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Industrial Revolution A Brief Introduction
On the Agricultural Side ~ Britain• Wealthy landowners bought up much of the
farm land, enclosed it with fences & hedges. • 1) Tried new agricultural methods• 2) Large landowners forced small farmers to
become tenant farmers OR move to the cities.• Practiced new method of crop-rotation. • Livestock – only allowed the best to breed • England’s population increased-people had
more to eat and better living conditions
Industrializaton
• Process of developing machine production of goods – drew from natural resources
• Water power & coal to fuel new machines
• Iron ore to make the machines, tools and buildings
• Rivers for inland transport• Harbors for merchants to sail
Why Great Britain?
• Britain had the Factors of Production:
- Land- Labor- Capital• Urbanization meant
that more and more people were moving into the cities
Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
• Steam Engine – 1st model used by coal miners to pull water from the shaft.
• By 1765, James Watts made a steam engine that worked faster and used less fuel.
• This engine was used in trains and in steam boats.
Transportation Innovations
• Clermont steamship (1807), used as a ferry up & down the Hudson
• England created a network of canals to better transport goods inland. By the mid-1800s, there were 4,250 miles of inland channels.
• This helped to cut the price of goods.
Roads and Rails• Large stones on the roads
for drainage—wagons no longer sunk into the mud.
• 1804- 1st steam driven locomotive, 1825—1st rail line from Yorkshire to Stockton opened.
• Four Major Effects like 1) cheap transportation, 2) New jobs, 3) Boosted agriculture and fishing industries & 4) Made travel easier
A New Middle Class
• Factory owners, shippers and merchants gained wealth and brought their wealth into Britain.
• Middle class now had most social and political power.
• Upper Middle Class—govt. employees, doctors, lawyers and factory managers.
• Lower Middle Class—toolmakers, drafters, painters, factory overseers.
Living &Working Conditions
• People flooded the cities looking for work.• No standards for development, sanitation or
housing. Garbage collected in streets. • Workers lived in shelters, whole families in
one bedroom. Disease was rampant. • Factories not well lit, dirty. • Machines injured workers; NO govt. program
to provide aid if injured.