Industrial Revolution

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

WHAT IS IT?• A time period where major changes occurred in several aspects of life….• Agriculture• Manufacturing• Mining• Transportation• Technology

WHEN DID IT START?• The Industrial Revolution took place in the late 18th and early 19th century.• It is believed by many historians that the Revolution officially began around the 1760s but wasn’t fully felt to around the 1830s.

WHERE DID IT BEGIN?• It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the world.


• Some of the most important changes that brought about the Industrial Revolution included:

• (1) the invention of machines to do the work of hand tools.

• (2) the use of steam, and later of other kinds of power, in place of the muscles of human beings and of animals.

• (3) the adoption of the factory system.


• The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way.• Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth.


• In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over tenfold, while the world's population increased over sixfold.

• Why would these factors increase income and population?


• Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labor and draft-animal–based economy towards machine-based manufacturing.

•What are draft animals?

Examples of Draft Animals…


• It started with the mechanization of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal.

• How might this increase in technology affect the way people across the world lived?

TEXTILES• The textile industry is primarily concerned with the

production of yarn, and cloth and the subsequent design or manufacture of clothing and their distribution.

• The raw material may be natural, or synthetic using products of the chemical industry. Most were raw at this time.


•With the transition away from an agricultural-based economy and towards machine-based manufacturing came a great influx of population from the countryside and into the towns and cities, which swelled in population.

WHAT IF…• It is almost impossible to imagine what the world would be like if the effects of the Industrial Revolution were swept away.• Electric lights would go out. Automobiles and airplanes would vanish. Telephones, radios, and television would disappear.

WHAT IF…• Most of the abundant stocks on the shelves of

department stores would be gone. The children of the poor would have little or no schooling and would work from dawn to dark on the farm or in the home.

• Before machines were invented, work by children as well as by adults was needed in order to provide enough food, clothing, and shelter for all.

AGRICULTURE

• The invention of machinery played a big part in driving forward the British Agricultural Revolution.

• Agricultural improvement began in the centuries before the Industrial revolution got going and it may have played a part in freeing up labor from the land to work in the new industrial mills of the 18th century.

AGRICULTURE

• As the revolution in industry progressed a succession of machines became available which increased food production with ever fewer laborers.

JETHRO TULL• Jethro Tull’s seed drill invented in 1701 was a mechanical

seeder which distributed seeds efficiently across a plot of land.

JOSEPH FOLJAMBE• Joseph Foljambe's Rotherham Plough of 1730, was the

first commercially successful iron plough.

ANDREW MEIKLES

• Andrew Meikles threshing machine of 1784.

CHANGES IN LAND USE

• Traditionally small farmers had three fields to grow crops.

• Two were planted each year and the third was rested (kept fallow) in order to restore its fertility.

• Charles Townshend, an English noble, presented a new idea.

CHARLES TOWNSHEND

• He argued that resting fields would be just as fertile if certain crops, such as turnips or clover, were planted on it.

• Turnips or clover returned to the soil those nutrients used up by wheat or barley.

CHARLES TOWNSHEND

• Turnips or clover could also be stored to provide food for farm animals in the winter.

• If the animals could be fed easily most of them would not have to be killed each fall. Meat and milk would be available year-round.

THE REAPER

• In the mid-1800s new inventions speeded up the harvesting of grain in the United States, Britain, and elsewhere.

• The reaper, invented by Cyrus McCormick, was one of the most important of laborsaving devices.

• It was first used in 1831.

CHANGES IN LAND USE

•With the new machines, a few workers could now take care of larger farms and produce more grain.

• The increase in food production occurred at a time when the population was increasing and more people were seeking work in factories and in the growing cities.

CHANGES IN MANUFACTURING

• Great Britain had long been a center for the weaving of wool cloth.

• In the 1700s, after India had been acquired as a colony, the British became interested in the cotton cloth produced in India.

• The British decided to make cotton cloth at home.

FLYING SHUTTLE

• In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle.

• The shuttle made it possible for one person, instead of two, to operate a weaving loom.

•More cloth could be woven in less time. This caused a demand for more thread.

JOHN KAY’S FLYING SHUTTLE

MANUFACTURING

• In 1764, James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny.

• This machine spun thread eight times faster than the old spinning wheel.

• A water-powered spinning machine was created in 1769.

JAMES HARGREAVES’ SPINNING JENNY

MANUFACTURING

• The major supplier of raw cotton for Britain’s weavers was the United States.

• The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 allowed cotton to become the leading export of the southern United States.

ELI WHITNEY’S COTTON GIN


• At first, factories had to be located beside fast-running rivers or other bodies of water.

• Falling water was used to power the machines.

• James Watt improved the steam engine in the late 1700s and factories switched to burning coal to obtain power.


• Coal heated water to produce steam. Steam drove the engine.

• The steam engine made it possible for factories to be located anywhere.

• Usually they were built near towns.

• Coal mining became an important industry in Britain.

THE FACTORY SYSTEM

• The factory system was a method of manufacturing first adopted in Britain at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad

THE FACTORY SYSTEM

• Each worker performed a separate operation on the work, thus increasing the efficiency of production.

•Men, women, and children, as young as five, worked in factories.

• They worked during daylight hours, six days a week.

WORKING CONDITIONS

• No work meant no pay

• No government agencies that helped with unemployment.

• Wages were very low.

• Worker’s lives were regulated by the rules of the factory owner or manager.

• Families lived in one or two bedroom homes because rent was so high.

INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS• To turn out products that contained many parts,

manufacturers decided that the same parts should all be alike.

• The use of interchangeable parts was introduced in 1800.

• This helped introduce the mass-production system.

• Factories began turning out great quantities of items.

ASSEMBLY LINE

• In the 20th century, the automobile industry altered the mass-production system through the introduction of the assembly line.

• Each worker attached a standardized part to the car being assembled.

• By the end of the line a completed car was created.

• Henry Ford introduced this to the United States in 1908.

HENRY FORD

TRANSPORTATION

• Until the 1800s a person could only travel as fast as a horse could go, a boat could be paddled or sailed, or his or her legs could move.• Steamboats• Railroads• Automobiles• Airplanes

STEAMBOATS• The era of the

steamboat began in America in 1787 when John Fitch made the first successful trial of a forty-five-foot steamboat on the Delaware River on August 22, 1787.

STEAMBOATS

• John Fitch was granted his first United States patent for a steamboat on August 26, 1791. However, he was granted his patent only after a battle with James Rumsey over claims to the same invention. Both men had similar designs.

STEAMBOATS

• Robert Fulton (1765-1815) built his first boat after Fitch's death, and it was Fulton who became known as the "father of steam navigation.“

• Robert Fulton, who successfully built and operated a submarine (in France) in 1801, before turning his talents to the steamboat. Robert Fulton was accredited with turning the steamboat into a commercial success. On August 7, 1807.

STEAMBOATS

• Robert Fulton's Clermont went from New York City to Albany making history with a 150-mile trip taking 32 hours at an average speed of about 5 miles-per-hour.

• It required a sailboat 96 hrs to make this voyage.

THE CLERMONT

RAILROADS

• George Stephenson of England demonstrated the first successful railroad locomotive in 1814

• Soon railroad tracks crisscrossed Europe and the United States.

• Railroads were essential to the success of the Industrial Revolution.

GEORGE STEPHENSON

• The needs of railroads for coal and iron led to more growth in industry.

• Railroads also contributed greatly to the settlement of the western portion of the United States.

AUTOMOBILES

• In 1885 Karl Benz of Germany created the first automobile powered by an internal combustion motor.

• The same year, Gottlieb Daimler of Germany introduced a gasoline powered engine.

• Gas was eventually used to run cars.

DAIMLER AND BENZ

CHRYSLER AND BENZ TODAY

AIRPLANES

• Orville and Wilbur Wright are credited with the first successful flight in a heavier-than-air plane in 1903.

• Charles Lindbergh’s solo flight from New York to Paris in 1927 altered people’s idea about distance.

• The airplane brought countries of the world closer together.

ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT

FIRST AIRPLANE

CHARLES LINDBERGH

PLANES TODAY

THE LABOR UNION MOVEMENT

• Workers in particular occupations or industries joined together in organizations called unions to discuss working conditions and other concerns with employers.

• While acting as a group, the workers could put more pressure on an employer to raise wages or improve working conditions than a single individual could.

LABOR UNIONS

• Union members elected representatives to present their requests or demands to an employer.• Collective Bargaining

• If an employer did not grant their requests or demands, the workers might strike. They would stop working until they got what they wanted.

THE SOCIALIST MOVEMENT

• Some believed a new form of government was the best way to fight the evils of the Industrial Revolution.• Socialism

• Socialists believed that factories, mines, stores, and farms should be owned by the people as a whole rather than by individuals.

SOCIALISM

• Socialists attacked the practice of producing goods for profit.

• They wanted the goods that everyone needed to be produced at prices everyone could afford.

• Socialists demanded that governments serve the needs of all people and not just those of wealthy landowners and industrialists.

ROBERT OWEN

• Wealthy industrialist who was one of the best known socialists in Britain.

• Wanted to make life better for working people.

• Bought a cotton mill in Scotland and provided safe, healthy working conditions.

• No child labor

UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES

• Owen turned a nearby town into a model community with good schools and a high standard of living.

• He tried to establish perfect communities in which the people as a whole owned all the factories and stores and shared all the goods produced.

• Succeeded in New Lanark but failed in other cities in Britain and the United States

• Most people could not cooperate and work together for the common good to the degree required to meet the standards for the utopian socialists.

LOUIS BLANC

• French socialist and newspaper owner.

• Attacked the French government for giving industrialists too much freedom.

• Believed that workers should produce according to their ability and be paid according to their needs.

THE COMMUNIST MOVEMENT

• Karl Marx was a 19th-century German revolutionary who believed the problems workers faced was because of capitalism.

COMMUNISM

• Under a capitalistic system, business owners put up money to bring workers, machines, and raw materials together to produce goods.

• Workers received wages for their labor. Capitalists gained profits on their investments.

• Marx claimed that it was unfair for workers who produce goods to get less for their labor than the capitalists got for their investments.

COMMUNISM

• He believed that workers and capitalists were enemies locked in an endless conflict known as a class struggle.

• He urged workers of every nation to rise up and smash the capitalistic system by revolution.

• Marx published a pamphlet based on his beliefs called the Communist Manifesto.

Documents

Industrial Revolution