Industrial America A Nation Transformed

1. The Western Crossroads 1860 - 19102. The Second Industrial Revolution – 1865 - 19053. The Transformation of American Society –

1865 - 1910

1860 - 1910

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Transformation of American Society

• During the late 1800’s, industrialization, innovation, and advances in technology led to the transformation of American life.

1865 - 1910

1. The New Immigrants

2. The Urban World

3. Daily life in the Cities

1. A New Wave of Immigration• From 1800 to 1880, 10 million immigrants came

to the United States. Most were Protestants from northwestern Europe, known as old immigrants.

• Between 1891 and 1910, some 12 million immigrants came to the United States. 60% of people living in U.S. cities were foreign. 70% of these immigrants were from southern or eastern Europe.

• Most traveled in the poorest accommodationscalled steerages.

1860 - 1910

Arriving in America– Millions arrived in late 1800’s at Ellis Island in

New York Harbor and Angel Island in San Francisco.

– Many arrived and settled in crowed and diverse cities where they found only low-paying, unskilled jobs.

– Residents in many cities formed religious and non religious aid organizations, known as benevolent societies, to help immigrants with many types of care, such as education, medical care, and jobs.

1860 - 1910

The Natives Response• Many native-born citizens saw immigration workers

as a threat and blamed them for much of the working doings of society.

• Many believed that immigrants’ willingness to work cheaply robbed Americans of jobs and lowered

wages for all.

1860 - 1910

Nativist’s and Immigration– Nativists achieved great success in the

west with immigration restriction laws against the Chinese.

• In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which denied citizenship to people born in China and prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers.

• In 1894, the Immigration Restriction League sought to impose literacy tests to all immigrants.

• Despite all the restrictions to the Chinese and other immigrants, the rapid industrialization of the United States would not have been achieved without the immigrant workers.

1860 - 1910

2. Changing from a Rural Society to an Urban Society

• By the late 1800’s, new technological advancesbegan to transform the urban landscape.

• A vast population growth of the city between 1865 and 1900 changed the facet of the city.

– Architects built skyscrapers, or large, multistory buildings, to accommodate for the dramatic increase of populations in the city.

1860 - 1910

The Elevator– In 1853, Elisha Otis developed a

mechanized elevator that made it easy for architects to construct skyscrapers.

– While skyscrapers extended cities upward, mass transit extended cities outward.

• Mass transit made it much easier for workers to get to work faster and live farther away.

• The expansion of transportation to areas beyond the city hub, led to the growth of suburbs, residential neighborhoods on the outskirts of cities.

1860 - 1910

Three Classes

• Three classes emerged; the Upper, the Middle, and the Lower.

1860 - 1910

Upper Class• The nouveau riche (noo-voh REESH), French

meaning newly rich, was the urban upper class who quickly earned fortunes on the newly formed industries.

• Many of the upper class spent their money freely so that all new how successful they were. This behavior was coined conspicuous consumption and many Americans criticized their behavior.

1860 - 1910

Middle Class• By the late 1800’s the middle class was swelled

by doctors, lawyers, small business owners and accountants, clerks, engineers, and managers.

• Women even joined the ranks of the middle class on a small scale.

•Girls, what do you carry in your purse?

1860 - 1910

Lower Class Life• Tenements, poorly built apartment buildings,

housed many of the cities poor, in NYC, nearly half the population.

• These rundown buildings were clustered in poor neighborhoods.

1860 - 1910

The Drive for Reform– To confront the problem of

urban poverty, settlement houses, community service centers, were established in poor communities and offered residents educational opportunities, skills training, and cultural events.

• Jane Addams was influential in setting up American settlement-housing.

• She set out and improved living conditionsin many poor neighborhoods.

• Janie Porter Barrett founded the first African American settlement house.

Jane Addams

Janie Porter Barrett

1860 - 1910

Social Gospel– The Social Gospel

was an idea that called for people to apply Christian principles to address social problems.

• Many churches provided classes, counseling, job training and applied the Social Gospel.

• Caroline Bartlett organized the People’s Church in Michigan and provided free public kindergarten as well as set up meals programs for workers.

Caroline Bartlett

1860 - 1910

3. Daily Life in Cities• “It must be admitted unhesitatingly that we are only just learning how to

play. We steal away for our holidays . . . determined to rest and take life at its easiest. We promise ourselves to forswear all thoughts of business

and the outer world.”• Casper W. Whitney, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, December 1894

1860 - 1910

Education– Social reformers tried to expand educational

opportunities.• The Compulsory Education Laws were laws that required

parents to send children to school.• Attendance at schools rose from 7 million to 15 million in a

span of thirty years.– Philosopher John Dewey set out to change the

traditional school.• His “Laboratory School” at the University of Chicago

stressed cooperative learning by doing.• He not only emphasized reading, writing, and mathematics,

but he also emphasized the arts, history, and sciences.– The number of American colleges and

enrollments rose as well from about 500 to 1000 universities.

John Dewey

1860 - 1910

Publishing– The rise of literacy among Americans

led to an age of publishing.• The sale of newspapers between 1865 and 1910

increased from about 500 to 2,600.• Yellow Journalism referred to the hugely

popular cartoon, “The Yellow Kid,” which was used to attract readers. It was about a young tenement-dweller who reflected stereotypes many Americans had about immigrants.

– In His Steps, written by Charles M. Sheldon, was the era’s most popular book, selling millions of copies. “What would Jesus do?”

1860 - 1910

Leisure and Sports– During the late 1800’s, Americans increasingly counted on

leisure, or free time to provide relief from city life/work.

• In 1857, landscape architect Frederick Law Olmstead designed Central Park in New York City.

• His success spawned the City Beautiful Movement, which stressed the importance of public parks and attractive boulevards in the design of cities.

1860 - 1910

Baseball• The basic organization and rules of the game evolved in the mid-

1800’s from the British game rounder’s.• 1869-Aaron Champion organized the Cincinnati Red Stockings, the

first baseball team.• Baseball had become the “national game of the United States.”

1860 - 1910

Football• Football was developed in the late 1800’s, in

upper class New England schools.• Walter Camp, a Yale football player, mad

significant contributions to the game.

1860 - 1910

Basketball• James Naismith, in 1891, invented the game of basketball.• The physical education teacher created a game that could

occupy students during the winter month.

1860 - 1910

Entertainment• Many Americans spent much leisure time

enjoying theater and music.

1860 - 1910

Theater– Edwin Booth, a

premier actor of the day, portrayed many Shakespeare tragic heroes.

– Vaudeville-French word meaning “light play;” featured a wide selection of “shorts.”

1860 - 1910

Your next act, the One the only, the Acts of all acts, the Entertainer of all Entertainers, the Artist of all artists,Ladies and gentleman, From Allentown, Pa,

1860 - 1910

Music-Ragtime– This style of music was created by African Americans in the

1890’s.– The King of Ragtime, Scott Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag.”

1860 - 1910