INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE CENTER (IPC)19 … expertise in smart grid technologies and related areas between 2008 and February 2010. For more information, please contact MIT’s Industrial

MIT Industrial Liaison Program February 2010 | Page 2

Smart Grid Technologies amp Related Research This survey by MITs Industrial Liaison Program identifies selected projects papers and facultyresearcher expertise in smart grid technologies and related areas between 2008 and February 2010 For more information please contact MITrsquos Industrial Liaison Program at +1-617-253-2691

MIT ENERGY INITIATIVE (MITEI) 4 PROF HAROLD (HAL) ABELSON 4

PACEM (Proto-Amorphous Cooperative Energy Management) Cooperative Control for Citywide Energy Management 5 Paper ldquoPACEM Cooperative Control for Citywide Energy Managementrdquo 5

DR HUNT ALLCOTT 5 Paper ldquoThe Smart Grid Entry and Imperfect Competition in Electricity Marketsrdquo 6 Paper ldquoRethinking Real Time Electricity Pricingrdquo 6

MR STEPHEN R CONNORS 6 Energy Initiative Computational Science An Interdisciplinary High Scale Computing and Algorithmic Approach 7 ldquoEnergy Transitions and Transformationsrdquo 7

PROF MUNTHER A DAHLEH 8 Foundations for Robust and Reconfigurable Energy Networks 8 Market Mechanisms for Matching Supply and Demand in Smart Power Grids 8

PROF JAMES L KIRTLEY JR 9 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in Power 9

PROF STEVEN B LEEB 10 No Watt Left Behind 10

HARVEY G MICHAELS 11 2009 MIT Energy Conference Video Managing Demand 11 Informing Utilities and Policymakers on the Customer Side of Smart Grid 11

DR JOSEPH V MINERVINI 11 Superconducting DC Power Transmission and Distribution 12

MITEI TRANSFORMATIONS RESEARCH -- A CLEAN ENERGY FUTURE 12 MITEI Energy Storage Research Area 13 MITEI Superconductors Research Area 13 MITEI Wind Research Area 13

MITEI INNOVATIONS RESEARCH -- ADVANCES IN TODAYS ENERGY SYSTEMS 14 MITEI Electric Power Systems and Policy Research Area 14

MITEI ENERGY NEEDS IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD 14 MIT-PORTUGAL PROGRAM (MPP) 14

MIT-PORTUGAL PROGRAM (MPP) SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS (SES) 15 Smart Energy Networks 15 Energy Planning Including Economics 15 Energy Box 16


Shaping the Demand Side 16 Distributed Inference in Critical Infrastructures 17

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL amp ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (CEE) 17 SMART GRID ndash SMART CITIES 17 SMART GRID - NEXT GENERATION UTILITY SYSTEMS 18

CENTER FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY RESEARCH (CEEPR) 18 POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ldquoDO SMART GRIDS NEED SMART REGULATORSrdquo 18 ECONOMICS OF WIND POWER GENERATION IN THE UNITED STATES 18

INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE CENTER (IPC) 19 ENERGY INNOVATION PROJECT 19

Innovation on the Grid 20 Paper ldquoElectricity Transmission Policy for America Enabling a Smart Grid End-to-Endrdquo 20

RELATED ARTICLES MEDIA GROUPS 20 ELECTRICITY STUDENT RESEARCH GROUP (ESRG) 20 MIT NEWS STORY ldquoCOLLABORATION EYES COMPUTING BOOST FOR NEW ENGLAND ROOTED AT MIT EFFORT BRINGS TOGETHER STATE INDUSTRY ACADEMIArdquo 21 RESEARCH PAPER ldquoRENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY CHAINS DELIVERING ON THE PROMISE OF GREEN ENERGYrdquo 21


MIT ENERGY INITIATIVE (MITEI)

httpwebmitedumitei The MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI) is designed to help transform the global energy system to meet the needs of the future and to help build a bridge to that future by improving todays energy systems The four components of the MITEI program are energy research education campus energy management and outreach activities The MITEI interdisciplinary research program focuses on bull Innovative technologies and underlying policy analysis that will improve how we produce

distribute and consume conventional energy bull Transformational technologies to develop alternative energy sources that can supplement and

displace fossil fuels including the economic management social science and policy dimensions needed for this transformation

bull Global systems to meet energy and environmental challenges through a multidisciplinary systems approach that integrates policy design and technology development

bull Tools to enable innovation transformation and simulation of global energy systems through strategic basic research

Specific MIT research focus areas include bull Advanced nuclear

fission bull Biofuels bull Buildingsurban

design bull Conversion bull Enabling sciences

bull Global climate change

bull Industrial processes bull Markets and policy bull Oceans bull Oil and gas bull Sequestration

bull Solar bull Geothermal bull Storage bull Systemspower bull Vehiclestransportati

on systems

PROF HAROLD (HAL) ABELSON Class of 1922 Professor of Computer Science and Engineering httpgroupscsailmitedumacusershalhalhtml Abelson has a broad interest in information technology and policy and developed and teaches the MIT course Ethics and Law on the Electronic Frontier He is a founding director of Creative Commons and Public Knowledge and he was a founding director of the Free Software Foundation Together these three organizations are devoted to strengthening our intellectual commons Abelson has a longstanding interest in using computation as a conceptual framework in teaching He directed the first implementation of Logo for the Apple Computer which made the language widely available on personal computers beginning in 1981 and published a widely selling book on Logo in 1982 His book Turtle Geometry written with Andrea diSessa in 1981 presented a computational approach to geometry has been cited as the first step in a revolutionary change in the entire teachinglearning process


PACEM (Proto-Amorphous Cooperative Energy Management) Cooperative Control for Citywide Energy Management Coordinating the behavior of individual electronic appliances to smooth out time variations in energy consumption could reduce the possibility of brownouts and power failures

Paper ldquoPACEM Cooperative Control for Citywide Energy Managementrdquo Jacob Beal and Harold Abelson August 2008 httpwebmitedujakebealwwwPublicationsPACEM-whitepaperpdf Abstract ProtoAmorphous Cooperative Energy Management (PACEM) controls energy demand across an entire metropolitan area by coordinating the behavior of individual electrical appliances The goal of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility of PACEM by showing smooth demand shaping and additive scaling using cheap decentralized communication hardware both in simulation and on a test system of 50-100 devices PACEMrsquos fine-grained control taking each customerrsquos preferences and needs into account rests on a foundation of novel algorithms system designs and compilation technologies coming from our previous work in spatial computing This foundation allows us to create distributed programs that run robustly even on a rapidly changing population of millions of devices This new technology will allow PACEM to be deployed incrementally without any changes to the existing power grid with positive incentives for both utility companies and customers to participate PACEM has the potential to smooth out peak consumption decrease the frequency of power failures and brown-outs and increase participation in conservation efforts yet still create virtually no inconvenience for any customer

DR HUNT ALLCOTT Visiting Assistant Professor of Economics (2009-2011) MITEI httpwebmiteduallcottwww Hunt Allcott is an Assistant Professor of Economics at New York University and a Senior Researcher at ideas42 a think tank that applies insights from psychology and economics to problems in international development health care consumer finance and energy and environmental issues During academic years 2009-2011 he is on leave as the Energy and Society Fellow in the MIT Economics Department and the MIT Energy Initiative He holds a PhD from Harvard University and a BS and MS from Stanford University Hunt has worked in the private sector as a consultant with Cambridge Energy Research Associates and with Arthur D Little and in international development as a consultant to the World Bank Hunt is an applied microeconomist who studies consumer behavior business strategy and regulatory policy in energy markets His recent work has analyzed how firms set prices in electricity markets how much consumers value fuel efficient vehicles and how to apply behavioral science to help consumers be more energy efficient His research methods include structural and reduced form econometrics and randomized field experiments


Paper ldquoThe Smart Grid Entry and Imperfect Competition in Electricity Marketsrdquo November 2009 httpwebmiteduallcottwwwAllcott20200920-20The20Smart20Grid20Entry20and20Imperfect20Competition20in20Electricity20Marketspdf hellip The Smart Grid is a set of emerging technologies that will facilitate real time pricing for electricity and increase price elasticity of demand This paper simulates the effects of this increased demand elasticity using counterfactual simulations in a structural model of the Pennsylvania-Jersey-Maryland electricity market The model includes a different approach to the problem of multiple equilibria in multi-unit auctions I non-parametrically estimate unobservables that rationalize past bidding behavior and use learning algorithms to move from the observed equilibrium counterfactual bid functionshellip There are three central results First I find that an increase in demand elasticity could actually increase wholesale electricity prices in peak hours contrary to predictions from short run models while decreasing Capacity Market prices and total entryhellip Full paper httpwebmiteduallcottwwwAllcott20200920-20The20Smart20Grid20Entry20and20Imperfect20Competition20in20Electricity20Marketspdf

Paper ldquoRethinking Real Time Electricity Pricingrdquo October 2009 httpwebmiteduallcottwwwAllcott20200920-20Rethinking20Real20Time20Electricity20Pricingpdf Most US consumers are charged a near-constant retail price for electricity despite substantial hourly variation in the wholesale market price This paper evaluates the first program to expose residential consumers to hourly real time pricing (RTP) I find that enrolled households are statistically significantly price elastic and that consumers responded by conserving energy during peak hours but remarkably did not increase average consumption during off-peak times Welfare analysis suggests that program households were not sufficiently price elastic to generate efficiency gains that substantially outweigh the estimated costs of the advanced electricity meters required to observe hourly consumption Although in electricity pricing congestion pricing and many other settings economists intuition is that prices should be aligned with marginal costs residential RTP may provide an important real-world example of a situation where this is not currently welfare-enhancing given contracting or information costs

MR STEPHEN R CONNORS Director Analysis Group for Regional Electricity Alternatives (AGREA) Director Alliance for Global Sustainability (AGS) Energy Flagship Program httpwebmiteduconnorsrwww Dr Stephen Connors is director of the Analysis Group for Regional Electricity Alternatives (AGREA) at MIT AGREAs primary research focus is in strategic planning in energy and the


environment with an emphasis on the transformation of regional energy infrastructures (eg ldquoenergy pathwaysrdquo) Fundamental to AGREAs approach is the use of long-term planning tools within a multi-attribute tradeoff analysis framework This approach automatically looks for cost-effective ways to attain multiple goals of cost-competitiveness and environmental quality and also encourages public participation in the planning process via stakeholder interaction and input AGREAs current interests focus on how to incorporate the daily seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of renewable energy resources and energy efficiency options into the design of robust cost-effective energy strategies Alternatives such as wind solar and biofuels reduce both greenhouse gases and dependency on fossil fuels but introduce uncertainties of their own AGREA is including these ldquosituationalrdquo aspects of future energy options into its strategic planning and outreach activities As an extension of his role as director of AGREA Connors also coordinates several international energy initiatives involving MIT These include the Alliance for Global Sustainability (AGS) ldquoNear-Term Pathways to a Sustainable Energy Futurerdquo integrated research education and outreach program and the Sustainable Energy Systems Focus Area of the MIT-PORTUGAL PROGRAM Other ongoing research activities include the projects in Scandinavia (TRANSES) and the USA (Emissions reductions from renewables and efficiency sustainable mobility)

Energy Initiative Computational Science An Interdisciplinary High Scale Computing and Algorithmic Approach httpwebmitedumiteiresearchindexhtml Computing techniques that handle immense amounts of data can forecast demand and availability on the nationrsquos power grid leading to more efficient use of solar and wind energy

ldquoEnergy Transitions and Transformationsrdquo Stephen R Connors and David H Marks MIT Faculty Newsletter Vol XXI No 5 Summer 2009 httpwebmitedufnlvolume215connors_markshtml This brief ldquoop-edrdquo outlines some of the energy challenges and solutions that we have been conducting research on for over the past eight years ndash both at home and abroad ndash that simultaneously address the ldquosubstantial and sustainedrdquo reductions in both greenhouse gas as called for by world leaders (eg 80 by 2050) as well as other environmental threats and energy security especially as it pertains to imported fossil fuels Note that this is not just a supply oriented technology view nor just ways of increasing efficiency to reduce demand Rather we focus on integrated strategies that can provide substantial emissions reductions at large scale and in time Thus a great deal of emphasis is focused on matching the dynamics of energy demands and supplies and the role of large-scale demonstrations to gain consumer and industry confidence regarding innovative management options


This piece focuses on key aspects of how we might transform the domestic US energy market and the need for energy security robust availability and markets to bring about efficient use More at httpwebmitedufnlvolume215connors_markshtml

PROF MUNTHER A DAHLEH Professor of Electrical Engineering Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems httpwebmitedudahlehwwwindexhtm httplidsmitedupeoplefacultydahleh-muntherhtml Dr Dahleh is interested in problems at the interface of robust control filtering information theory and computation which include control problems with communication constraints and distributed mobile agents with local decision capabilities His interests include problems in network science such as distributed computation over noisy networks and information propagation over complex social networks He also studies model reduction problems for discrete-alphabet hidden Markov models and universal learning approaches for systems with both continuous and discrete alphabets His research includes the interface between systems theory and neurobiology and in particular providing an anatomically consistent model of the motor control system

Foundations for Robust and Reconfigurable Energy Networks httpwebmitedumiteiresearchindexhtml Spring 2008 MITEI Seed Fund Award Program Project

No abstract available

Market Mechanisms for Matching Supply and Demand in Smart Power Grids httplidsmiteduresearchproject-highlightsmarket-mechanismshtml Principal Investigator Prof Munther A Dahleh httplidsmitedupeoplefacultydahleh-muntherhtml hellipWe are working on developing dynamic pricing algorithms and incentive-based market mechanisms to be implemented by the system operators to match supply and demand In one scenario the system operator collects real-time information about supply and demand and uses this information along with learning and inference algorithms to update a stochastic optimization problem which minimizes the probability of a large mismatch between supply and demand within a rolling time horizon of finite length The decision parameters of this optimization problem are real-time prices andor other quantifiable incentives which will be then communicated to the consumers Developing a mathematical model of the consumer behavior and response to price changes is an essential element of this approach and constitutes another aspect of this research In addition on the consumer side we are working on developing algorithmsdevices that would autonomously manage consumerrsquos electricity usage by responding to real-time price signals within the consumersrsquo preferences while minimizing their average costs


PROF JAMES L KIRTLEY JR Professor of Electrical Engineering httpwebmitedukirtleywww httpwwwrlemitedurleonlinepeopleJamesLKirtleyhtml Dr Kirtley is a specialist in electric machinery and electric power systems engineering He has participated in broadly based research and development programs in several related areas including superconducting electric machinery large machinery for ship propulsion monitoring of electric power systems and equipment and design of electric machinery In addition to core subjects in electrical engineering and computer science his teaching activities include graduate and undergraduate subjects in electric power systems a graduate subject in electric machinery and undergraduate project laboratory subject in digital electronic systems and power electronics Professor Kirtleys work with Smart Grids is embedded in the MIT-Portugal program specifically with a collaboration with Dr Joan Pecas-Lopes of the University of Porto and with a collaboration with two faculty members at the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi (Hatem Zeineldin and Scott Kennedy) Currently researchers are looking at control of microgrids and distributed generation at use of energy storage type loads to help integrate renewable generation (specifically wind) into the grid and the economics of generation as it might lead to better tariff structures Kirtley has a loose coordination with Professor Richard Larson of the Engineering Systems Division (ESD) and his Energy Box group

Integration of Renewable Energy Sources in Power The project focuses on topics related to the integration of renewable energy sources in power systems Issues being investigated include islanding detection micro-grids and electricity market operation with renewable energy sources First we focus on islanding detection of inverter based DG Islanding is a condition in which a part of the utility system which contains both load and generation is isolated from the rest of the utility system and continues to operate There are three main categories for islanding detection methods passive active and communication based Passive methods rely on monitoring a certain parameter and then setting thresholds on the selected parameter Despite its simplicity and ease of implementation passive methods suffer from large Non-detection Zones (NDZ) NDZ could be defined as the values of loading for which an islanding detection method would fail to detect islanding The NDZ concept is commonly used for evaluating the performance of islanding detection methods Active methods introduce deliberate changes or disturbances to the connected circuit and then monitor the response to determine an islanding condition Active methods have smaller NDZ but can degrade the power quality of the system Communication based methods have negligible NDZ but are much more expensive than the former methods The general task in this work is to study and analyze the DG islanding phenomenon for inverter based DG Survey results showed that the majority of islanding detection methods either suffer from power quality problems or large NDZshellip More at httpwebmitedumit-tdpwwwad-research-systems-3html


PROF STEVEN B LEEB Professor of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Margaret MacVicar Faculty Fellow httpwwwrlemitedurleonlinepeopleStevenLeebhtml httpeecsfacwebmitedufacpagesleebhtml Professor Leeb is proposing a new economically attractive approach to waste heat recovery and operating schedule optimization A centralized monitor easily installed serving loads with decentralized control configured to permit centralized collection of waste heat Every electrical load in this vision becomes a dual-use or co-generating electrical appliance performing its primary function as efficiently as possible while offering secondary heat generation in a centralized efficient building plant He is demonstrating the ldquono watt left behindrdquo approach with a three-pronged research attack leading to technology demonstrations of bull Intelligent Lighting capable of detecting the presence of occupants and of performing local control

of light output to optimize energy consumption bull Intelligent Power Electronics that can be operate conventional loads like discharge lighting from a

central location where waste heat is easily recovered bull Intelligent Metering capable of making dual-use of the power system wiring both for

conventional power distribution and also for load and operating schedule monitoring

No Watt Left Behind January 2008 MITEI seed grant recipient httpwebmitedumiteiresearchspotlightsrecipientshtml At any point in the life of a building mechanical and electrical equipment ndash the services infrastructure ndash may be poorly operated Equipment may be inadvertently left in operation when not needed lights and fans running all night or air conditioning in unoccupied spaces Or equipment may be operated in ignorance of the cost a problem exacerbated by time-varying electrical rates Further as buildings age both the equipment and the building faccedilade or envelope ndash a part of the construction infrastructure ndash wear cease to function properly and eventually fail via myriad processes that are often undetected Current technological solutions for capturing or mitigating waste of electrical energy are asymmetrical The costs of ldquoenergy scavengingrdquo pennies worth of wasted electricity from millions of distinct locations is prohibitive Energy control and management systems for buildings can provide real energy savings but require expensive centralized control Payback times on such an investment computed in terms of energy savings are prohibitively long The current model for making buildings ldquosmartrdquo about their energy consumption involves a decentralized network of sensors serving a centralized control for a largely decentralized collection of loads producing waste heat We are considering other approaches which make ldquodual userdquo of the electronics and sensing technologies that could be employed in a building We are considering the value of a centralized monitor easily installed serving loads with decentralized control configured to permit centralized collection of waste heat Every electrical load in this vision becomes a ldquodual-userdquo or ldquoco-generatingrdquo electrical appliance performing its primary function as efficiently as possible while offering secondary heat generation in a centralized efficient building plant for useful functions like heating hot water In this approach no formerly wasted watt is left behind


HARVEY G MICHAELS Energy Efficiency Scientist and Lecturer Department of Urban Studies and Planning httpwebmiteduduspeppaboutfacultymichaels httpwebmiteduduspeppmusicaboutfacultybioshtml Harvey Michaels is Energy Efficiency Lecturer in Department of Urban Studies and Planning as well as a Research Scientist within the MIT Energy Initiative He has provided leadership and maintained an active practice in the field of energy efficiency for 30 years and continues to counsel policy leaders utility executives and venture investors on energy efficiency technology policy and business strategy Harvey is a frequent speaker on a more efficient and customer-centric energy marketplace and author of more than 50 papers studies and articles Harvey has developed two energy efficiency companies he is founder and former CEO of Nexus Energy Software (1997-2007) a leader in software systems for energy diagnostics and consumer information Nexusrsquo energyguidecom site was recognized by Al Gore in An Inconvenient Truth as an important resource for consumers seeking to reduce their home energy use Nexus is now Aclara Software a division of ESCO Technologies (NYSEESE) a ldquoSmart Gridrdquo system provider Previously Harvey was president of XENERGY an international energy efficiency engineering and planning consultancy In the 1970rsquos Harvey was Chief of Energy Resource Policy for Massachusetts

2009 MIT Energy Conference Video Managing Demand MIT TechTV [video] httptechtvmitedutags3412-neenansuevideos2135-2009-mit-energy-conference-managing-demand Panel Session with Harvey Michaels (MIT Moderator) Tim Healy (EnerNOC) Bernard Neenan (EPRI) and Sue Coakley (Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships Inc)

Informing Utilities and Policymakers on the Customer Side of Smart Grid PowerPoint presentation httpwebmiteduMITEInewsseminarshmichaelspdf

DR JOSEPH V MINERVINI Senior Research Engineer Plasma Science and Fusion Center Division Head Fusion Technology and Engineering (PSFC) httpwebmitedunsepeopleresearchstaffminervinihtml httpwwwpsfcmitedupeople_newfacultyjoemhtml Present work at the Technology and Engineering Division of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) is focused on applications of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) tapes and cables for use in DC power transmission and distribution systems The near-term focus is on development of relatively low voltage (400 - 600 V) high current (10000 - 25000 A) cables for DC power distribution in data server centers It is projected that DC systems can be more effective by reducing distribution losses and less expensive to install and operate The data server center distribution system has similarities to ldquoMicroGridsrdquo compact distribution systems which would possibly be powered from a variety of alternative sources such as solar PV


wind fuel cell etc The present work is directly relevant to other distribution applications with the goal of eventual implementation in large-scale DC power transmission systems

Superconducting DC Power Transmission and Distribution httpwebmitedumiteiresearchindexhtml httpwebmiteduMITEInewsseminarstrans-disthtml The large-scale use of superconductivity and cryogenics can have substantial impact on electric power systems in the US and around the world Increased energy efficiency is a high priority due to increased cost of electricity and concerns about global warming and energy security The use of superconductivity can help minimize energy losses in the transmission and use of electricity both in developing countries that are being electrified as well as developed countries with upgrade demands to the existing infrastructure The use of superconducting and cryogenic technology to increase the cost effectiveness efficiency and capacity of the power grid will greatly impact our present portfolio of power sources and may also be needed for large scale implementation of renewable sources such as wind and solar Because of the intermittent nature of these sources it is necessary to allow for increased capacity to cover the electricity needs during conditions when local electricity generation is unfavorable In addition underwater superconducting transmission lines are attractive to harness the electrical power generated by offshore windmills and ocean energy converters The present work at the Technology and Engineering Division of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center at MIT is focused on applications of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) tapes and cables for use in DC power transmission and distribution systems Our near-term focus is on development of relatively low voltage (400 - 600 V) high current (10000 - 25000 A) cables for DC power distribution in data server centers Electric power consumption in modern data server centers often exceeds 10 MW per installation and is on a continuous growth path representing a few percent of todays electricity consumption in the US Although most data centers are powered with AC systems it is projected that DC systems can be more effective by reducing distribution losses and less expensive to install and operate We are investigating the advantages of using of DC superconducting distribution cables with DC distribution architecture in such facilities In particular we are designing the high current cable and cryostat with special attention to the power distribution current leads and we are analyzing methods to minimize the cryogenic losses The data server center distribution system has similarities to ldquoMicroGridsrdquo compact distribution systems which would possibly be powered from a variety of alternative sources such as solar PV wind fuel cell etc The present work is directly relevant to other distribution applications with the goal of eventual implementation in large scale DC power transmission systems

MITEI TRANSFORMATIONS RESEARCH -- A CLEAN ENERGY FUTURE Meeting the worlds growing demand for energy minimizing related impacts on the environment and reducing the potential geopolitical tensions associated with increased competition for energy supplies represent some of the greatest technical and policy challenges of the next several decades Research to develop alternative energy sources to displace fossil fuels including relevant economic management social science and policy dimensions is critical to meeting these objectiveshellip


More at httpwebmitedumiteiresearchtransformationsindexhtml

MITEI Energy Storage Research Area hellipLarge-scale cost-effective electricity storage would permit more efficient use and distribution of energy as well as the broad-scale deployment of alternative energy resources such as solar and wind Affordable storage options would make it possible to light our houses at night using solar power supply industry with wind-generated electricity on less-windy days and run carbon-free coal-fired power plants at their optimal level capturing surplus power at night for use the next day Cheaper energy storage on board vehicles could permit the use of electricity in place of imported oil for transportation There is a full spectrum of energy-storage applications with varying storage times and volumes and rates of charging and discharging creating market opportunities for advanced batteries fuel cells flywheels pumped water and compressed air ultracapacitors and other technologies Additional work is needed to develop affordable large-scale electrochemical energy storage devices supercapacitors for transportation and electro-chemical conversion More at httpwebmitedumiteiresearchtransformationsstoragehtml

MITEI Superconductors Research Area hellipThe use of superconducting technologies can help minimize these energy losses and increase the overall efficiency of the power grid They could also provide new opportunities for renewable resources such as wind and solar energy by increasing the overall capacity of the grid to accommodate the intermittent nature of these resources Areas of research that have great potential to enhance the promise of superconducting technology include system evaluation of superconducting and cryogenic components of the power grid design of increased-capacity power transmission lines investigation of high-efficiency power-conditioning equipment examination of the implications of superconducting materials for higher performance and greater efficiency development of new high-temperature superconducting materials and development of electrical machinery with improved cost performance and efficiencyhellip More at httpwebmitedumiteiresearchtransformationssuperconductorshtml

MITEI Wind Research Area hellipRapid technology development has enabled these prices and market growth There are however several impediments to truly large-scale deployment including intermittency the location of high-quality wind resources far from large demand centers and public opposition to siting of wind generation facilities Also while wind energy is assumed to be environmentally benign the environmental impacts of extremely large-scale deployment sufficient to meet a significant percentage of our power demand have not yet been modeled or analyzed adequately Advances in energy-storage technologies can address intermittency issues The modernization of the power network and increased efficiency of the grid will enable the integration and transmission of wind energy over longer distanceshellip


More at httpwebmitedumiteiresearchtransformationswindhtml

MITEI INNOVATIONS RESEARCH -- ADVANCES IN TODAYS ENERGY SYSTEMS A major focus of MITEI is developing technologies and conducting underlying policy analyses that will improve how we produce distribute and consume conventional energy sources Maximizing current sources of energy through increased supply and more efficient technologies enhancing security of supply and minimizing environmental impacts are critical and will require new and innovative approaches to the production distribution and end use of conventional sources of energy as we transition to more sustainable energy supplieshellip More at httpwebmitedumiteiresearchinnovationsindexhtml

MITEI Electric Power Systems and Policy Research Area hellipNew technologies are needed to modernize our aging electricity infrastructure meet the enhanced power-quality requirements of the 21st century accommodate large amounts of renewable and distributed power generation and meet overall electricity demand growth mdash and to do so in ways that minimize environmental impactshellip Ongoing research is developing new tools for the real-time monitoring and control of large interconnected power pools new ways to decrease the substantial energy line losses of our transmission systems novel economic and regulatory incentives for repairing and upgrading equipment and improving overall system design and operation and a suite of distributed technologies that will enable electrification of rural areas particularly in the developing world where there is no existing large-scale power gridhellip More at httpwebmitedumiteiresearchinnovationselectricityhtml

MITEI ENERGY NEEDS IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD hellipReliable cost-effective energy service is also key to improving the quality of life in rural regions of developing nations where there is little or no access to electricity adding or enhancing such access either through conventional grids micro-grids or other distributed systems will provide not only electricity but also benefits such as potable water health care transportation options and other services that promote economic development and enhanced quality of lifehellip More at httpwebmitedumiteiresearchglobaldevelopinghtml

MIT-PORTUGAL PROGRAM (MPP)

httpwwwmitportugalorg The MIT-Portugal Program is a large-scale international collaboration involving MIT and government academia and industry in Portugal to develop education and research programs related to engineering systems The high-level partnership represents a strategic commitment by the Portuguese government to science technology and higher education that leverages MITrsquos experience in these important areas in order to strengthen the countryrsquos knowledge base through


an investment in human capital and institution building The Program seeks to demonstrate that an investment in science technology and higher education can have a positive lasting impact on the economy by addressing key societal issues through quality education and research in the emerging field of engineering systems The program has targeted bio-engineering systems engineering design and advanced manufacturing sustainable energy systems and transportation systems as key areas for economic development and societal impact

MIT-PORTUGAL PROGRAM (MPP) SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS (SES) httpwwwmitportugalorgprogramssustainable-energy-systemshtml httpwwwmitportugalorgses-mit hellipThe identified research areas for Sustainable Energy Systems comprise the three following themes bull Energy Planning including Economics bull Sustainable Built Environment bull Smart Energy Networks The research activities in these areas will be developed within the framework of research projects [see httpwwwmitportugalorgsesresearch-projectshtml ] The following projects have been started bull GIP - Green Islands Project httpwwwmitportugalorgsesresearch-projectshtml bull SUES - Sustainable Energy Urban System httpwwwmitportugalorgsesresearch-

projectshtml The research projects are defined such that the scope covers research activities in all areas The GIP and SUES projects integrate research activities in energy planning built environment and smart networks

Smart Energy Networks This area involves the topics focused on the new paradigm of the development of electric power systems characterized by large-scale integration of distributedrenewable energy resources and large-scale consumer engagement (eg demand efficiency demand control microgeneration and interaction through smart metering) Research in this area is focused on active management of distribution grids dispersed generation (DG) storage and end-users (through responsive loads and consumers) in local and regional areas in order to improve system operating conditions and improve local reliability This includes the development of new monitoring control and management hierarchical architectures as well as it includes market-based implementation for the coordination and control of the different agents and network resources in the real near and medium-term time horizonshellip httpwwwmitportugalorgsustainable-energy-systemsresearch-areashtml

Energy Planning Including Economics This research area is build upon energy and environment values and economic domains at the level of energy systems analysis and design Part of it is based on providing a modeling framework


to support a national effort on Sustainable Energy Systems planning and forecasting by departing from the dynamics of energy demand and incorporating the local and regional renewable energy resources and including cogeneration impact on electricity supply Some specific models will be applied such as TIMES (The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System) Integrated supply-demand approaches (eg LEAP) EMCAS (electricity market simulation) and Life Cycle Assessment methodologies Analysis at regional and local scales will also be addressedhellip More at httpwwwmitportugalorgsustainable-energy-systemsresearch-areashtml

Energy Box Prof Richard C Larson Mitsui Professor of Engineering Systems and Civil and Environmental Engineering httpceemitedularson httpesdmiteduresearchenergyhtml Supported by the Energy Focus Group of the MIT-Portugal Program the Energy Box envisages a world in the not-too-distant future in which electricity is priced in accordance with near-term supply and demand Supply can be from traditional reliable sources and from solar wind and waves all less reliable and time-of-day-sensitive sources Pricing can change by hour or even by minute communicated to the customerrsquos home or business by the Internet or by ldquosmart metersrsquo operating over smart grids Physically the Energy Box is seen as a system of nested software operating as a 247 background processor on onersquos PC in onersquos home or place of business The software has access to weather reports (to gauge availability of weather-dependent electricity) realtime prices and all electrical devices in onersquos home or business The user will input to the system hisher preferences for temperatures in space heating and cooling and other preferences related to lifestyles and work styles Also the user will have the option to make an agreement with the local electricity provider (the lsquoutilityrsquo) to offer graceful load shedding upon request by the utility In that case automatic load shedding can occur in that home or business upon request of the utility on hot days in the summer or on other days in which demand exceeds supply Such load shedding will be intelligent allowing modest temperature adjustments in the home and deferring certain uses of electricity until later when supply and demand are again balanced Finally the user will have the option to buy electricity from the grid store it and sell it back thereby creating a more open market Heshe will also have the ability to use solar and wind locally to create use store and sell electricity back to the grid As a good application of Engineering Systems Fundamentals the system will operate on three time scales (1) seconds and minutes (2) hours and (3) dayshellip

Shaping the Demand Side Prof Richard C Larson Mitsui Professor of Engineering Systems and Civil and Environmental Engineering httpceemitedularson httpesdmiteduresearchenergyhtml hellipResearch looks at how the developing smart grid could send signals to electricity consumers (with our focus on residential and small business consumers) to enable them to better manage their electricity usage so that the grid operates as efficiently and effectively as possible especially with the increasing penetration of electricity generated by weather-dependent renewable sources The signals envisioned would most likely include but are not limited to time-differentiated pricing of electricity Again with long-term large-scale electricity storage currently cost-prohibitive


balancing the supply and demand on the grid must come either from dispatchable (and typically non-renewable) energy sources or from signals shaping the demand curve to more closely match the supply curve Ultimately our research aims to illustrate that higher penetrations of wind and other weather-dependent electricity sources could be supported with a more flexible and shapeable demand curve by encouraging energy efficiency and responsive demand investments all while striving to provide the same (or better) welfare that electricity consumers have come to expect

Distributed Inference in Critical Infrastructures Prof Sanjoy K Mitter Professor of Electrical Engineering and Engineering Systems httpesdmiteduFaculty_Pagesmittermitterhtm httpwwwmitportugalorgsesresearchhtml This project considers the problem of distributed inference and actuation in large-scale critical infrastructures It emphasizes energy systems with project team researchers at MIT CMI and ICTI in Portugal Critical infrastructures like the power grid are complex dynamic networks evolving in real-time where events at any location are often correlated with other events in spacetime We are concerned with the problem of inferring the general global state of the critical infrastructure from the distributed measurements collected by a network of sensors The main challenge can be summarized as follows How to make decisions under uncertainty arising from spatially distributed dynamic information when sharing distributed data is limited by networking constraints The research focuses on developing mathematically rigorous techniques for reliable monitoring of events developing situational awareness and providing prediction of abnormal behavior like threats and failures

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL amp ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (CEE)

httpceemitedu

SMART GRID ndash SMART CITIES httpceemiteduresearchprojectsenergyandenvironment The project seeks to reduce energy demand by integrating smart electric vehicles and smart building management into the Smart Energy Grid Tomorrowrsquos cities will behave like living organisms They will have artificial nervous systems that enable them to sense changes in the needs of their inhabitants and external conditions formulate responses and execute those responses And like the Internet they will replace rigid centralized infrastructures with flexible distributed self-organizing networks The second key component of this flexible infrastructure is the Electrification of Energy Sources ie the conversion of energy from many sources into electricity and the distribution of energy in that form reduces or eliminates many of the notorious problems with the sourcing processing distribution and combustion of liquid fuels The most fundamental advantage of electrifying the energy supply chain is that it provides higher end-to-end efficiency than liquid fuel This project proposes to demonstrate the benefits of including city-based transportation within the Smart Grid concept by developing a simulation environment to test out the feasibility of various grid architectures


SMART GRID - NEXT GENERATION UTILITY SYSTEMS httpceemiteduresearchprojectsenergyandenvironment Professor John R Williams httpceemiteduwilliams Reducing the demand side of our energy needs can be achieved by reducing and optimizing our use of energy in transportation and in the heating and cooling of buildings The US Green Building Coalition estimates that US buildings account for 39 percent of all energy use and 38 of all CO2 emissions Transportation consumes 29 of all energy This project targets some of the key implementation challenges of the smart grid The Smart grid will consist of the electricity distribution network including the supplier and consumers and of a parallel monitor and control network (Grid Control Network) The Grid Control Network will be an IP based network There will be other players in the eco systems building the Grid Control Network and connecting it to the electricity grid This work focuses on building applications for increasing energy efficiency and peak shaving and on securing the Grid Control Network MIT and SAP are collaborating to build a real time meter data unification system capable of handling ten million customers

CENTER FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY RESEARCH (CEEPR)

CEEPR promotes rigorous and objective empirical research at MIT on issues related to energy and environmental policy to support decision-making by government and industry The results of the research are disseminated through publications workshops educational programs and other public outreach activitieshellip httpwebmiteduceeprwwwindexhtml CEEPR Focus Research Areas [ httpwebmiteduceeprwwwaboutindexhtml ] include Electricity Restructuring Since before the Centers inception Professor Paul L Joskow has led an extensive and influential research effort broadly focused on the performance and regulation of the electric utility industry Among the more important results of that work is Markets for Power by Professor Joskow and Professor Richard Schmalensee a former director of the Center This book helped shape a decade of debate on deregulation regulatory reform and the role of competition in the electric utility sector The Center continues to publish research on all aspects of electricity markets including assuring adequate generating capacity transmission investments retail competition and new technologieshellip httpwebmiteduceeprwwwaboutindexhtml

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ldquoDO SMART GRIDS NEED SMART REGULATORSrdquo Joseacute Ignacio Peacuterez Arriaga Visiting Professor Engineering Systems Division httpwebmiteduceeprwwwpeopleindexhtml MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEPR) Spring 2009 Workshop Session on Smart Grids Cambridge MA April 30-May 1 2009 httpwebmiteduceeprwwwaboutApril 2009april09 workshop webperezarriaga ohpdf

ECONOMICS OF WIND POWER GENERATION IN THE UNITED STATES Dr John E Parsons Executive Director Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEPR) and Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change httpglobalchangemitedupeopleadministrationphpid=155


As concerns over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion increase wind energy which emits no greenhouse gases directly is becoming a lucrative alternative due to technological maturity and low costs relative to other renewable resources Based on 2007-2008 data for costs of power generation technologies bus bar levelized costs of new utility-scale wind installations in the US land-based wind farms in particular are approaching those of new intermediate and peak load fossil fuel-fired power stations even without subsidies or carbon pricing Aside from their increasing competitiveness with coal- or gas-fired generators wind farms can be expected to deliver macroeconomic benefits as well Expanding the share of wind energy from one percent to 20 percent of US electricity production by 2030 as stipulated by the US Department of Energy in their report 20 Wind Energy by 2030 will add over half a million jobs through engineering construction and plant operations as well as induced economic activity Cost should not impede wind power deployment in the near to medium term barring a prolonged period of low prices for coal or gas with or without policies favorable for wind developers Therefore future expansion of wind power will be determined largely by electricity transmission capacity readiness of grid power storage technologies and additional non-cost factors

INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE CENTER (IPC)

The Industrial Performance Center (IPC) is an MIT-wide research unit based in the School of Engineering The IPC serves as a listening post on industry monitoring patterns of organizational and technological practice interpreting them for our partners and sponsors and bringing our observations and insights to bear on the core disciplines and educational curricula of the Institute Through our research we seek to help leaders in business labor government and universities better understand global industrial developments and to work with them to develop practical new approaches for strengthening public policies business strategies technical practices and educational programs A top-down perspective on economic performance provides a focus on factors that affect the behavior of economies in the large especially the fiscal and monetary policies that influence overall levels of employment income savings and investmenthellip httpwebmiteduipcindexhtml

ENERGY INNOVATION PROJECT Addressing global climate change worldwide energy-supply vulnerabilities and expanding global energy demand will require an acceleration of efforts to introduce new technologies for energy production conversion delivery and use The United States must play an international leadership role Yet to date the US has demonstrated neither the financial commitment nor the institutional capability necessary to meet this challenge Aimed at evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the US energy innovation system and recommending ways to improve its performance the IPCs Energy Innovation Project has four phases () Phase I focuses on distilling lessons from earlier innovation experience including past US energy initiatives innovation policies and practices in other industries and successful energy innovation programs in other countries


() Phase II focuses on identifying obstacles to large-scale deployment in the key areas of residential and commercial building energy efficiency carbon capture and storage nuclear power smart-grid applications and passenger vehicles () Phase III focuses focus on understanding the opportunities and barriers to innovation in Chinas energy industries () Phase IV aims to develop recommendations for public and private action designed to upgrade the performance of the US energy innovation system More at httpwebmiteduipcresearchenergyinnovationprojecthtml

Innovation on the Grid Momentum is building for the build-out of smart grid infrastructure Properly designed the smart grid can provide consumers with information pricing options and automated support to make energy use more precisely responsive to consumer interests in saving money maximizing comfort and convenience and reducing carbon emissions Architectural and design choices made today will have long-term significance for innovation in the customer premise space while also raising new questions about the innovation ecosystems that will emerge The purpose of this project is to explore the technical business and institutional aspects of these innovation ecosystems httpwebmiteduipcresearchenergyinnovationongridhtml

Paper ldquoElectricity Transmission Policy for America Enabling a Smart Grid End-to-Endrdquo by Mason Willrich July 2009 IPC Energy Innovation Working Paper 09-003 httpwebmiteduipcresearchenergypapershtml httpwebmiteduipcresearchenergypdfEIP_09-003pdf Abstract This paper proposes a framework of policies to guide the future development of Americarsquos electric transmission grid so that the electric power industry will be able to serve more effectively the changing needs of the US economy and society The paper provides a factual overview of the American electric power industry with a focus on high voltage transmission The current framework of public policies affecting the electric industry and specifically the transmission grid are summarized and a range of proposals for legislative and regulatory policy reform are analyzed Finally a set of recommendations is provided which would accelerate innovation and the evolution of an ldquoend-to-end smartrdquo transmission grid in Americahellip httpwebmiteduipcresearchenergypdfEIP_09-003pdf

RELATED ARTICLES MEDIA GROUPS

ELECTRICITY STUDENT RESEARCH GROUP (ESRG) The Electricity Student Research Group (ESRG) is a student driven research group focused on Electric Power Systems research at the graduate (typically PhD) level here at MIT The group meets regularly and acts as a mixture of a journal club reviewing current pertinent papers and a


forum for research presentations and discussions The group grew out of a desireneed for a student-based electricity research group here at MIT that brings together participants from a wide variety of backgrounds (Electrical Mechanical Chemical Economics Systems Policy Engineering etc)hellip More at httpwebmitedumit-esrgESRGESRG_Homehtml

MIT NEWS STORY ldquoCOLLABORATION EYES COMPUTING BOOST FOR NEW ENGLAND ROOTED AT MIT EFFORT BRINGS TOGETHER STATE INDUSTRY ACADEMIArdquo Greg Frost MIT News Office June 11 2009 httpwebmitedunewsoffice2009hpcc-0611html What began earlier this decade as an effort to better coordinate information technology at MIT has blossomed into a major drive between the Institute the state of Massachusetts and several key players in industry and academia to design and build an environmentally friendly high-performance computing center in western Massachusetts one capable of boosting the states innovation economy The collaboration formally announced Thursday at an event in Holyoke Mass aims to establish Massachusetts as a leader in the application and development of the next generation of computing technologies ones that could lead to new ways of treating cancer and efficiently managing a smart electricity gridhellip More at hellip httpwebmitedunewsoffice2009hpcc-0611html

RESEARCH PAPER ldquoRENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY CHAINS DELIVERING ON THE PROMISE OF GREEN ENERGYrdquo By Dr Jarrod Goentzel March 2009 Executive Director Master of Engineering in Logistics Program MIT-Zaragoza International Logistics Program httpctlmitedupublicwhitepaper_goentzel_renewable_energy_supply_chainspdf


Shaping the Demand Side 16 Distributed Inference in Critical Infrastructures 17

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL amp ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING (CEE) 17 SMART GRID ndash SMART CITIES 17 SMART GRID - NEXT GENERATION UTILITY SYSTEMS 18

CENTER FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY RESEARCH (CEEPR) 18 POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ldquoDO SMART GRIDS NEED SMART REGULATORSrdquo 18 ECONOMICS OF WIND POWER GENERATION IN THE UNITED STATES 18

INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE CENTER (IPC) 19 ENERGY INNOVATION PROJECT 19

Innovation on the Grid 20 Paper ldquoElectricity Transmission Policy for America Enabling a Smart Grid End-to-Endrdquo 20

RELATED ARTICLES MEDIA GROUPS 20 ELECTRICITY STUDENT RESEARCH GROUP (ESRG) 20 MIT NEWS STORY ldquoCOLLABORATION EYES COMPUTING BOOST FOR NEW ENGLAND ROOTED AT MIT EFFORT BRINGS TOGETHER STATE INDUSTRY ACADEMIArdquo 21 RESEARCH PAPER ldquoRENEWABLE ENERGY SUPPLY CHAINS DELIVERING ON THE PROMISE OF GREEN ENERGYrdquo 21














on systems
































































httpceemitedu




































on systems
































































httpceemitedu





















































































httpceemitedu

















































































httpceemitedu













































































httpceemitedu









































































httpceemitedu



































































httpceemitedu
































































httpceemitedu


























































httpceemitedu





















































httpceemitedu

















































httpceemitedu












































httpceemitedu





































httpceemitedu































httpceemitedu



























httpceemitedu









































































Documents

INDUSTRIAL PERFORMANCE CENTER (IPC)19 … expertise in smart grid technologies and related areas between 2008 and February 2010. For more information, please contact MIT’s Industrial