Industrial Revolution

• Begins with Agricultural Advances– Enclosure Movement

• Fencing in of land into individual tracts of land

– New Inventions• Jethro Tull – Seed Drill (makes

planting of seeds quicker and more efficient for a bigger crop)

– Old Ideas in New times• Crop Rotation (used to help

raise more crops and help preserve land

Factors of Production

• Land – any land used for factories/crops plus any unmined resources such as coal, iron ore

• Labor – Human Work• Capital – any tools/factories used for production

– any money used as investment – any mined resources

• Entrepreneurship – putting all of the previous factors into the making of a product (management)

Factors Leading to Industrial Revolution – In Britain

1. Abundant Natural Resources• Coal / Iron Ore

2. Favorable Geography• Deep Harbors

3. Favorable Climate for New Ideas

4. A Good Banking System• Brits replace Dutch as world’s best bankers

5. Stable Political System

New Inventions - Textiles

• Flying Shuttle– Invented by John Kay in 1733– Moved back and forth creating yarn– Created twice the yarn

• Spinning Jenny (1764)– Invented by James Hargreaves – Could work 6-8 yards of yarn at a time

• Water Frame (1769)– Invented by Richard Arkwright– First water-powers spinning machine

• Spinning Mule– Invented b y Samuel Crompton– Combines Spinning Jenny & Water Frame– Makes thread stronger, finer, and more even

• Power Loom– Invented by Edmund Cartwright– Sped up weaving process

• Cotton Gin– Invented by Eli Whitney– Separated seed from raw cotton– Prolong dying institution of slavery in American

until Civil War in 1860’s

Flying Shuttle

Spinning Jenny

Spinning MuleCotton Gin

Steam Enginewww.schoolsliaison.org.uk/astonhall/changingtimes/georgians/georgcolpics/

wattseng.jpg

• More efficient and faster than earlier models

• Invented by James Watt in 1763

Improvements in Transportation

RoadsCanals

Railroads

Railroad Inventors

www.history.rochester.edu/steam/thurston/1878/pp174.gif www.winelit.slsa.sa.gov.au/ images/stevensen.gif

Richard Trevithick George Stephenson

Revolution Spreads to…

• United States• Samuel Slater

– Memorized how to put a factory together and brings technology to America

etc.usf.edu/clipart/ 900/929/Slater_1.htm

Factories• Before Factories:

– Work from home (cottage industry)– Easier/Flexible Schedules– Work faster = earn more money– Better quality– Work around families needs

• Factory idea develops– A factory is a building which houses industrial machines– Factory schedules not as flexible– Working faster doesn’t equal more pay– Couldn’t work around needs of family as often

• Role of Machines– Production Easier and quicker– Could employ children– Left skilled workers out in cold

Wage System

• No longer paid by piece

• Factors of wage1. Set in relation to other costs of production

2. Number of Workers

3. Relation of what workers could be making elsewhere

Lifestyle of Workers

• Bad working conditions– Cold/damp or hot/steamy– Children as young as six working full days

• Live in tenements– Cramped– Unsanitary

New Methods of Production

• Division of Labor

• Interchangeable Parts

• Assembly Line

Business Cycle

Adam Smithwww.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/jhamlin/2111/gifs/Smith.gif

• Father of Capitalism• Wrote the book

Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

• Believed in the two natural laws of economics….

Two Natural Laws of Economics

• Law of Supply and Demand– Prices and profits depend on both the amount

of available goods and the demand for those goods

• Law of Competition– Manufacturers compete with each other to sell

their products – they must reduce prices

Thomas Malthuswww.darwinismrefuted.com/res/maltus.gif

• Wrote An Essay on the Principal of Population

• Population growth was biggest threat to human progress

• Believes that human poverty and misery are inevitable

David Ricardowww.marxists.org/glossary/people/r/pics/ricardo.gif

• Wrote Principals of Political Economy and Taxation

• Believes supply and demand determines wages

• Iron Law of Wages would lead to misery of workers

Workers’ Movements

• Labor Unions – Organization of workers working together to get three things:– Higher wages– Better working conditions– Benefits

• Strikes – Situation where workers as a group stops working

Socialism

• Factors of Production are owned and controlled by the people (through government)

• Works for everyone to benefit equally

Robert Owenwww.lib.utexas.edu/photodraw/portraits/owen.jpg

• One of the most influential Utopian Socialists

• Believed that happy workers would produce more

• Began what we know as cooperatives – company towns

Karl Marxwww.marxists.org/archive/marx/photo/lifeandwork/images/75km3.jpg

• Father of Communism• Wrote Communist

Manifesto• Believed that the plight of

workers would get so bad they would be forced to revolt against the owner class– Proletariat (workers) vs.

Bourgeoisie (owners)

• Revolt would take place in an industrialized nation

Frederick Engelswww.resistance.org.au/resrev/people01/eng02.gif

• Partner of Marx• Believed that society

would be dominated by class struggles

Political Spectrum

Economic

Governmental

More Government Less Government

Totalitarianism Democracy

Socialism Capitalism

Socialism + Totalitarianism = Communism

Capitalism + Democracy =

Socialism + Democracy = Social Democracy (found in many European nations)

Capitalism + Totalitarianism = Fascism (Nazi Germany and Italy)

Advances in Technology

• Michael Faraday – discovers connection between magnetism and electricity; his discoveries led to development of electrical generators

• Thomas Alva Edison – developed first useable and practical light bulb, helped develop Mew York City’s electrical grid, build America’s first theaters

Advancements in Transportation • Henry Bessemer – Bessemer Process

(taking impurities out of metals); result – factories increase production of locomotives (trains) and railroad tracks

• Robert Fulton – Steamship

• Henry Ford – Automobile and Assembly line (which increased production of cars)

• Orville and Wilbur Wright – (1903) First sustained airplane flight (Kitty Hawk, NC)

Improvements in Communication

• Samuel Morse– Telegraph (1844)

• Improved communication within U.S. and with other nations – Morse Code

• Alexander Graham Bell– 1876 – Telephone

• Guglielmo Marconi– 1895– Invents radio

Advances in Science and Medicine• Jean Baptiste Lamark

– Theory of Inheritance • All living things changed their form in response to their environment

• Charles Darwin – Wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection– Came up with the idea of evolution and survival of the fittest

• Gregor Mendel– Devise the study of Genetics– The study of how inborn characteristics of plants and animals are inherited by

their descendants

• Edward Jenner– Developed smallpox vaccine

• Louis Pasteur– Pasteurization

• Process of heating liquids to kill bacteria and prevent fermentation

• Joseph Lister– Used antispetic first (to clean wounds and equipment) – Reduces hospital post-surgery death form 45% to 15%

More Advancements in Science• Alexander Fleming

– Penicillin – 1928

• Dmitri Mendeleyev– Periodic Table – 1869

• Pierre and Marie Curie– Discovered radioactivity –

late 1800’s

• Max Planck– Quantum Theory

• Light was continuous wave-like phenomena

• Albert Einstein– Special theory of relativity– E=mc2