning stacks, 534, 536variables, 534windrow, 532, 535
Concentration factor, sludge, 449, 459, 460Concentrators, gravity, sludge, 444Conditioning of sludges
chemical conditioning, 460, 493–501Also see Chemical conditioning of sludges
coagulation, 493elutriation, 493flocculation, 493purpose, 493thermal conditioning, 501–504wet oxidation, 504–507
Conditioning tank, UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) system, 372
Conductivity, 209Conductors, 649Confined space ventilation, plant safety equipment, 720Coning, 220, 450Connecting rods, 693, 696, 697Constant differential, flowmeter type, 725, 726, 728Contact channel, 90, 96Contact stabilization, activated sludge, 154, 160, 166, 169Contacts, starters, 668–671Contamination
biological, 14, 15chemical, 14, 15radioactive, 14
Contract service, maintenance, flowmeters, 730Controllers, flow, 727, 728Controls, level, 633, 698Conventional-rate operation, waste activated sludge (WAS)
control, 173, 176Conversion instruments and controls, flowmeters, 727, 730Cooking water, uses of water, need to treat, 14Corrosion
anaerobic reactors, 375, 418fixed growth plant problems, 110
Costspreventive maintenance, 607repair, 607unplugging pipelines, 723
Couplings, 614, 627, 640, 704, 705, 706Cover, rotating biological contactors, 65Cross connections, 688
Current, electrical, 648, 649, 651, 652, 653, 654, 658, 659Cutting tools, plugged pipes, 724Cyanide, 196Cyclone separator, 549
D
DAF thickenersSee Dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners
Dairy wastesactivated sludge, 238aerated lagoon, 236characteristics, 233equalization, 233filamentous bacteria, 235, 237flow equalization, 233, 235hydraulic loads, 233lagoon, aerated, 236nutrient deficiencies, 233organic loads, 232pH, 233pretreatment, 234–237sources, 232spills, 236toxins, 234, 236treatment, 16, 232–240waste reduction, 240
Data sheetcombined process, 113rotating biological contactor, 114
Dateometer, 701Decanters, SBRs (sequencing batch reactors), 259, 260Decibel, 151Dedicated land disposal, sludge, 561, 566, 574Dehumidifiers, 720Denitrification
clarifier operation, 56, 168gravity thickener operation, 447nitrogen removal, 315, 316, 322–327
Density, 439Detention time
aerobic digester, 482, 483, 486, 489, 490centrifuge, 468gravity thickeners, 446, 448thermal conditioning, 501wet oxidation, 504, 505
Dewatering sludgebelt filter press, 513–518centrifuge, 523plate and frame filter press, 509–513pressure filtration, 509–518purpose, 509sand drying beds, 525–528summary, 531surfaced sludge drying beds, 528–531vacuum filtration, 518–523
Dial indicators, alignment, 705, 706Diaphragm bulb, level measurement, 633
Index 819
Diaphragm flowmeter, 725Differential producers, flowmeter type, 725, 727, 728Diffused aeration, 146, 147Diffusers, 147, 154, 157, 158, 159, 164, 269Digested sludge handling, unplugging pipelines, 723Digested sludge, pumps, 611Digester, UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) system, 372,
374Digestion
aerobic, 480anaerobic, 479
Digital readout, 649Direct current (DC), 648Discharge, pump, 611, 617, 640, 641, 642, 644, 697Disc-nozzle centrifuge, 463, 466, 467, 468, 469, 474Disconnect switch, 654Displacement units, flowmeter type, 725, 727, 728Disposal of sludges
agricultural reclamation, 561, 568, 569, 571dedicated land disposal, 561, 566, 574lagoons, 571, 572land disposal, 561, 562, 563–568monitoring, 559, 561, 573–575need, 439on-site dedicated land disposal, 566regulations, 559, 573–575sanitary landfill, 566utilization, 562
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickenersage of sludge, 456air to solids (A/S) ratio, 456, 457, 460biological flotation, 456biological sludges, 454, 456blanket thickness, 458, 460chemical conditioning, 460, 500concentration factor, 459, 460dispersed air flotation, 454efficiency, 459effluent, 460factors affecting performance, 456float characteristics, 460guidelines, operation, 456, 459hydraulic loading, 456, 459observations, 460operating guidelines, 456, 459operation, 454, 458performance, 459plans and specifications, 575, 576pressure flotation, 454primary sludge thickening, 456recycle rate, 458rising sludge, 456shutdown, 459sludge blanket, 458solids loading, 456, 459solids recovery, 459start-up, 459thickened sludge characteristics, 458
troubleshooting, 460, 461vacuum flotation, 454variables, 456visual inspection, 460withdrawal of sludge, 456
Distribution system, trickling filters, 41, 44Distributor speed, 56Dosing tanks, 47Downflow anaerobic filter, 365Draining pumps, 633, 643, 692Drinking water
protection, air gap system, 720, 721uses of water, need to treat, 12
Drive mechanismair drive systems, 86mechanical drive systems, 85rotating biological contactors, 65, 68
Drying beds, sludge, 525–531Also see Sand drying beds and Surfaced sludge drying beds
E
Eccentricpipe, 614pump, 693, 696
Eductor, 491, 500Efficiency
pump, 691residual solids management, 441, 459, 476
Effluent, 11Effluent pumps, 611Effluent recycle, anaerobic, 387Ejectors, 626, 630, 697Electric motors, 633, 661–683, 699–701Electrical controls, 633Electrical equipment maintenance, 646–661Electrical system
control, 653starters, 668–671switch gear, 653
Electricitycircuit breakers, 653, 654, 655, 656–659circuits, 646, 648, 650, 651, 652, 654, 658, 659fuses, 654, 656hazards, 646meters, 649–653starters, 668–671terms, 648testers, 649–653tools, 649–653
Electrode switches, 633, 698Electrolysis, 270Elutriation, sludge
definition, 507guidelines, operation, 507, 508operation, 507, 508process description, 507
Emergency systems, pulp and paper, 212
820 Treatment Plants
Employers, operators, 7, 21Emulsified fats and greases, 195Endogenous respiration, 185, 483Energy requirements, pumps, 617, 640, 644Enhanced biological treatment
alkalinity and pH, 315, 317, 334–336Bardenpho process, 330–332bulking, 329, 337definition of terms, 300description of process, 299foam control, 337microbial population, 301multiple processing objectives, 328, 329nitrogen and phosphorus removal, 330operating strategy, 302optimizing process, 334priorities, 328process control, 328reactions, 317review of plans and specifications, 339–344SVI (sludge volume index) control, 337, 338, 344sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 332sludge bulking, 329, 337solids management, 301strategy, 302troubleshooting, 320, 326, 337
Entrain, 68, 340Equalization, flows
brewery wastes, 219dairy wastes, 233, 235
Equalization tank, UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) system, 372
Equipmentrecords, 607, 608, 683, 684, 685service card, 607, 608
Equipment inspection, RBCs (rotating biological contactors), 80
Extended aerationactivated sludge, 166, 173, 176intermittent cycle, 270–279
F
F/M (food/microorganism) ratio, 173, 175, 214FOG (fats, oils, and grease), 219, 238Facultative bacteria, 17, 139, 360Facultative sludge lagoons, 559, 571, 572, 573, 574Failure, motors, 664, 665, 678–683Feeler gauge, alignment, 673Fermentation, anaerobic, 359Fermentation wastes, 18Filamentous organisms
activated sludge, 142, 190–193, 205, 227brewery wastewaters, 221, 226, 227dairy wastes, 235, 237enhanced biological treatment, 299, 337residual solids, 447, 485, 489trickling filter, 49
Filter mediarotating biological contactors, 65trickling filters, 36, 38
Filter pressbelt, 513plate and frame, 509sludge dewatering, 509types, 509
Filter pump station, 47, 90Fire extinguishers, 720Fire triangle, 551First-aid kit, 720Fish, uses of water, need to treat, 15Fixed film, anaerobic, 369, 370Fixed film reactor, biological nitrogen removal, 322Fixed growth processes
combined processes, 88–99description, 35rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 65–87solving problems, 100–112trickling filters, 36–65troubleshooting, 100–112
Flagellates, 191, 192, 193Flammable oils, 195Flies, public health vectors, land disposal, solids, 574, 575Float control, 633, 689, 698Float mechanism, level measurement, 633, 689, 698Float switches, 633, 689, 698Floc, 139Flocculation, 204, 493Flow equalization
brewery wastes, 219dairy wastes, 233, 235
Flow formula, 725Flow measurement, 724Flow nozzles, flowmeters, 725, 728Flow segregation, 199Flowmeters
accuracy, 725, 727calibration, 727, 730chart, recording, 728, 729Cipolletti weir, 725, 728constant differential, 725, 726, 728contract service, maintenance, 730controllers, 727, 728conversion instruments and controls, 727, 730diaphragm, 725differential producers, 725, 727, 728displacement units, 725, 727, 728flow formula, 725flow measurement, 724flow nozzles, 725, 728flumes, 725, 726, 728gases, 724, 725, 727good housekeeping, 728, 730head area, 725, 726, 728importance, 725indicating receiver, 728
Index 821
Flowmeters (continued)liquids, 724–727location, 727magnetic, 725, 726, 728magnetic flow transmitter, 727, 728maintenance, 724, 728, 730maintenance contract service, 730manufacturer’s responsibility, 730mechanical, 726, 727, 730multipurpose receiver, 728nozzles, flow, 725, 728operator responsibility, 725orifice, 725, 727, 728Palmer-Bowlus flume, 725, 726, 728Parshall flume, 725, 726, 728pen, recorder, 728performance, 730piston, 725pitot tube, 726propeller, 725, 726, 728proportional weir, 725, 728readout instruments and controls, 727, 730receivers, 728recorders, 728recording pen, 728recording receiver, 728rectangular weir, 725, 726, 728responsibility, 725, 730rotameter, 725, 726, 728sensors, 728shuntflow, 725, 728totalizers, 728totalizing receiver, 728transmitters, 727troubleshooting, 731types, 725use, 724velocity meter, 725, 726, 728Venturi tube, 725, 728V-notch weir, 725, 728weirs, 725, 726, 728
Fluidized bed reactors, 363, 366, 543Flumes, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Foam control
aerobic digestion, 488, 489brewery wastewaters, 226enhanced biological treatment, 337fixed growth process, 111pulp and paper, 210
Foaming, aerobic digestion, 485, 486, 488, 489Food processing wastes, 228–230Food/microorganism (F/M) ratio, 173, 175, 214Foot valves, 691Freeboard, 267Friction wheel, RBC (rotating biological contactor), 109, 110Fruit wastes, 18Fulling wastes, 20Fuses, 639, 654, 656
G
Gas collection and handling, anaerobic treatment, 395Gas detection, 720Gas meters, 724, 725, 727Gasification, 56, 446, 503Gaskets, maintenance
gate valves, 708, 709pumps, 626, 693
Gate valves, 708–711Gear reducer, 693Generators, 731Gland
pumps, 616, 639, 642, 644valves, 711
Good housekeeping, sensors, 728, 730Grab sample, 81Granular sludge, anaerobic, 371Gravity belt thickener
belt speed, 475, 476belts, 475blinding, 477cake, 477efficiency, 475, 476factors affecting performance, 475guidelines, operation, 476hydraulic loading, 476, 477operation, 475, 476performance, 477polymers, 476, 477schematic drawing, 475sludge type, 477solids loading, 476solids recovery, 477troubleshooting, 477variables, 475washing out, 475, 477
Gravity sludge thickeningage of sludge, 446anaerobic, 446baffle, 444–446blanket depth, sludge, 446, 448, 450, 452, 453, 454bound water, 446concentration factor, sludge, 449coning, 450denitrification, 447description, 444detention time, 446, 448effluent, 450factors affecting performance, 446filamentous organisms, 447gasification, 446, 450, 452guidelines, operation, 447, 449hydraulic loadings, 446, 447liquid surface, 450nitrifying bacteria, 446observations, 450operation, 447, 448, 449
822 Treatment Plants
Gravity sludge thickening (continued)overflow rate, 447performance, 449plans and specifications, 575, 576rising sludge, 444, 446sampling, 448scum removal equipment, 444–446septicity, 451short-circuiting, 444, 446shutdown, 448sludge/volume (S/V) ratio, 448, 451solids loading, 446, 447start-up, 448surface loading, 447temperature, 446troubleshooting, 450, 454variables, 446withdrawal rates, 447, 452, 453, 454
Grease removal, industrial waste, 195, 200Greasing, pump, 697Grit
pumps, material handled, 611removal, industrial waste, 196, 200residual solids management, 573
Ground, electrical equipment, 659Grounds, maintenance, 609Groundwater protection, 567, 568, 574Growth rate, Y, sludge, 441, 442
H
Harness, safety, 720Head area, flowmeter type, 725, 726, 728Header, 146Health effect
acute, 14chronic, 14
Heavy metals, 196Heterotrophic, 53, 105Heterotrophs, 301High-rate filters, 53High-rate operation, waste activated sludge (WAS) control, 173,
176High-rate UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) system, 371,
378High-velocity pressure units, 724Hindered settling, 301Hybrid anaerobic reactors, 362, 363, 367, 368, 369Hydraulic loading
aerobic digestion, 484, 489belt filter press, 516, 517centrifuges, 463dissolved air thickeners, 456, 459gravity belt thickener, 475, 476, 477gravity thickeners, 446, 447sand drying beds, 526, 527thermal conditioning, 502
Hydraulic residence time (HRT), anaerobic treatment, 382, 387Hydrolysis, 300, 359, 360
I
ICEASSee Intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS)
Imbalance, voltage, 666, 668Impellers, 611, 617, 619, 620, 621, 622, 624, 640, 642, 691Impingement scrubber, multiple-hearth furnace, 549, 550Incineration, multiple-hearth furnace
air flow, 548, 552, 554alarm systems, 556ash handling systems, 551autogenous burn, 558auxiliary fuel, 552bearings, 549burner, 551burnout, 556cake feed rate, 552clinkering, 558combustion, 551, 554combustion zone, 552conditions in furnace, 557controls, 551cooling zone, 552cyclone separator, 549, 550description, 542, 543draft, 551, 552drying zone, 552emergency bypass damper, 549, 550fire triangle, 551flame, 553, 554fluidized-bed reactors, 542, 543fuel, 551furnace zones, 544, 552hearths, 545, 546impingement scrubber, 549, 550instrumentation, 551lute cap, 546, 547moisture content, 552off-gas system, 544, 549, 550operation, 552, 556, 557oxygen analyzer, 551, 554oxygen demand, 554precooler, 549, 550process description, 542, 543protective clothing, 558rabbling, 543, 544, 547refractory, 543rotary kilns, 542, 543safety, 558sand seals, 543, 547shaft, 543shutdown, 557sludge, 542, 558smoke, 553, 558
Index 823
Incineration, multiple-hearth furnace (continued)start-up, 557temperature, 551, 552, 557troubleshooting, 558Venturi scrubber, 549, 550volatile content, 552
Incline screw pumps, 626, 627Indicating receiver, 728Industrial use of water, 12, 13Industrial waste treatment
BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), 16, 198brewery wastewaters, 217–228COD (chemical oxygen demand), 199clarification, 205contaminants, 195dairy wastes, 16, 232–240factors affecting biological treatment, 195–206flow segregation, 199foam, 210food processing wastes, 228–230grease, 200grit, 200impacts on unit processes, 196influent wastes, 198neutralization, 204nitrification, 206nutrients, 197, 199, 205, 210oil removal, 200operational strategy, 196petroleum refinery wastes, 230–232pH, 198, 210pretreatment, 199–203pulp and paper mill wastes, 209–217restart, 203return activated sludge (RAS), 205screening, 200segregation, flow, 199start-up, 203strategy, 196, 197suspended solids, 198temperature, 198toxic wastes, 197, 199waste activated sludge (WAS), 205
Industrial wastesbiological, 15chemical, 15coke, 21dairy, 16dissolved, 12fermentation, 18fruit, 18fulling, 20industrial, 12inorganic, 15meat packing, 17metal finishing, 21need to treat, 12, 16
oxygen-consuming, 15petroleum, 20pulp and paper, 16reasons for treatment, 12, 16suspended, 12tannery, 16textile, 20uses of water, 12, 16vegetable, 18
Inhibitory pollutantsaerobic digestion, 482anaerobic digestion, 481
Inorganic matter, 439Inspection
facilities, 609rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 80
Instrumentationauxiliary, 73rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 73
Insulationmaterials, 664, 665motors, 664, 665types and specifications, 664, 665
Insulators, 649Interface, water/gas, UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket)
reactor, 375Intermediate-rate filters, 52Intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS)
biological buildup and stabilization, 273daily operating checks, 275flow schematic, 272, 274manual operation, 275operating checks, 275operation, 275–278plant layout, 272, 274process description, 270process performance, 273review of plans and specifications, 279routine operational testing, 276testing, 276troubleshooting, 278weekly operating checks, 275
Irrigation, sludge disposal, 572
J
Jar test, 265, 494, 496Jobs for operators
duties, 7, 10locations, 7opportunities, 21
Jogging, electric motor, maintenance, 681
K
Kiln dryer, 539, 540Kjeldahl nitrogen, 402
824 Treatment Plants
L
Lab proceduresanaerobic treatment, 397–402sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 283–286
Lagoonsaerated, 236facultative sludge storage, 559, 571, 572, 573, 574groundwater contamination, 574odors, 573permanent, 572sludge storage, 559
Land disposal, solidsagricultural reclamation, 561, 568, 569, 571alternatives, 561, 562birds, public health vectors, 574, 575cadmium, 561, 568dedicated land disposal, 561, 566disposal options, 561–573flies, public health vectors, 574, 575flooding, 569, 572groundwater, 567, 568, 574high-rate dedicated land disposal, 569lagoons, facultative sludge, 559, 573, 574landfilling, 567monitoring, 559, 561, 573–575nitrogen requirements, 568odors, 572on-site dedicated land disposal, 566options, 561, 562public health, 574regulations, 559ridge and furrow, 569, 572rodents, public health vectors, 574, 575sanitary landfill, 566sludge type, 439stabilized sludge
dewatered, 566liquid process, 568
storage of sludge, 568subsurface injection, 569, 570, 572surface runoff, 567, 574transportation of sludge, 569trenching, 567utilization options, 561vectors, public health, 573, 574, 575
Landscaping, 609Lantern ring, 689, 691Let’s Build a Pump, 612Library, plant, 610Lift stations, 731Lime, 495, 499, 522Lime slaking mechanism, 312Lime slurry and mixing, 313Lime stabilization of sludges, 490, 491Liquid flow measurement, 724–727Livestock watering, uses of water, need to treat, 15
Load ratio, activated sludge, 189Lockout tag, 646, 647, 689, 690Low-rate filters, 52Lubrication, 614, 626, 632, 633, 640, 675, 678, 689, 697, 699,
701, 703, 705, 711Luxury uptake of phosphorus, 303–314Lysimeter, 561
M
MCRT (mean cell residence time), 173, 177, 191MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) control, 173,
180MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), 635, 723Macronutrient, 381, 389Magnetic flow transmitter, 727, 728Magnetic, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Magnetic starters, 668Maintenance
Also see Mechanical equipment, Mechanical maintenance, Meter maintenance, and Treatment plant maintenance
anaerobic treatment, 418biological phosphorus removal, 312–313combined processes, 97electric motors, 633, 661–683, 699–701electrical equipment, 646–661flowmeters, 724, 728, 730mechanical seals, 626, 631, 642, 689motors, 635, 661–683, 699–701pumps, 687rotating biological contactors, 85sensors, 728, 730sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 269trickling filters, 61valves, 691, 693, 696, 697, 708, 711, 712–717
Maintenance contract service, flowmeters, 730Maintenance contracts, flowmeters, 730Maintenance program, pump, 688Mannich reaction polymer, 494Manual operation, intermittent cycle extended aeration system
(ICEAS), 275Masking agents, 108Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), 635, 723Mean cell residence time (MCRT), 173, 177, 191Meat packing wastes, 17Mechanical aeration, 142–146Mechanical composters, 532Mechanical drive systems, RBCs (rotating biological
contactors), 67, 85Mechanical drying
description, 539operation, 539performance, 539sludge type, 539troubleshooting, 541, 542types of dryers, 539variables, 539
Index 825
Mechanical equipmentAlso see Mechanical maintenance and INDUSTRIAL WASTE
TREATMENT, Volume I, Chapter 12, “Instrumentation”axial flow pumps, 617, 624centrifugal pumps, 611, 617, 619–625, 641, 688electric motors, 633, 661–683, 699–701electrical controls, 633flowmeters, 726, 727, 730incline screw pumps, 626, 627lubrication, 614, 705multistage pumps, 617operation, 632, 640piston pumps, 617, 644, 693, 696pneumatic ejectors, 626, 630, 697positive displacement pump, 617, 644, 693, 696progressive cavity pumps, 626, 628, 629, 644, 697propeller pumps, 617, 623, 624, 697pump-driving equipment, 633radial flow pumps, 617, 624reciprocating pumps, 617, 644, 693, 696repair shop, 611screw-flow pumps, 626, 628, 629, 644shutdown, 633, 640, 642, 644single-stage pumps, 617, 625sludge pump, 617, 644, 693, 696start-up, 617, 632, 639, 640, 643submersible pump, 617, 622troubleshooting, 635–640, 703turbine pumps, 617, 625vertical wet well pump, 617, 625wet well pump, 617, 622, 625, 641, 642
Mechanical maintenanceair chamber, 693, 696air gap separation systems, 720, 721alignment, 614, 640, 672, 673, 674, 675, 689, 705, 706ball valves, 693, 696bearings, 689, 697, 699, 701belt drives, 701–702, 703, 704capacity, pump, 617, 691centrifugal pumps, 641, 688chain drives, 702, 703change oil, 693, 703check valves, 641, 691, 697, 711, 712cleaning pump, 689connecting rods, 693, 696, 697controls, 689conversion instruments, 730couplings, 614, 627, 640, 704, 705, 706dehumidifiers, 720draining pump, 633, 643, 692eccentric, 693, 696efficiency, pump, 691ejectors, 626, 630, 697electric motors, 633, 661–683, 699–701electrode switches, 698equipment service card, 607, 608float switches, 689, 698
flowmeters, 724, 725, 728, 730frequency of service, 607gaskets, 693gate valves, 708–711gear reducer, 693greasing, 697impeller, 691lantern ring, 689, 691lubrication, 614, 626, 632, 633, 640, 675, 678, 689, 697,
699, 701, 703, 705, 711mechanical seals, 689noises, 640, 693, 699, 703, 705oil change, 693, 703packing, 628, 639, 640, 644, 688, 689, 691, 692, 694–695,
696, 697, 708, 709piston pumps, 693, 696plug valves, 711, 713–717plunger pumps, 693, 696pneumatic ejectors, 626, 630, 697positive displacement pumps, 693, 696preventive maintenance, 688, 723progressive cavity pumps, 697propeller pumps, 697pumps, general, 688readout instruments, 730reciprocating pumps, 693, 696reducer, gear, 693rings, pump, 615, 619, 640, 642, 689, 691rods, 693, 696, 697safety equipment, 720seals, 626, 631, 640, 641, 642, 643, 688, 689, 691sensors, 728, 730service record card, 607, 608shear pins, 693, 707sludge pump, 693, 696sluice gates, 711, 718, 719stuffing box, 616, 619, 689, 708, 709, 710switches, 633, 689, 698total dynamic head (TDH), 691troubleshooting, 635–640, 703valve chamber gasket, 693valves, 691, 693, 696, 697, 708, 711, 712–717variable-speed belt drives, 703vibrations, 641, 643, 675, 699, 705water seal, 689, 691wearing rings, 615, 619, 640, 642, 691
Mechanical seals, 626, 631, 689Media materials, fixed film, anaerobic, 370Media, vacuum filters, 522, 523Megger, 635, 652Megohm, 635, 652Mesophilic bacteria, 363, 380Metabolism, 233, 265, 306Metal finishing wastes, 21Metals, 196Meter maintenance, 724, 728Meters, electrical, 649–653
826 Treatment Plants
Methane production rate, anaerobic, 382Methanogenesis, 359, 360Methanol, 322, 324, 327Microbial population, 301Microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC), 110, 112Micronutrient, 381, 390Microorganisms, activated sludge, 190–193Mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) control, 173,
180Monitoring
anaerobic treatment system, 395flow control, biological treatment of industrial wastes, 200odors, 573solids disposal, 559, 561, 573–575
Motor control center, 660Motor protection devices, 654, 658, 659Motors
alignment, 672, 673, 674, 675contacts, 668–671electric, 633, 661–683, 699–701failure, 664, 665, 678–683humming, 699induction, 682insulation, 664, 665lubrication, 675, 678maintenance, 635, 661–683, 699–701performance, 676–677, 679–680, 682pump, 643, 661records, 683, 685rotation, 675safety, 672starters, 668–671temperature limits, 643, 664troubleshooting, 678–683types, 661vibrations, 675, 699, 705
Moving average, 175Multimeter, 649, 650Multiple processing objectives, 328, 329Multiple-hearth incineration
See Incineration, multiple-hearth furnaceMultipurpose receiver, 728Multistage pumps, 617
N
Nameplate, 80, 648, 661Natural purification, 7Neutralization, industrial wastes, 204Nitrification
activated sludge, 177aerobic digestion, 488bacteria, 446biological, 315–320denitrification, 447industrial wastes, 206
microorganisms, 447RAS (return activated sludge) flow rate, 166temperature effects, 177trickling filter, 53
Nitrifying bacteria, 446Nitrogen and phosphorus removal, 265, 266, 267, 330Nitrogen removal, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 265, 266,
267Also see Biological nitrogen removal and Enhanced biological
treatmentNitrogenous food, 318Nocardia, 106Noise, mechanical maintenance
chain drive, 703electric motor, 699pump, 640, 693
Non-body-contact water recreation, uses of water, need to treat, 15
Nonvolatile matter, 439Nozzles, flow, flowmeters, 725, 728Nutrient deficiencies, anaerobic, 407Nutrient removal
See Enhanced biological treatmentNutrient requirements, anaerobic, 378, 389, 390Nutrients
activated sludge, 210addition, calculations, 220brewery wastewaters, 220dairy wastes, 233industrial wastes, 197, 199, 205, 210
O
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act), safety, electricity, 646
OUR (oxygen uptake rate), 181, 186–190Obligate aerobes, 301Observations
aerobic digestion, 486, 488centrifuge thickeners, 472dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 460gravity thickeners, 450rotating biological contactors, 83–84
Odors and odor controlanaerobic treatment, 396fixed growth processes, 108monitoring, 573olfactometer, 573olfactory fatigue, 396solids disposal, 572, 573thermal conditioning, 503wet oxidation, 505, 506, 507
Ohmmeter, 652Ohm’s Law, 648Oil change, pump, 693Oil removal, industrial waste, 195, 200
Index 827
Olfactory fatigue, 396Open impeller, 621Operating guidelines
activated sludge process, 166–193aerobic digestion, 483, 485anaerobic treatment, 381–390belt filter press, 514centrifuge, dewatering, 523centrifuge thickeners, 463, 469dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 456, 459elutriation, 507, 508gravity belt thickener, 475, 476gravity sludge thickeners, 447, 448, 449plate and frame filter press, 509sand drying beds, 526thermal conditioning, 503vacuum filtration, 520wet oxidation, 507
Operationactivated sludge, 166–193aerobic digestion, 483, 485anaerobic treatment, 380–417belt filter press, 516biological nitrogen removal, 316–319, 322biological phosphorus removal, 309–312centrifuges, 468, 469chemical conditioning, 493–501chlorine stabilization, 491combined processes, 90–96composting, 537dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 454, 458elutriation, 507, 508gravity belt thickener, 475, 476gravity sludge thickeners, 447, 448, 449incineration, 557intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS),
275–278lime stabilization, 490, 491mechanical drying, 539multiple-hearth furnace, 556, 557plate and frame filter press, 512pumps, 632, 640rotating biological contactors, 80–86sand drying beds, 527sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 262, 267sludge thickeners, 448, 449, 458, 468, 476surfaced sludge drying beds, 528thermal conditioning, 503trickling filters, 57–59vacuum filtration, 522wet oxidation, 507
Operation and maintenance manual, 610Operational strategy
brewery wastewaters, 217enhanced biological treatment, 302industrial wastes, 196
Operatoradministrator, 10duties, 7, 10employers, 7, 21employment, 7, 21job
duties, 7, 10locations, 7opportunities, 21
pay, 7public relations, 10qualifications, 8, 9safety, 11training, 8, 22
Optimizing enhanced biological treatment, 334Organic loading, anaerobic, 381Organic matter, 439Organic matter stabilization test, 189Organic removal efficiency, anaerobic, 382Organic toxicants, 196Orifice, flowmeters, 725, 727, 728Overfeeding, anaerobic, 405Overflow rate, gravity thickeners, 447Overload protection, 654Oxidation, 139Oxygen, aerobic digestion, 482, 483, 485, 486, 488Oxygen uptake rate (OUR), 181, 186–190Oxygen-consuming wastes, 15
P
PLC (programmable logic controller), 255, 261, 263, 269, 670POTW (Publicly Owned Treatment Works), 9, 12Packing
gate valves, 708, 709pumps, 628, 639, 640, 644, 688, 689, 691, 692, 694–695,
696, 697Paint, building and equipment, 608Pall rings, 370Palmer-Bowlus flume, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Pan test, trickling filter, 62Parshall flume, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Part 503 Sewage Sludge Regulations, 560Pay for operators, 7Pen, recorder, 728Personal training, 8Petroleum refinery wastes
activated sludge, 230ammonia, 232characteristics of wastewater, 230lab tests, 230phenols, 232sampling, 230sulfide shock, 232types of industrial wastes, 20wastewater characteristics, 230
828 Treatment Plants
pHanaerobic treatment, 385, 406biological nitrogen removal, 317control
activated sludge, 210dairy wastes, 233industrial wastes, 198, 210pulp and paper, 210
extremes, anaerobic treatment, 406Phenols, petroleum refinery wastes, 232Phosphorus removal, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 265,
266, 267Also see Biological phosphorus removal and Enhanced
biological treatmentPhostrip process, 303–314Pin floc, 192, 193Piping, maintenance, 723Piston, flowmeters, 725Piston pumps, 617, 644, 693, 696Pitot tube, flowmeters, 726Plans and specifications
biological nitrogen removal, 344biological phosphorus removal, 313, 343centrifuges, 575, 576chemical conditioning, 575, 576dissolved air flotation, 575, 576electrical systems, 732enhanced biological treatment, 339–344equipment, 731gravity thickening, 575, 576lift stations, 731maintenance, 731O & M (Operation and Maintenance)
centrifugation and filtration, 575, 576chemical conditioning, 575, 576dissolved air flotation, 575, 576equipment, 575gravity thickening, 575, 576repairs, 575thermal conditioning, 575, 576treatment process, 575
plate and frame filter presses, 575, 576pump stations, 731sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 279thermal conditioning, 575, 576
Plant, appearance, public relations, 609, 610Plate and frame filter presses
cake, 509, 513chemicals, 509, 512cleaning media, 509, 511, 512conditioning of sludge, 509, 512, 513description, 509, 510factors affecting performance, 509filter cloth, 509, 512, 513filter yield, 509
guidelines, operation, 509operation, 509, 512performance, 512plans and specifications, 575, 576precoat, 509, 512, 513pressure, 511, 513solids loading, 511solids recovery, 512time of filtration, 511, 513troubleshooting, 513variables, 509yield, 509
Plug flow, 90, 221, 267Plug valves, 711, 713–717Plunger pumps, 693, 696Pneumatic ejectors, 626, 630, 697Pole shader, 681Pollution
solids, 15visible, 15water, 9
Polyelectrolyte, 493Polymer
activated sludge, neutralization, 204belt filter press, 514, 517centrifuge
dewatering, 524thickening, 469, 470, 471, 473
chemical conditioning, 493–500composting, 534gravity belt thickener, 475, 476, 477luxury uptake of phosphorus, 303mannich reaction, 494safety, 494
Polysaccharide, 501Portable generators, 731Positive displacement pumps
sludge, 617, 644, 693, 696wastewater, 617, 644, 693, 696
Potable water, 720Power
outage, 731pump, 617, 640, 644requirements, 649supply, 676–677
Pre-aeration, 110Precoat, 509, 512, 513Pressure cleaning pipelines, 723, 724Pretreatment
Also see PRETREATMENT FACILITY INSPECTION in this series of operator training manuals
brewery wastewaters, 219dairy wastes, 234–237industrial wastes, 12, 199–203meat packing, 17
Index 829
Preventive maintenanceprogram, 607, 688, 723records, 607sensors, 728, 730variable-speed AC motors, 635
Primary sludge production, 441Prime, centrifugal pump, 615, 616, 633, 640, 641, 643Priorities, enhanced biological treatment, 328Process control
anaerobic, 380combined processes, 96–97enhanced biological treatment, 328options, activated sludge, 166rotating biological contactors, 78sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 261, 269trickling filters, 53–57
Production of sludges, 441Programmable logic controller (PLC), 255, 261, 263, 269, 670Progressive cavity (screw-flow) pumps, 626, 628, 629, 644, 697Propeller
flowmeters, 725, 726, 728mixers, 341pumps, 617, 623, 624, 697
Proportional weir, flowmeters, 725, 728Protection devices, motor, 654, 658, 659Protective clothing, 558, 720Proteinaceous, 501Protozoa, 190–193Prussian blue, 711Public health vectors, 574–575Public relations
appearance of plant, 609, 610operator’s responsibility, 10
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW), 9, 12Pug mill, 532Pulp and paper mill wastes
emergency systems, 212foam, 210nutrients, 210pH control, 210recordkeeping, 209safety, 214shutdown, 212–214start-up, 212–214treatment, 16, 209–217
Pump capacity, 617, 691Pumping stations, 731Pumps and pump parts
air chamber, 693, 696alignment, 614, 640, 689, 705, 706axial flow, 617, 624ball valves, 693, 696bearings, 611, 614, 619, 620, 622, 623, 625, 626, 627, 632,
633, 643, 689, 692, 697belts, 640, 701–702, 703, 704
capacity, 617, 691casing, 611, 615, 619, 620cavitation, 618centrifugal, 611, 617, 619–625, 641, 688circuit breakers, 653, 654, 655, 656–659cleaning pump, 689connecting rods, 693, 696, 697coupling, 614, 627, 640, 704, 705, 706cross connections, 688description, 611discharge, 611, 617, 640, 641, 642, 644, 697drain, 633, 643, 692draining pumps, 633, 643, 692driving equipment, 633eccentric, 693, 696electric motors, 634, 661–683energy, 617, 640, 644friction, 617fuses, 639gasket, 693gear reducer, 693general, 611, 688gland, 616, 639, 642, 644greasing, 697head, 616impeller, 611, 617, 619, 620, 621, 622, 624, 640, 642, 691incline screw, 626, 627lantern ring, 689, 691Let’s Build a Pump, 612lubrication, 614, 626, 632, 633, 640, 689, 697, 711maintenance, 687motor, 643, 661multistage, 617noisy, 640, 693oil change, 693operation, 632, 640packing, 628, 639, 640, 644, 688, 689, 691, 692, 694–695,
696, 697plunger, 693, 696pneumatic ejectors, 626, 630, 697positive displacement, 617, 644, 693, 696power, 617, 640, 644prime, 615, 616, 633, 640, 641, 643progressive cavity, 626, 628, 629, 644, 697propeller, 617, 623, 624, 697pump-driving equipment, 633radial flow, 617, 624reciprocating, 617, 644, 693, 696records, 683, 684reducer, gear, 693repair shop, 611rings, 615, 619, 640, 642, 689, 691rods, 693, 696, 697rotation, 633, 640rotor, 626, 628, 634
830 Treatment Plants
Pumps and pump parts (continued)screw-flow, 626, 628, 629, 644seal cage, 616seals, 626, 631, 640, 641, 642, 643, 688, 689, 691shaft, 611, 612, 619, 620, 639, 640shear pin, 693, 707shutdown, 633, 640, 642, 644single-stage, 617, 625sleeves, 612sludge pump, 617, 644, 693, 696start-up, 617, 632, 639, 640, 643stator, 626, 628, 644stuffing boxes, 616, 619, 689submersible pump, 617, 622suction, 611, 614, 617, 640, 642, 644troubleshooting, 639turbine pumps, 617, 625valve chamber gasket, 693vanes, 611vertical wet well, 617, 625vibrations, 641, 643volute, 611, 641, 642, 643wearing rings, 615, 619, 640, 642, 691wet well pumps, 617, 622, 625, 641, 642
Pure oxygen, 146Putrefaction, 205
Q
Qualifications for jobs, 8, 9Quantities of sludges, 441, 442
R
RASSee Return activated sludge (RAS)
RBCsSee Rotating biological contactors (RBCs)
Rabbling, 543, 544, 547Radial flow pumps, 617, 624Radioactive contamination, 14Raw sludge, pumps, 611Raw wastewater, pumps, 611Reactions
biological nitrogen removal, 317biological phosphorus removal, 335
Reactor, 299Reactor/digester, UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket)
system, 362, 372, 374Readout instruments, 727, 730Reaeration, 97, 98Reagent, 277Recalcination, 312Recarbonation, 311Receiver mechanisms, 728Receiving water, 8Reciprocating pumps, 617, 644, 693, 696Recirculating, rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 79
Recirculation rates, 53Recorders, 728Recording pen, 728Recording receiver, 728Recordkeeping
brewery wastewaters, 228electrical equipment, 683, 684, 685motors, 683, 685preventive maintenance, 607pulp and paper, 209pumps, 683, 684
Recreation, uses of water, need to treat, 15Rectangular weir, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Recycle, effluent, anaerobic, 387Reducer, gear, 693Refinery wastes
See Petroleum refinery wastesRefractory furnace, 543Regulations, solids disposal, 559, 573–575Respiration rate, 181–186Restarting, anaerobic treatment, 417Return activated sludge (RAS)
calculations, 170, 171control, 166, 168flow diagram, 167flow rate control, 168process control options, activated sludge, 166purpose of returning, 166return rates, 171sludge volume index (SVI), 171, 172standard operating procedures, 169
Review of plans and specificationsbiological nitrogen removal, 344biological phosphorus removal, 313, 343centrifuges, 576chemical conditioning, 576dissolved air flotation, 576electrical systems, 732enhanced biological treatment, 339–344equipment, 731gravity thickening, 576lift stations, 731maintenance, 731O & M (Operation and Maintenance)
centrifugation and filtration, 575, 576chemical conditioning, 575, 576dissolved air flotation, 575, 576equipment, 575gravity thickening, 575, 576repairs, 575thermal conditioning, 575, 576treatment process, 575
plate and frame filter presses, 575, 576pump stations, 731sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 279thermal conditioning, 576
Rings, pump, 615, 619, 640, 642, 689, 691Rising sludge, 444, 446, 456, 463
Index 831
Rodents, public health vectors, land disposal, solids, 574, 575Rods, pump, 693, 696, 697Rotameter, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728Rotary kiln dryers, sludge, 542Rotating biological contactors (RBCs)
abnormal operation, 84air drive systems, 66, 86baffles, 65, 67black appearance, 83calculations, 116clarification, 79components, 65–73cover, 65daily inspection, 80daily observations, 83–84data sheet, 114description of process, 65dissolved oxygen, 81drive mechanism, 68effluent piping, 68effluent values, 81equipment inspection, 80filter media, 65friction wheel, 109, 110influent, 81influent/effluent piping, 68inspection, equipment, 80instrumentation, 73laboratory testing, 81maintenance, 85mechanical drive systems, 67, 85modes of operation, 73–78observations, daily, 83–84operation, 80–86pH, 83pre-aeration, 110process control, 78process description, 65process diagram, 75recirculation, 79rotational speed, 79secondary clarifier, 79shafts, 65shutdown, 84sloughing, 83, 87snails, 87, 100staging, 74, 79start-up, 80tankage, 65temperature, 81trains, 74, 79troubleshooting, 86, 87white appearance, 83
Rotationmotors, 675pump, 633, 640
Rotational speed, RBCs (rotating biological contactors), 79Rotifers, 190–193
Rotor, 626, 628, 634, 701Roughing filter/activated sludge, combined processes, fixed and
suspended growth, 93Roughing filters, 35, 53
S
SBRsSee Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs)
SCF (Standard Cubic Feet), 505SCFM (Standard Cubic Feet per Minute), 457S/V (sludge/volume) ratio, 448, 451SVI (sludge volume index), 171, 265, 337SVI (sludge volume index) control, 337, 338, 344Safety
activated sludge, 163, 214aeration tanks, 163air distribution system, 164air filters, 163air headers, 164anaerobic treatment, 418biological phosphorus removal, 309blowers, 163, 720chemicals, 723clarifiers, 163diffusers, 164electricity, 646incineration, multiple-hearth furnace, 558library, plant, 610Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), 635, 723motors, 672OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act), 646operator, 11polymer, 494pulp and paper mill waste treatment, 214surface aerators, 163warning tag, lockout, 646, 647, 689, 690
Safety equipmentair gap device, 720, 721blowers, 720eye protection, 635fans, 720fire extinguishers, 720fire-fighting equipment, 720first-aid kit, 720gas detectors (portable), 720harness, 720lockout tag, 646, 647, 689, 690protective clothing, 558, 720safety harness, 720tag, lockout, 646, 647, 689, 690
Safety hazardscompressed air, 635confined spaces, 720cross connections, 688electrical, 646incineration, multiple-hearth furnace, 558surfaced sludge drying beds, 528, 530
832 Treatment Plants
Samplingaerobic digestion, 485gravity thickeners, 448petroleum refinery wastes, 230surfaced sludge drying beds, 530
Sand drying bedsapplication of sludge, 525blinding, 525cake, 527chemical requirements, 525climatic conditions, 525, 526conditioning, 525covered, 526description, 525factors affecting performance, 525guidelines, operation, 526loading rates, 526, 527operation, 527performance, 524, 527plugged media, 527, 528removal of dried sludge, 525, 526, 527solids recovery, 527troubleshooting, 527type of sludge, 525variables, 525
Sanitary landfill, sludge disposal, 566Screening, industrial wastes, 200Screw-flow (progressive cavity) pumps, 626, 628, 629, 644, 697Scroll centrifuge, 461, 464, 465, 468, 471, 473Scum
problem, 633removal equipment, baffle, gravity thickening, 444–446unplugging pipes, 723
Seal cage, pump, 616Seals, pump, 626, 631, 640, 641, 643, 688, 689, 691Secondary clarifier, 47, 79Secondary treatment sludge production, 441Segregation, flow, 199Selector, 300Selector recycle, 328Sensors, maintenance, 728, 730Septic, trickling filters, 58Septicity, residual solids management, thickening, 451Sequencing batch reactors (SBRs)
centrifuge test, 286comparison of batch and continuous processes, 256components, 259control, 262, 269decanters, 259, 260description, 255diffusers, 269enhanced biological treatment, 332flow diagrams, 257jar test, 265lab procedures, 283–286maintenance, 269
nitrogen and phosphorus removal, 265, 266, 267operation, 262, 267plans and specifications, 279process control, 261, 269process description, 255programmable logic controller (PLC), 255, 261, 263, 269review of plans and specifications, 279sequencing control, 262settleability test, 284settleometer test, 285sludge volume index (SVI), 265sludge wasting, 259, 266software programs, 261stages, 262start-up, 268types, 267wasting, 259, 266
Service record card, 607, 608Settleability, 170Settleability test, 284Settleometer test, 285Settling, hindered, 301Shaft, pump, 611, 612, 619, 620, 639, 640Shear pins, 693, 707Sheaves, 702Shock load, 108Short-circuiting, gravity thickeners, 444, 446Shuntflow, flowmeters, 725, 728Shutdown
anaerobic treatment, 417centrifuge thickeners, 468dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 459draining pump, 692gravity thickeners, 448incineration, 557multiple-hearth furnace, 557pulp and paper, 212–214pumps, 633, 640, 642, 644rotating biological contactors, 84thermal conditioning, 503trickling filter, 59vacuum filtration, 522, 523
“Silo” tank configuration, anaerobic filter, 369Single-stage pumps, 617, 625Sleeves, pump parts, 612Sloughing
fixed growth plants, 109rotating biological contactors, 83, 87trickling filters, 56
Sludgeaerobic digestion, 480anaerobic digestion, 479belt filter press, 513bulking, enhanced biological treatment, 329, 337centrifuges, 461, 523characteristics, 439
Index 833
Sludge (continued)chemical conditioning, 493chemical stabilization, 490composting, 532conditioning, 493dewatering, 509drying beds, 525–531
Also see Sand drying beds and Surfaced sludge drying bedselutriation, 507gravity belt thickener, 475growth rate, Y, 441, 442handling alternatives, 443incineration, 542lagoons, 559, 572mechanical drying, 539plate and frame filter press, 509pressure filtration, 509primary sludge production, 441production of sludges, 441quantities, 441sand drying beds, 525
Also see Sand drying bedssecondary sludge production, 441stabilization, 479surfaced sludge drying beds, 528
Also see Surfaced sludge drying bedsthermal conditioning, 501thickening, 444types of sludges, 439unplugging pipelines, 724vacuum filtration, 518volume reduction, 532volumes, 442wet oxidation, 504, 505Y, growth rate, 441, 442
Sludge age, activated sludge process, 173, 174Sludge blanket
fixed growth process, 168gravity thickeners, 446, 448, 450, 452, 453, 454
Sludge dewateringSee Dewatering sludge
Sludge disposalagricultural reclamation, 561, 568, 569, 571biological phosphorus removal, 312biosolids, 561, 568, 569, 571, 572dedicated land disposal, 561, 566, 574distribution and marketing (D & M), 561flooding, 569, 572grit, 573groundwater protection, 567, 568, 574high-rate dedicated land disposal, 569incineration, 561incinerator ash, 572irrigation, 572lagoons, 568, 571, 572, 573, 574land application and disposal, 561, 562, 563–568
landfilling, 561, 565, 566mechanically dried solids, 572monitoring, 559, 561, 573–575monofilling (sludge-only landfills), 561need, 439, 559odors, 573on-site dedicated land disposal, 566options, 561, 562reduced volume sludges, 572regulations, 559, 560, 561, 573–575ridge and furrow, 569, 572sanitary landfill, 566screenings, 573scum, 573subsurface injection, 569, 570, 572surface disposal, 561surface water protection, 574trenching, 567utilization, 562vectors, public health, 574–575
Sludge disposal regulations and monitoring, 559, 560, 561, 573–575
Sludge pumps, 617, 644, 693, 696Sludge volume index (SVI), 171, 265, 337Sludge wasting, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 259, 266Sludge/volume (S/V) ratio, 448, 451Sluice gates, 711, 718, 719Slurry, 309, 491Snails, 87, 100Software programs, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 261Solids, land application, 561Solids loadings
dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickener, 456, 459gravity belt thickener, 475, 476gravity thickener, 446, 447
Solids management, enhanced biological treatment, 301Solids pollution, 15Solids wasting, anaerobic treatment, 386Solution preparation, chemical, 499Specific gravity, 439Specifications, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 279Sphaerotilus natans, 226, 235Spills, dairy wastes, 236Squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM), 633, 661, 662Stabilization of sludges
activated sludge, 139aerobic digestion, 480anaerobic digestion, 479chemical stabilization, 490purpose, 479
Staffing needs, 21Starters, motors, 668–671Start-up
anaerobic treatment, 391centrifuge thickeners, 468dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 459
834 Treatment Plants
Start-up (continued)goals, pulp and paper, 214gravity thickeners, 448incineration, 557industrial waste treatment, 203multiple-hearth furnace, 557pulp and paper, 212–214pumps, 617, 632, 639, 640, 643rotating biological contactor, 80sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 268thermal conditioning, 503trickling filter, 57vacuum filtration, 522water level controls, 698
Static pile composting, 532, 533Stator, 626, 628, 644, 701Step-feed aeration, activated sludge, 159, 161Step-feed technique, activated sludge, 166Stethoscope, electric motor maintenance, 699Straggler floc, waste activated sludge, 191, 192Straightedge, alignment, 705Strategy
brewery wastewaters, 217enhanced biological treatment, 302industrial waste treatment, 196, 197
Struvite controlanaerobic treatment, 418residual solids management, 474
Stuffing boxpump, 616, 619, 689valve, 708, 709, 710
Submersible pump, 617, 622Substrate, 48, 328, 363Suction, pump, 611, 614, 617, 640, 642, 644Sulfide shock, petroleum refinery wastes, 232Supervisory controls, 660Surface aerators, 163Surface disposal, sludge, 561Surface loading, gravity thickeners, 447Surfaced sludge drying beds
application of sludge, 530cleaning, 531description, 528layout, 528need, 528operation, 528removal of sludge, 531safety, 528, 530sampling, 530water-sludge separation, 531
Surfactant, 238Suspended growth anaerobic reactors, 362, 363, 364Suspended growth reactors, biological nitrogen removal,
316, 322, 325Suspended growth systems, 35Swing headers, 155Switch gear, electrical, 653Switches, level control, 633, 689, 698
T
TDH (total dynamic head), 691Tanks, maintenance, 609Tannery wastes, 16Temperature
aerobic digestion, 484, 486, 488anaerobic treatment, 406, 410biological nitrogen removal, 318composting, 532, 538gravity sludge thickening, 446incineration, multiple-hearth furnaces, 551, 552, 557industrial waste treatment, variables, 198limits, motor, 643, 664nitrification, 177rotating biological contactors (RBCs), 81scum lines, plugging, 723sludge, gravity thickeners, 446
Testers, electrical, 649–653Textile wastes, 20Thermal conditioning, sludge
acid flushing, 503, 504decant tank, 502, 504detention time, 502dewaterability, 501, 502, 504factors affecting performance, 502fuel supply, 503gasification, 503guidelines, operation, 502, 503heat exchanger, 503, 504heating requirements, 502hydraulic loadings, 502influent sludge, 501odor control, 503operation, 503performance, 502, 503plans and specifications, 575, 576pressure, 501, 502, 504pressure drop, 503reactor, 502shutdown, 503sludge dewaterability, 501, 504sludge types, 504solids loading, 502start-up, 503temperature, 502, 504troubleshooting, 504, 505variables, 502withdrawal of sludge, 502, 504
Thermophilic, 532Thermophilic bacteria, 363, 380Thermostats, motor protection devices, 659Thickening, sludges
alternative methods, 443centrifuges, 461dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 454gravity thickening, 444–454purpose, 444
Index 835
Thickness gauge, alignment, 705Thiothrix, 190Thrust block, 268Titrate, 398Tools, electrical, 649–653Total dynamic head (TDH), 691Total Kjeldahl nitrogen, anaerobic treatment, 402Totalizers, 728Totalizing receiver, 728Toxic
chemicals, 14gases, 195
Toxic substances, anaerobic treatment, 407Toxic wastes
dairy wastes, 234, 236industrial waste treatment, 197, 199
Toxins, 234Training for operators, 8, 22Transmitters, 727Treatment of industrial wastes
Also see Industrial waste treatmentfactors affecting biological treatment, 195–206need, 12reasons, 12solutions, 21
Treatment plant maintenanceAlso see Maintenance, Mechanical equipment, Mechanical
maintenance, and Meter maintenancebuildings, 608channels, 609costs, 607general program, 607grounds, 609inspection, 609landscaping, 609library, 610paint, 608preventive maintenance program, 607, 688, 723preventive maintenance records, 607public relations, 609, 610records, 607safety, 609tanks, 609
Trickling filterauxiliary equipment, 47calculations, 113, 116clarifier, 56combined processes, fixed and suspended growth, 88components, 36containment structure, 42, 46daily operation, 58description of process, 36distribution system, 41, 44distributor speed, 56dosing tanks, 47filter media, 38filter pump station, 47flow patterns, 37, 53
high-rate filters, 53intermediate-rate filters, 52low-rate filters, 52maintenance, 61modes of operation, 51–53nitrification, 53operation, 57–59pan test, 62parallel operation, 53, 55process control, 53–57process description, 36process diagram, 37pump station, 47recirculation rates, 53roughing filters, 35, 53secondary clarifier, 47, 50, 51series operation, 53, 55shutdown, 59sloughing, 56solids processing equipment, 48start-up, 57troubleshooting, 63underdrain system, 42, 45ventilation, 56
Trickling filter/activated sludge, combined processes, fixed and suspended growth, 93
Trickling filter/solids contact, combined processes, fixed and suspended growth, 93
Troubleshootingactivated sludge, 169, 172, 173, 214aerobic digestion, 488, 490anaerobic treatment, 405–416belt filter press, 517biological nitrogen removal, 320, 326centrifuge thickeners, 472, 473chain drive, 702, 703chemical conditioning, sludge, 500, 501combined processes, 97, 99composting, 537, 538dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 460, 461fixed growth plants
biological problems, 104cold weather, 104corrosion, 110dissolved oxygen, 109equipment, 100foam, 111odor, 108sloughing, 56, 109snails, 100solids settling, 112trickling filters, 63
fixed growth processes, 100–112flowmeters, 731gravity belt thickener, 477gravity sludge thickeners, 450, 454incineration, multiple-hearth furnace, 558intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS), 278
836 Treatment Plants
Troubleshooting (continued)lime stabilization, 491mechanical drying, 541, 542mechanical equipment, 635–640, 703meters, 731motors, 678–683plate and frame filter press, 513pumps, 639rotating biological contactors, 86, 87sand drying beds, 527thermal conditioning, 504, 505trickling filter, 63vacuum filtration, 523, 524variable-speed AC motors, 635–640waste activated sludge (WAS), 173water level controls, 698wet oxidation, 504, 507
Turbine aerators, 146Turbine pumps, 617, 625
U
UASB systemsSee Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) systems
Ultimate disposal, sludge solids, 559Unbalance, voltage, 666, 668Underdrain system, 42, 45Unhindered settling, 301Unplugging pipes, pumps, and valves
costs, 723cutting tools, 724digested sludge lines, 723equipment, 723, 724high-velocity pressure units, 724methods of unplugging, 723, 724pipes, 723pressure cleaning methods, 723, 724pumps, 689, 723, 724scum lines, 723sludge lines, 723valves, 723, 724
Upflow anaerobic filter, 365Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) systems
advantages, 378anaerobic treatment, 367, 368, 371–379biogas handling system, 375biomass handling system, 375chemical feed location, 374components, 372–377conditioning/equalization tank, 372description, 371digester, 374equalization tank, 372granular sludge, 371high-rate system, 371, 378hybrid, 368
process description, 371reactor/digester, 374upstream solids removal, 372
V
Vacuum filtrationblinding, 522, 523cake, 521, 522conditioning sludge, 500, 518, 523cycle time, 518, 521, 523depth of submergence, 518, 522description, 518dewatering, 520, 523drum speed, 518, 523factors affecting performance, 518filter loading, 520filter yield, 518, 520, 522guidelines, operation, 520loading, 520media, 522, 523operating schematic, 519operation, 522performance, 522plans and specifications, 575, 576rotary drum, 520shutdown, 522, 523sludge type, 518, 522solids recovery, 521, 522start-up, 522troubleshooting, 523, 524vacuum applied, 518, 522variables, 518yield, 518, 520, 522
Valve chamber gaskets, 693Valve parts
bonnet, 713, 715gear, 708, 713gland, 711packing, 708, 709plug, 713, 715rising stem, 708seal, 713seats, 708, 711, 713, 715stuffing box, 708, 709, 710threads, 708
Valvesball valves, 693, 696check valves, 641, 691, 697, 711, 712description, 708, 711foot valves, 691gate valves, 708–711location, 641maintenance, 691, 693, 696, 697, 708, 711, 712–717plug valves, 711, 713–717unplugging, 723, 724
Index 837
Vanes, pump, 611Variable-speed AC motors
description, 634preventive maintenance, 635troubleshooting, 635–640
Variable-speed belt drives, 703Vectors, 378, 573, 574Vegetable wastes, 18Velocity head, 726Velocity meter, flowmeter type, 725, 726, 728Ventilation, trickling filter, 56Venturi scrubber, multiple-hearth furnace, 549Venturi tube, flowmeters, 725, 728Vertical wet well pumps, 617, 625Vibrations
centrifuges, 473, 474motors, 675, 699, 705pump, 641, 643
Viscosity, 238, 314Visible pollution, 15Visual inspection
aerobic digestion, 488centrifuge thickeners, 472chain drive, 702, 703dissolved air flotation (DAF) thickeners, 460gravity thickeners, 450
V-notch weir, flowmeters, 725, 728Volatile acid to alkalinity ratio, 385Volatile acids
anaerobic treatment, 382, 397phosphorus removal, 303
Volatile solids, 439, 479Volatile solids inventory, 179Voltage, imbalance, 666, 668Volts, 648Volume reduction, sludge
composting, 532incineration, 542mechanical drying, 539multiple-hearth furnace, 543purpose, 532
Volumes of sludges, 442Volute, 151, 611, 641, 642, 643
W
WASSee Waste activated sludge (WAS)
WEF (Water Environment Federation), 560Warning tag, lockout, 646, 647, 689, 690Waste activated sludge (WAS)
adjustment of process, 173control of wasting, 173conventional rate, 173, 176extended aeration, 173, 176F/M (food/microorganism) control, 173
high rate, 173, 176industrial waste, 172–193, 205MCRT (mean cell residence time) control, 173MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) control, 173methods of wasting, 173microscopic examination, 190–193mixed liquor, 173sludge age control, 173troubleshooting, 173
Waste reduction, dairy wastes, 240Wastes
biological, 15chemical, 15coke, 21dairy, 16dissolved, 12fermentation, 18fruit, 18fulling, 20industrial, 12inorganic, 15meat packing, 17metal finishing, 21need to treat, 12, 16oxygen-consuming, 15petroleum, 20pulp and paper, 16reasons for treatment, 12, 16suspended, 12tannery, 16textile, 20uses of water, 12, 16vegetable, 18
Wastewateragricultural, 561, 568, 569, 571definition, 7effluent, 11pumps, 611, 617
Wasting, sludge, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), 259, 266Water Environment Federation (WEF), 560Water hammer, 693Water level controls, 633, 698Water quality protector, 8Water, uses of, need to treat
aquatic vegetation, 15body-contact recreation, 15fish, 15non-body-contact recreation, 15pollution, 9receiving, 8uses by industry, 12, 13wildlife, 15
Watts, 649Wearing rings, pump, 615, 619, 640, 642, 691Weirs, flowmeters, 725, 726, 728West, Al, method, activated sludge process, 193
838 Treatment Plants
Wet oxidationair, 504, 505detention time, 505factors affecting performance, 505feed sludge, 504, 505guidelines, operation, 507odor control, 505, 506, 507operation, 507performance, 507pressures, 504, 505schematic, 506temperatures, 504, 505troubleshooting, 504, 507variables, 505
Wet well pumps, 617, 622, 625, 641, 642Wet wells, 641, 642
Wildlife, uses of water, need to treat, 15Windrow composting, 532, 535
X
(NO LISTINGS)
Y
Y growth rate, sludge, 441, 442“Y” wall, 153
Z
(NO LISTINGS)