Induction Lamp Systems for Pedestrian, Low Level Pole and ... · Induction Lamp Systems for Pedestrian Low Level Pole and Lantern Lighting ET 07.04 Southern California Edison Design

Design amp Engineering Services

Induction Lamp Systems for Pedestrian

Low Level Pole and Lantern Lighting

ET 0704

Prepared by

Design and Engineering Services

Customer Service Business Unit

Southern California Edison

September 24 2007

Induction Lamp Systems for Pedestrian Low Level Pole and Lantern Lighting ET 0704


Design amp Engineering Services September 2007

Acknowledgements

Southern California Edisonrsquos (SCErsquos) Design amp Engineering Services (DES) group is

responsible for this project It was developed as part of Southern California Edisonrsquos

Emerging Technology Program under internal project number ET 0704 DES project

manager Doug Avery with the assistance of Integrated Lighting Concepts Westlake Village

California conducted this technology evaluation with overall guidance and management from

Tom Antonucci This report was prepared by Integrated Lighting Concepts For more

information on this project contact dougaveryscecom

Disclaimer

This report was prepared by Southern California Edison (SCE) and funded by California

utility customers under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission

Reproduction or distribution of the whole or any part of the contents of this document

without the express written permission of SCE is prohibited This work was performed with

reasonable care and in accordance with professional standards However neither SCE nor

any entity performing the work pursuant to SCErsquos authority make any warranty or

representation expressed or implied with regard to this report the merchantability or

fitness for a particular purpose of the results of the work or any analyses or conclusions

contained in this report The results reflected in the work are generally representative of

operating conditions however the results in any other situation may vary depending upon

particular operating conditions


Southern California Edison Page i Design amp Engineering Services September 2007

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AGI-32 Lighting evaluation and calculation computer design program

BF Ballast Factor

CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp

CRI Color Rendering Index

FC Foot-Candles Domestic (USA)Illumination Measurement

GE General Electric Co

GENURA General Electric R-lamp Induction

HPS High Pressure Sodium

ICETRON OsramSylvania Induction Lamp

IESNA Illuminating Engineering Society of North America

K Kelvin Lamp Color Temperature measurement

LD Lumen Depreciation

LDD Luminaire Dirt Depreciation

LLD Lamp Lumen Depreciation

LUX International Illumination Measurement

MH Metal Halide

OSI OsramSylvania Inc

QL Philips Lighting Induction Lamp

SCE Southern California Edison

V Volts

W Watt

WSF Watts per Square Foot


Southern California Edison Page ii Design amp Engineering Services September 2007

FIGURES

FIGURE 1 ENERGY SAVINGS AND COST AVOIDANCE POTENTIAL FOR INDUCTION LIGHTING 1 FIGURE 2 LAMP LIFE amp LUMEN DEPRECIATION CURVES ndash COMPARING MH HPS amp INDUCTION LAMPS 3 FIGURE 3 EFFECT OF HIGH FIRST COST OF INDUCTION LIGHTING ON COST EFFECTIVENESS 3 FIGURE 4 COMPARISON OF LAMP INDUCTION ENVELOPES ndash 4 FIGURE 5 MODEL A LOCAL SHOPPING CENTER 8 FIGURE 6 MODEL B BUS TRANSFER FACILITY 8

FIGURE 7 MODEL C PART AND ACTIVITY CENTERhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip8 FIGURE 8 MODEL D MULTI-FAMILY COMPLEX 8 FIGURE 9 MODEL A SHOPPING STRIP MALL ARIAL VIEW OF COMPOSITE MODEL 21 FIGURE 11 MODEL B TYPICAL COVERED PARKING STALLS AT APARTMENT COMPLEX 23 FIGURE 12 MODEL B MULTI-FAMILY APARTMENT COMPLEX EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION GRID

ISOMETRIC VIEW 25 FIGURE 13 MODEL C BUS TRANSFER FACILITY COVERED CUSTOMER WAITING AREAS 25 FIGURE 14 MODEL D COMMUNITY PARK ARIAL VIEW OF COMPOSITE MODEL 26

TABLES

TABLE 1 CRI COMPARISON SELECTED INDUCTION LAMPS AND SIMILAR WATTAGE MH amp HPS LAMPS 5 TABLE 2 EXHIBIT A ROADWAY SURFACE CLASSIFICATION BY TYPE OF PAVING MATERIALS 12 TABLE 3 EXHIBIT B IESNA RECOMMENDED EXTERIOR LIGHTING ILLUMINATION ndash SELECTED APPLICATIONS 15 TABLE 4 SHOPPING MALL ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE 17 TABLE 5 SHOPPING MALL INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE 17 TABLE 6 MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING DEVELOPMENT ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE 18 TABLE 7 MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING DEVELOPMENT INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE

LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE 18 TABLE 8 SUBURBAN BUS TRANSFER FACILITY ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE 19 TABLE 9 SUBURBAN BUS TRANSFER FACILITY INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE 19 TABLE 10 COMMUNITY PARK ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE 20 TABLE 11 COMMUNITY PARK INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE 20 TABLE 12 LIGHT LEVEL COMPARISON FOR THE LOCAL SHOPPING CENTER-STRIP MALL ldquoAS BUILTrdquo VS

INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE 21 TABLE 13 DETAILED STATISTICS BY ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENT AREA FOR ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LIGHTING 22 TABLE 14 DETAILED STATISTICS BY ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENT AREA FOR INDUCTION FLUORESCENT

ALTERNATIVES 22 TABLE 15 DETAILED STATISTICS BY ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENT AREA FOR INDUCTION FLUORESCENT

ALTERNATIVES 23 TABLE 16 LIGHT LEVEL COMPARISON FOR THE MULTI FAMILY HOUSING COMPLEX ldquoAS BUILTrdquo VS INDUCTION

FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE 24 TABLE 17 DETAILED STATISTICS BY ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENT AREA FOR ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LIGHTING 24 TABLE 18 DETAILED STATISTICS BY ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENT AREA FOR INDUCTION FLUORESCENT

ALTERNATIVES 24 TABLE 19 LIGHT LEVEL COMPARISON FOR THE SUBURBAN BUS TRANSFER FACILITY ldquoAS BUILTrdquo VS INDUCTION


ALTERNATIVES 26 TABLE 22 LIGHT LEVEL COMPARISON FOR THE COMMUNITY CENTER ndash PARK AND GARDEN FACILITY ldquo

AS BUILTrdquo VS INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE 27


Southern California Edison Page iii Design amp Engineering Services September 2007

TABLE 23 DETAILED STATISTICS BY ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENT AREA FOR ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LIGHTING 27 TABLE 24 DETAILED STATISTICS BY ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENT AREA FOR INDUCTION FLUORESCENT

ALTERNATIVES 27


Southern California Edison Page iv


CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY __________________________________________________________________________________ 1

INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4

SUBURBAN RETAIL STRIP MALL 6

SUBURBAN REGIONAL BUS TRANSFER TRANSPORTATION 6

COMMUNITY PARK WITH GARDEN PEDESTRIAN WAYS 7

MULTI FAMILY TOWNHOUSE APARTMENT COMPLEX 7

TECHNICAL APPROACH _________________________________________________________________________________ 11

STANDARDS FOR TARGET ILLUMINATION - THE FOUR MODELS 11

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW IESNA EXTERIOR LIGHTING STANDARDS 11

OVERALL LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 11

AREA CLASSIFICATIONS 12

PAVEMENT CLASSIFICATIONS 12

DESCRIPTIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF TYPES OF EXTERIOR LIGHTING AREAS 12

Lighting Design Considerations by Specific Area Zone or Function 13

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 14

SITESAPPLICATIONS SUITED TO INDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES ______________________________________________________ 16

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW SITESAPPLICATIONS INDUCTION LIGHTING MODELS 16

MODEL A 16

MODEL B 17

MODEL C 18

MODEL D 19

RESULTS ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 21

MODEL A LOCAL SHOPPING CENTER STRIP MALL 21

MODEL B MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING COMPLEX 23

MODEL C SUBURBAN BUS TRANSFER FACILITY 25

MODEL D COMMUNITY CENTER ndash PARK AND GARDEN _______________________________________________ 26

DISCUSSION __________________________________________________________________________________________ 28

CONCLUSION _________________________________________________________________________________________ 29

APPENDIX A ndash LIGHT METER GRIDS FOR ALL MODELS ____________________________________________________________ 30


Southern California Edison Page 1


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Current induction lamp lighting systems offer significant opportunities for both energy reduction

and operational savings when applied to pedestrian level and low-mast lighting applications

Current lamp wattages and sizes are ideal for these applications However current lamp limits of

approximately 250 Watt (W) (high end) and 20W (low end) exclude induction lighting from high

mast lighting usually lamped with 400W-1000W lamps and way-finding low level lighting where

20W-75W halogen and 7W-18W compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) are most often employed

FIGURE 1 ENERGY SAVINGS AND COST AVOIDANCE POTENTIAL FOR INDUCTION LIGHTING

This report examines the potentials for induction lighting utilization on four specific sites

with applications suited to pedestrian level and low-mast lighting The four sites and

specific applications examined through use of AGI-32 computer modeling are

Suburban retail strip mall with lantern style post lamps and wall bracket lanterns

Regional bus transfer transportation and park-n-ride facility

Community park with garden pedestrian walkways and recreational-meeting facilities

Multi-family townhouse apartment complex with private street parking zones and

pedestrian walkways

Recommended illumination levels for lighting at each of the four specific types of sites are based

on the Illumination Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) design and application

standards for outdoor area and roadway lighting11 All models presented in this document were

required to demonstrate compliance with these standards Designs not meeting these

standards even though they appeared to provide adequate and visually appealing illumination

were rejected Rejection of designs is based on the premise that the lighting components of

building and municipal codes as well as safetysecurity standards are based on the IESNA

lighting design and application standards Therefore legal precedence mandates that at

minimum to be acceptable a design must meet or exceed IESNA standards

Observation and analysis of the four specific siteapplication models validated that induction

lighting is in fact best suited to pedestrian level and low-mast lighting Additional studies

gained via the AGI-32 modeling helped to define both positive attributes and potential




drawbacks for induction lighting The complete details of these findings are published in the

body of this report The following bullet items provide an overview of the findings They

are as follows

Induction lighting exhibits pleasant soft illumination with good color rendition having an

80+ color-rendering index (CRI) (80+ CRI) Its color is inherently more pleasing in

pedestrian stations than ether standard Metal Halide or High Pressure Sodium lighting

Lumen depreciation for induction lamps is significantly better (less light loss) than

Metal Halide (MH) but no better than High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamp efficacy

(lumens per watt) is competitive with MH but not as efficient as HPS These

performance factors suggest that lower wattage induction lighting can replace higher

wattage MH lighting while maintaining near equal maintained light-output (foot-candle

(fc) levels) with somewhat improved visual acuity due to the higher CRI of the

induction lamps However because light loss and efficacy of Induction is at best equal

to HPS when induction lighting replaces HPS lighting there is little if any energy

savings potential if equal foot-candle illumination must be maintained Because visual

acuity is superior to HPS (HPS has a CRI of only 20 versus the 80+ of induction lamps)

lower light levels can be applied to the design as long as IESNA minimums are

maintained Under this scenario Induction lighting may offer energy savings with

equal or better visual acuity

Lamp life of induction lighting is far superior to either MH or HPS lamping

Therefore maintenance cycles can be extended reducing labor cost and lamp

replacement costs Induction lighting is an especially attractive option when

maintenance is very difficult or near impossible

The defuse nature of the light source and large lamp envelope of most induction

lamps does not allow for precision optics as used in many roadway and area

luminaire designs Therefore induction lamps in luminaire designs provide broad

distribution illumination with less directional beam patterns than typical MH and HPS

full cut-off luminaires Current induction lamp systems are best suited to post top

lantern and wall lantern designs They also work well in wide distribution down-

lights and area flood lighting Current induction lamps do not work well with spot

beam and similar focused beam optics

First cost of induction lighting luminaires is excessively exorbitant and there are only

a few manufactures offering luminaires with this lamping option The high first cost

and limited equipment selection severely limits the cost effectiveness potential of the

Induction lighting systems First cost must become competitive and more induction

lighting luminaire designs are needed if Induction lighting is to be mainstreamed




FIGURE 2 LAMP LIFE amp LUMEN DEPRECIATION CURVES ndash COMPARING MH HPS amp INDUCTION LAMPS

AGI-32 modeling substantiates that current Induction Lamp lighting systems can offer

significant opportunities for both energy reduction and operational savings when applied to

pedestrian level and low-mast lighting applications Further study is recommended for re-

creating these four (4) AGI-32 models under ldquoreal worldrdquo field installed conditions It is also

recommended that incentive programs be utilized to assist in the funding of Induction

Lighting installations This is required until such time that the industry restructure first cost

pricing which will allow for mainstreaming of the product The graphs below show the effect

of a $6000 Southern California Edison (SCE) funded incentive for this project

FIGURE 3 COST OF INDUCTION LIGHTING AFTER APPLYING INCENTIVES TO COST EFFECTIVENESS CALCULATIONS




INTRODUCTION Induction lamps have been on the market for 15 years Philips Lighting first introduced the

QL lamp in the United States in 1992 General Electric (GE) followed with GE Genurareg

(a low wattage induction R lamp envelope) in 1994 and Osram introduced IcetronTM under

the Sylvania name in 1996 In addition to the ldquoBig Threerdquo in the lamp industry several

other manufacturers have and continue to offer some induction lamping systems

Current options for induction lighting are severely limited and there is little in the way of

lamp standardization or lamp cross-referencing For example while each of the ldquoBig Threerdquo

offers an induction lamp their product selection is limited and there is no compatibility with

respect to wattages sockets or lamp envelopes between them Listed are current

induction lamp offerings from the three major lamp manufacturers

General Electric (GE)

GENURA 23W R envelope medium base socket reflector flood

OSRAMSYLVANIA (OSI)

ICETRON T17 envelope proprietary base - three wattage offerings (70W 100W

150W)

Philips Lighting

QL Lamp proprietary spherical envelope and base - three wattages (55W 85W

165W)

GE ndash Genura OsramSylvania - Icetron Phillips - QL Lamp

R Envelope T-17 Envelope Proprietary Spherical

23W 70W 100W 150W Envelope (55W 85W 165W)

FIGURE 4 COMPARISON OF LAMP INDUCTION ENVELOPES

Offerings from the ldquoBig Threerdquo Lamp Manufacturers

Induction lighting does exhibit some superior attributes compared to Metal Halide (MH) and

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lighting The most notable attribute is an extremely long lamp

life upward to 100000 hours as compared to similar wattage MH and HPS lamps with

10000 and 20000-hour lamp life In addition color rendering which can be an indication

of the light sources contribution to visual acuity is better than MH and significantly superior

to HPS The color-rendering index (CRI) of induction lamps compared to standard MH and

HPS lamps of similar wattages is shown in Table 1




TABLE 1 CRI COMPARISON SELECTED INDUCTION LAMPS AND SIMILAR WATTAGE MH amp HPS LAMPS

INDUCTION LAMP CRI HPS AND MH LAMPS CRI

OSI Icetron 70W 80-CRI [35K ndash 41K ndash 50K] 70W HPS 22-CRI [19K]

OSI Icetron 70W 80-CRI [35K ndash 41K ndash 50K] 70W MH 70-CRI [32K] 75-CRI [40K]





Philips QL 55W 80-CRI [30K ndash 40K] 50W HPS 21-CRI [21K]

Philips QL 55W 80-CRI [30K ndash 40K] 50W MH 60-CRI [37K] 65-CRI [34K]





Limited options for induction light and lack of lamp standardization or lamp cross-

referencing while major drawbacks are not induction lightingrsquos most critical drawback

Currently excessively high first cost of induction lamp installations sets up a scenario where

cost effectiveness of the installation is marginal at best Without cost reductions only those

installations where the existing lighting uses very old technology or current illumination is

excessively high will induction lighting scenarios be considered The other exception is an

installation where ongoing maintenance is either very difficult or extremely costly

Induction lightingrsquos 100000-hour lamp life can pay off under such circumstances

The intent of this study with respect to induction lighting applications is to demonstrate

through use of AGI-32 (Lighting Analysts Inc Littleton CO) lighting analysis computer

modeling the effectiveness of induction lighting when applied to appropriate design

scenarios The study will also identify those scenarios where because of current conditions

lack of product high first cost etc induction lighting is currently not suited to an

application andor not cost effective

At present induction lighting applications are best used as replacement for standard MH and

HPS light sources of low to medium wattage There are a few induction lamps under 50W

and several over 200W however the current majority of induction lamps are between 50W

and 175W output power This is the lamp power range (lamp wattage) most suited to low-

mast area and roadway lighting pedestrian lighting and canopy lighting Furthermore the

diffuse nature of induction lamps suggests that they will perform best when used in

luminaires with wide distribution uniform light patterns such as lantern-style post lights

bollards and lensed down-lights

Based on the current range of available induction lamps with source characteristics and attributes

defined within this report potentials were examined for induction lighting utilization at four sites

with applications suited to pedestrian level and low-mast lighting The four sites and specific

applications examined using AGI-32 computer modeling are




SUBURBAN RETAIL STRIP MALL with lantern style post lamps and wall bracket lanterns In

this scenario the base lighting system consists of 175W MH post lamps and wall lanterns

with uniform diffuse non-cutoff luminaires In the induction lighting model

100W (110W with radio frequency (RF) transmitter) induction lighting replaces 175W

standard MH lighting (210W with ballast) for an energy saving of 100W (52) per

luminaire

Maintained light levels for the induction lamp design are near equal to the base

MH design (90 of base design) and well within IESNA recommended

illumination for this area type Visual acuity is improved since the induction lamp

color quality is 80-CRI versus only 65-CRI for the MH system

This design model will need an incentive from the utility companies to overcome the

high first cost hurdle and reduce operating costs substantially

SUBURBAN REGIONAL BUS TRANSFER TRANSPORTATION AND PARK-N-RIDE FACILITY The base

design for this area consists of a number of diverse lighting systems with different light

sources The parking lot base design used 150W HPS low-mast cut-off shoebox

luminaires while the bus shelter has 70W MH down lights In addition there are

compact fluorescent wall sconces at restroom exterior entrances In the induction

lighting model

At the parking lot 100W (110W with RF transmitter) induction lighting replaces 150W

HPS lighting (175W with ballast) for an energy saving of 50W (28) per luminaire

Maintained light levels for the parking lot induction lamp design are considerably

less than the base HPS design (60 of base design) but still within IESNA

recommended illumination for the area Visual acuity is superior and vastly

improved since the Induction lamp color quality is 80-CRI versus a very poor 22-

CRI for the HPS system

Under bus shelter canopies three (3) 100W (110W with RF transmitter) Induction light

down-lights replace six (6) 70W MH down-lights (90W with ballast) for a total (per

shelter) energy saving of 240W (57) per shelter canopy

Maintained light levels under the bus shelter canopies and surrounding zone with

Induction lighting are near equal to the base MH design and well within IESNA

recommended illumination levels Visual acuity is somewhat improved since the

Induction lamp color quality is 80-CRI versus a 70-CRI for the MH system

Restroom exterior sconces are lamped with 55W (60W with transmitter) induction

lamps replacing the 2-26W CFLs (60W with ballast) in the base design ndash no

energy savings Significantly increased lamp life however 100000 hours versus

the 10000 hours for the CFL base lamping

The cost effectiveness of this model is marginal The canopy lighting solution is

highly cost effective unfortunately the design solution is suited to new

construction not retrofits Alternate induction lamp parking lot designs are

marginally cost effective and only work whenif lower illumination levels are

allowable Lower light levels must still meet IESNA minimum standards and the

space must obtain owneruser acceptance The sconce lighting is not cost

effective but does offer extremely long lamp life which may be of interest when

frequency of maintenance is an issue




COMMUNITY PARK WITH GARDEN PEDESTRIAN WALKWAYS AND RECREATIONALMEETING FACILITIES

This model also consists of a number of diverse lighting systems with different light

sources In the base (reference) design low-mast poles illuminate pedestrian

walkways The luminaires used are 100W MH post lamps with uniform diffuse non-

cutoff luminaires Low wattage (50W) MH lamped light bollards supplement the

pathway pole lights Site lighting attached to the recreationalmeeting facility building

consists of architectural wall sconces with 2-26W CFLs and canopy down lights with

1-26W compact fluorescent lamping In addition stairs and ramps adjacent to the

building use step lights with 50W miniature halogen lamps In the induction lighting

model

Pedestrian walkway low-mast pole lamps use 85W (90W with RF transmitter)

Induction lighting replacing 100W MH lighting (125W with ballast) for an energy

saving of 35W (28) per luminaire

Pedestrian walkway bollards use 55W (60W with RF transmitter) Induction

lighting replacing 50W MH lighting (65W with ballast) for an energy saving of 5W

(8) per luminaire

Building architectural wall sconces use 1-55W (60W with RF transmitter)

Induction lamp replacing the 2-26W CFLs (60W with ballast) ndash no energy

savings Canopy down lights use 1-23W (Genura ndash R lamp 23W including RF

transmitter) versus the 1-26W compact fluorescent lamping (30W with ballast) for

an energy saving of 7W (23) per down light

Pedestrian step lights in the Induction model use 10W LED lamping (induction

lamping is not suited to this application) versus 50W miniature halogen lamps in

the base design Energy savings of 40W (80) are achieved

Current high first cost hurtles degrade the cost effectiveness potential of this

model Under current conditions it is not cost effective and for the most part

energy savings are minimal However though sconce lighting and down lighting

are not cost effective the Induction lamp solutions offer longer lamp life which

may be of interest when frequency or difficulty of maintenance is an issue LED

lighting used in the step lights is cost effective but is technically not part of the

Induction model

MULTI FAMILY TOWNHOUSE APARTMENT COMPLEX with private streets parking zones and

pedestrian walkways This model consist of double (2) head lantern style 150W HPS

post lamp luminaires on 16-foot poles for open parking and residential streets within the

complex Lower 12-foot poles with single lantern 100W HPS post lamp luminaires are

used for pedestrian walkways Sconces with 2-26W CFL lamps in each luminaire light

porches and entrances to the apartment dwellings All the base luminaire in this model

use uniform diffuse non-cutoff luminaires In the Induction lighting model

At the roadways and open parking 100W (110W with RF transmitter) Induction

lighting replaces 150W HPS lighting (175W with ballast) for an energy saving of 50W

(28) per luminaire (there are two heads per pole which equals 220W per pole)

Pedestrian walkways lamped with 85W (90W with RF transmitter) Induction

lighting replaces 100W HPS lighting (125W with ballast) for energy savings of

35W (28) per luminaire

Maintained light levels for the roadway parking and pedestrian walkway zones

with the Induction lamp model are considerably less than the base HPS design

(60 of base design) but still within IESNA recommended illumination levels




Visual acuity is superior and vastly improved since the Induction lamp color

quality is 80-CRI versus a very poor 22-CRI for the HPS system

Porches and entrances wall sconces use 1-55W (60W with RF transmitter)


savings The sconce lighting is not cost effective but does offer extremely long

lamp life which may be of interest when frequency of maintenance is an issue

The cost effectiveness of this model is marginal High first cost hurtles as well as

minimal efficacy differences between the base HPS lighting on the model and the

Induction lamp alternates are the primary issues effecting cost effectiveness

Induction lamp design alternates to HPS lighting in addition to being marginally

cost effective usually work whenif lower illumination levels are allowable Lower

light levels must still meet IESNA minimum standards and the space must obtain

owneruser acceptance

FIGURE 5 MODEL A LOCAL SHOPPING CENTER

FIGURE 6 MODEL B BUS TRANSFER FACILITY

FIGURE 7 MODEL C PARK WITH ACTIVITY CENTER

FIGURE 8 MODEL D MULTI-FAMILY COMPLEX




As stated earlier limited options lack of lamp standardization and especially excessive first

cost of Induction lamp installations sets up a scenario where cost effectiveness is marginal

However when these detractors are overcome Induction lighting may prove cost effective

Installations where ongoing maintenance is either very difficult or extremely costly

Induction lighting may be utilized due to the 100000-hour lamp life

Overall knowledge gained from the AGI-32 Induction Lighting model applications A through D

proves the design performance and validity of Induction lighting when applied to appropriate

design scenarios Results gained from the computer modeling (AGI-32) also supports further

examination and testing The next phase of this examination should involve duplicating the

four model designs within real word site conditions On site monitoring and evaluation of

actual prototype designs will contribute to better defined visual acuity issues as well as

determine customer acceptance of Induction lighting for these installations

Even with strong customer acceptance currently Induction lighting applications will require

incentive by the utilities to offset excessive first cost for these projects




TECHNICAL APPROACH Define and model four (4) distinct space types using IES recommended illumination for residential

streetscape and area lighting Create evaluative lighting models comparing base lighting (typical

mainstream light sources and equipment) with energy efficient induction lighting (using AGI-32

lighting software v194) to model base lighting standards as well as advanced induction lighting

designs The initial step in the approach was to distill the IESNA recommended practices for

outdoor lighting associated with residential streetscape and area lighting

STANDARDS FOR TARGET ILLUMINATION - THE FOUR MODELS

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW IESNA EXTERIOR LIGHTING STANDARDS

The IESNA Roadway Pathway and Pedestrian1 lighting standards as defined

within this document pertain to lighting typically produced by use of low-mast

pole luminaires post lamps wall mounted luminaires bollards and pathway

lighting types These standards represent IESNA recommended practice for

illumination of light commercial and residential zoned lighting Multi family

housing sites bike paths walkways local shopping area parking private roadways

(streets) sidewalks transportation transfer points (kiss amp ride bus connectors)

and community parks are typical if the sire types where these lighting standards

will apply

IESNA standards for high traffic commercial roadways highways expressways and

large commercial sites (regional mall parking etc) were excluded in this analysis

as these areas usually employ high mast luminaires with 400W and 1000W lamp

packages which significantly greater in output than the current range of induction

lamp packages available When if higher output induction lamps become available

these areas may also become candidates for induction lamp alternate designs

OVERALL LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Lighting roadways pedestrian ways and site areas must accommodate visual

needs of night traffic both vehicular and pedestrian Visual needs can be

quantified in terms of pavement illuminance luminance uniformity and direct

glare produced by the system light sources The visual needs along the roadway

can be further refined by considering the differences in roadway reflectance

characteristics

Basic lighting requirements tend to be similar for most types of land uses Typical

or average security needs are equally as great in a parking lot serving an

apartment building a regional shopping center or a sports complex

Exits entrances gate access internal connecting roadways or ring roads and cross-

aisles should be given special consideration to permit ready identification and to

enhance safety Generally higher illuminance should be placed along these routes

by using appropriate locations of luminaires larger light sources and additional

luminaires Illuminance of the driveway access to streets should at least match any

local public lighting For high-volume driveways such as those at community or

regional shopping centers an increase of 50 in the average public road lighting

level is desirable however this value should be compatible with local conditions If

the street has no lighting the basic values in Exhibit B can be used and are

applicable to the curb line

For good visibility of objects such as curbs poles fire hydrants and pedestrians

vertical illuminance is important The shadow effects of trees and fixed objects




such as large signs or building walls also should be examined It is sometimes

practical to adjust luminaire locations to minimize or even eliminate such

shadows

Lighting for parking lots should provide not only the recommended minimum

illuminance levels but also good color rendition uniformity and minimal glare

AREA CLASSIFICATIONS (Abutting Land Uses)

Certain land uses such as office and industrial parks may fit into any of the

classifications below The classification selected should be consistent with the

expected night pedestrian activity

Commercial Areas where ordinarily there are many pedestrians during night hours This

definition applies to densely developed business areas outside as well as within the

central part of a municipality Commercial areas frequently attract a heavy volume of

nighttime vehicular and pedestrian traffic

Intermediate Areas with frequent moderately heavy nighttime pedestrian activity as in

blocks having libraries community recreation centers large apartment buildings industrial

buildings or neighborhood retail stores

Residential Residential development or a mixture of residential and small commercial

establishments with few pedestrians at night This definition includes single-family

homes town houses and small apartment buildings

PAVEMENT CLASSIFICATIONS

The calculation of pavement luminance requires information about the surface

reflectance characteristics of the pavement Studies have shown that most common

pavements can be grouped into a limited number of standard road surfaces having

specified reflectances The pavement class is shown in Exhibit A

TABLE 2 EXHIBIT A ROADWAY SURFACE CLASSIFICATION BY TYPE OF PAVING MATERIALS

CLASSTYPE DESCRIPTION MODE OF REFLECTANCE

R1 Cementconcrete road surface or Asphalt road surface with 15 or more artificial brightener and aggregates

Mostly diffuse

R2 Asphalt road surface with 60 gravel aggregate (size greater than 10 millimeters)

Asphalt road surface with 10 to 15 artificial brightener and aggregate mix (normally used in North America)

Mixed (diffuse and specular)

R3 Asphalt road surface (regular and carpet seal) [Rough texture after months of use ndash typical highway]

Slightly specular

R4 Asphalt road surface with very smooth texture Mostly specular

DESCRIPTIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF TYPES OF EXTERIOR LIGHTING AREAS

Collector The roadways serving traffic between major and local roadways These

are roadways used mainly for traffic movements within residential commercial and

industrial areas

Local Roadways used primarily for direct access to residential commercial

industrial or other abutting property They do not include roadways carrying through

traffic Long local roadways are generally divided into short sections by a system of

collector roadway systems

Alley Narrow public ways within a block generally used for vehicular access to

the rear of abutting properties




Sidewalk Paved or otherwise improved areas for pedestrian use located within

public street rights-of-way that also contain roadways for vehicular traffic

Pedestrian Walkway A public walk for pedestrian traffic not necessarily within

the right-of-way for a vehicular traffic roadway Included are skywalks

(pedestrian overpasses) subwalks (pedestrian tunnels) walkways giving access

to parks or block interiors and midblock street crossings

Bikeway Any road street path or way that is specifically designated as being

open to bicycle travel regardless of whether such facilities are designed for the exclusive use of bicycles or are to be shared with other transportation modes

Type A Designated bicycle lane A portion of roadway or shoulder that has

been designated for use by bicyclists It is distinguished from the portion of the

roadway for motor vehicle traffic by a paint stripe curb or other similar device

Type B Bicycle trail A separate trail or path from which motor vehicles are

prohibited and which is for the exclusive use of bicyclists or the shared use of

bicyclists and pedestrians Where such a trail or path forms a part of a

highway it is separated from the roadways for motor vehicle traffic by an

open space or barrier

LIGHTING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS BY SPECIFIC AREA ZONE OR FUNCTION

Walkway and Bikeway Lighting The procedure to determine the horizontal

illuminance values on pedestrian ways for safe and comfortable use is similar to

that followed for roadways Because the design of roadway lighting places greater

emphasis on achieving proper illuminance on the roadway it is customary for the

lighting system to be initially selected to suit the needs of the roadway Then the

system is checked to determine if the sidewalk illuminance levels and uniformity

are adequate If not the designer may modify the luminaire type or spacing may

provide supplemental lighting primarily for the sidewalk area or may do both in

order to achieve proper illuminance on both roadway and sidewalk

Parking Facility Lighting

Objectives Parking facility lighting is important for vehicular and especially

pedestrian safety for protection against assault theft and vandalism for the

convenience of the user and in some cases for business attraction Important

lighting design criteria for parking areas are sourcetaskeye geometry

shadows direct and reflected glare peripheral detection modeling of faces and

objects light pollution and trespass and vertical illuminance

Types of Facilities For lighting purposes parking facilities can be classified as

either a lot (open) or a garage (covered) Most facilities are one type or the

other but in a multilevel structure the roof is considered open while the lower

levels are considered covered Parking stalls with roofs only (open on all sides)

may be treated as lots depending on the configuration of the space and the

height of the spaces The illuminance requirements for all parking facilities

depend largely on pedestrian needs and perceived personal security issues

Parking Lots Illuminance recommendations for active lots open to the

public customers or employees are given in Exhibit B The illuminance

should be measured or calculated on a clear pavement without any parked

vehicles The maximum and minimum values are maintained illuminances

This condition occurs just prior to lamp replacement and luminaire cleaning

Parking Garages Illumination recommendations for parking garages are

given in Exhibit B These apply to covered and enclosed facilities intended for

use by the general public and those used by residents customers and

employees of apartment buildings or commercial developments They are not




intended to apply to garages used exclusively for repair or storage of

commercial vehicles or where vehicles are parked by attendants

From a security standpoint and to reduce personal apprehension garages

need higher illuminances than open parking facilities Good lighting uniformity

should be provided to enhance pedestrian safety since access aisles are used

by pedestrians for walking between cars and stairways or elevators While

Exhibit B specifies that the minimum vertical illumination be at least 50 of

the minimum the horizontal illuminance a higher percentage is desirable in

garages to enhance visibility and security

Driving ramps can be contained entirely within the structure or mounted

along the perimeter The latter are usually open to the sky and may require

little or no daytime lighting Ramps with parking along one or both sides are

called sloping floor designs and require basic garage illumination

The entrance area is defined as the drive aisle and any adjacent parking

stalls from the portal or physical building line to 20 m (60 ft) inside the

structure Where parking is not provided next to the drive lane the width of

entrance area should be defined by the adjacent walls if any but should not

exceed 15 m (50 ft) Elevated illuminances during the day are needed for the

transition from full daylight to the relatively low interior illuminances

Ordinarily entry to a garage involves a turn from a street or service road

Designs that involve a straight entry run of some distance (50 m [160 ft] or

more) allow drivers to enter at higher speeds and may require

correspondingly longer transition areas In such cases the illuminances can

be stepped down in successive stages beyond the first 15 m (50 ft)

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS Lighting of access roads to all types of parking facilities should

match the local highway lighting as much as possible The average maintained

illuminance should be compatible with local conditions The average-to-minimum

illuminance uniformity ratio should not exceed 31 In all parking facilities consideration

should be given to color rendition Users sometimes have trouble identifying their cars

under light sources with poor color rendering characteristics In many parking facilities

closed-circuit television is necessary The illuminance the light source the photometric

distribution and the pattern of luminaires as well as the camera position must be

considered to ensure effective results

Special Considerations for Open Facilities In open parking facilities

exits entrances loading zones pedestrian crossings and collector lanes

should be given special priority to ensure safety and security Outdoor

pedestrian stairways require luminaires to illuminate changes in step

elevation Parking facilities for rest or scenic areas adjacent to roadways

generally employ lower illuminances See the section on Rest Areas earlier

in this chapter for more information

Special Consideration for Covered Facilities In covered parking facilities

vertical illuminances of objects such as columns and walls should be equal to

the horizontal values given in Exhibit B These vertical values should be for a

location 18 m (6 ft) above the pavement In covered parking facilities the

design should be arranged so that some lighting can be left on for security

reasons The low level from Exhibit B for open parking facilities can be used for this purpose




TABLE 3 EXHIBIT B IESNA RECOMMENDED EXTERIOR LIGHTING ILLUMINATION ndash SELECTED APPLICATIONS

LOCATIONS AND TASKS ILLUMINANCE (horizontal Lux)

ILLUMINANCE (vertical Lux) Notes

Minimum Average Minimum Average

Building Exteriors

Entrances

Active (pedestrianconveyance) (not stated) 50 (not stated) 30 3

Inactive (locked infrequent use) (not stated) 30 (not stated) 30 3

Prominent structures (not stated) 50 (not stated) 50 3

Gardens and Parks

General lighting (not stated) 2 3

Paths steps ramps away from building (not stated) 3 3

Gazebos terraces patios decks etc (not stated) 30 3

Roadways

Collector (Intermediate) (not stated)

6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)

8 (R4) (not stated) (not stated) 1

Collector (Residential) (not stated)

4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)


Local (Intermediate) (not stated)

5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)


Local (Residential) (not stated)

3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways

Sidewalks (roadside) amp Type A bikeways

Intermediate (not stated) 6 (not stated) 11 3

Residential (not stated) 2 (not stated) 5 3

Walkway (not roadside) amp Type B bikeway as well as stairways (not stated) 5 (not stated) 5 3

Pedestrian tunnels (not stated) 43 (not stated) 54 3

Parking Lots

Basic Illumination 2 10 1 (not stated) 4

Enhanced Security 5 25 25 (not stated) 5

Parking Garages (covered parking)

Basic Illumination 10 50 5 6

Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6

Ramps (Night) 10 50 5 6

Entrances (Day) 500 500 250 6

Entrances (Night) 10 50 25 6

Stairways 20 50 10 6



Design amp Engineering Services July 2006




Bus Transfer Facility

Canopied Waiting Area (exterior Spaces) (not stated) 200 (not stated) (not stated)

Open Waiting Area (exterior Spaces) (not stated) 30 to 50 (not stated) (not stated)

Roadway amp Parking 7

NOTES 1 Uniformity ratio of 4 to 1 (average to minimum)

2 Uniformity ratio of 6 to 1 (average to minimum)

3 Average vertical lux required when pedestrian security is an issue

(measured 6-feet above walkway)

4 Uniformity ratio of 20 to 1 (maximum to minimum)

5 Uniformity ratio of 15 to 1 maximum to minimum) 6 Uniformity ratio of 10 to 1 maximum to minimum)

7 Refer to criteria for Roadways and Parking Lots found in this table

SITESAPPLICATIONS SUITED TO INDUCTION TECHNOLOGIES Introduction and Overview SitesApplications Induction Lighting Models

Multi family housing sites bike paths walkways local shopping area parking private

roadways (streets) sidewalks transportation transfer points (kiss amp ride bus

connectors) and community parks are the potential sitesapplications for the

induction lighting models Use of induction Lamp alternates to MH and HPS lighting

is most appropriate for these applications as lumen output of the induction lamps is

similar to mid-range MH and HPS lamp systems used when designing this type of

lighting

Luminaires used in the models are post lamps (lanterns) wall sconces (lanterns)

cut-off and directional luminaires on poles 20-feet or less as well as wall packs and

bollards Base designs are MHHPS lighting Induction lighting design alternates use

the most efficient and comparable performing induction lamp variant of the base

luminaires IESNA minimum recommended lighting standards (maintained minimum

andor average Lux as well as uniformity ratios) are applied to base MHHPS designs

as well as the Induction lamp alternative designs Other IESNA recommended

practices appropriate to the models will also be employed For each model the

IESNA standards (17 - EXHIBIT A) applicable to that model type are used

MODEL A

Neighborhood Shopping Parking Lot Post Lamp (lantern) Luminaires ndash

under 20-foot mounting This model is based on use of post light (lantern type)

luminaires mounted on 16-foot high poles for the parking zones There are two

lantern luminaires mounted to each pole Zones adjacent to entrances use single

lanterns wall mounted to building faccedilade Parameters of the design model are as

follows

Parking lot ndash Enhanced Security

IESNA Horizontal Illumination Target 25 Lux (ave) 5 Lux (min)

IESNA Vertical Illumination Target 25 Lux (min)




IESNA Uniformity Target 151 (maximum to minimum)

Base Lighting Luminaire 175W MH 210W (with ballast)

Induction Lighting Alternate Luminaire 100W Icetron 106W (with RF mod)

Adjacencies to Store Entrances ndash Active (pedestrian conveyance)

IESNA Horizontal Illumination Target 50Lux (ave) (min not stated)

IESNA Vertical Illumination Target 30 Lux ave) (min not stated)

IESNA Uniformity Target (not stated)



TABLE 4 SHOPPING MALL ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE

TABLE 5 SHOPPING MALL INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE

MODEL B

Multi Family Housing Development Private Roadways and Walkways 10-16

foot pole heights Parameters of the design model are as follows

Roadway Local Residential (R2-R3)

IESNA Horizontal Illumination Target 4 Lux (ave) (min not stated)

IESNA Vertical Illumination Target (not stated)

IESNA Uniformity Target 61 (average to minimum)

Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway




GazebosStructures amp Terraces







TABLE 6 MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING DEVELOPMENT ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE

TABLE 7 MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING DEVELOPMENT INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE

MODEL C

Suburban Bus Transfer Facility ldquoKiss amp Riderdquo Shelter and commuter parking

ndash 16-20 foot poles Parameters of the design model are as follows

Roadway Local Intermediate (R2-R3)




Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway




Under Canopy Waiting Area




Open Waiting Area








[Restroom Terrace Area]




TABLE 8 SUBURBAN BUS TRANSFER FACILITY ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE

TABLE 9 SUBURBAN BUS TRANSFER FACILITY INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE

MODEL D

Community Park with Walkways and Recreational Zones ndash Low level

Pedestrian Scale Luminaires Parameters of the design model are as follows





Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway











TABLE 10 COMMUNITY PARK ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE

TABLE 11 COMMUNITY PARK INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE LUMINAIRE SCHEDULE




RESULTS The four models studies were created with and analyzed using AGI-32 v195 from Lighting

Analysts Inc Littleton Colorado AGI-32 is a software tool used to predict the photometric

performance of selected luminaires in a simulated environment The data contained in this

section is the result of this analysis Models were constructed that closely represented

composites of the four sites chosen for this study Appropriate luminaires (IES data files)

were added to each model to reflect the current lighting at each location These luminaires

were then replaced with induction fluorescent luminaires (IES data files) when they were

available from commercial sources In some instances these data files had to be

constructed using Photometric Toolbox a software tool provided by Lighting Analysts Inc

and placed into existing luminaire reflector envelopes because of the limited luminaire types

available in the marketplace The results are presented by model type A through D

MODEL A LOCAL SHOPPING CENTER STRIP MALL

FIGURE 9 MODEL A SHOPPING STRIP MALL ARIAL VIEW OF COMPOSITE MODEL

TABLE 12 LIGHT LEVEL COMPARISON FOR THE LOCAL SHOPPING CENTER-STRIP MALL ldquoAS BUILTrdquo VS INDUCTION

FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE




TABLE 13 DETAILED STATISTICS BY ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENT AREA FOR ldquoAS BUILTrdquo LIGHTING

TABLE 14 DETAILED STATISTICS BY ILLUMINANCE MEASUREMENT AREA FOR INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVES

FIGURE 10 MODEL I TYPICAL ILLUMINANCE CALCULATION GRID FROM SHOPPING MALL PARKING AREA





This calculation matrix was provided by and used with permission of

Pacific Gas amp Electric Company (PGampE)

MODEL B MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING COMPLEX

FIGURE 11 MODEL B TYPICAL COVERED PARKING STALLS AT APARTMENT COMPLEX




TABLE 16 LIGHT LEVEL COMPARISON FOR THE MULTI FAMILY HOUSING COMPLEX ldquoAS BUILTrdquo VS INDUCTION







FIGURE 12 MODEL B MULTI-FAMILY APARTMENT COMPLEX EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION GRID ISOMETRIC VIEW

MODEL C SUBURBAN BUS TRANSFER FACILITY

FIGURE 13 MODEL C BUS TRANSFER FACILITY COVERED CUSTOMER WAITING AREAS




TABLE 19 LIGHT LEVEL COMPARISON FOR THE SUBURBAN BUS TRANSFER FACILITY ldquoAS BUILTrdquo VS INDUCTION




MODEL D COMMUNITY CENTER ndash PARK AND GARDEN

FIGURE 14 MODEL D COMMUNITY PARK ARIAL VIEW OF COMPOSITE MODEL




TABLE 22 LIGHT LEVEL COMPARISON FOR THE COMMUNITY CENTER ndash PARK AND GARDEN FACILITY ldquoAS BUILTrdquo VS INDUCTION FLUORESCENT ALTERNATIVE






Results

The results tend to confirm the assumptions made during the planning phase of this study

First in most cases when attempting to capture energy savings the induction fluorescent

luminairesrsquo light output was on average lower than the MH or HPS luminaires they replaced

In some cases the induction alternatives were up to 50 lower than the current lighting at

each model location Of note however is the fact that most induction models still generated

light levels within IESNA standards For some models these lower light levels were more a

function of the limited availability of IES photometric files and a wide range of induction

luminaires that are specifically designed having good optics for the various location

requirements of our real-world models

Secondly that there was often substantial energy and maintenance savings when there was

a suitable induction luminaire available to replace an existing HPS or MH luminaire This was

most notable in the Local Shopping Mall Model A where all 175W MH luminaires were

replaced with 100W induction alternatives

The results supported our assumption that low-mast and walkway induction lighting can

prove to be an effective alternative and able to maintain the IESNA light levels required while

adding to the visual acuity of the lighted area

A review of the results in the above tables demonstrates the effectiveness of induction

alternatives Each of the study Models A through D were compared in individual summaries

of the ldquoas builtrdquo lighting data vs the replacement induction luminaire data In some cases

the induction lamps photometric file information had to be simulated due to lack of IES data

files necessary for computer modeling

Luminaire photometric data of newly designed high output (above 200W) induction luminaire

systems was to be made available for this study These new luminaires were scheduled for

inclusion in this report but were not included because the IES data files were not available at

the time of this assessment If a follow-up project is scheduled we recommend these

luminaires be included in that follow-up analysis

Every effort was made to locate induction lamp substitutions for all model ldquoas builtrdquo

luminaires When we were unable to locate an induction lamp we used the existing luminaire

or a replacement if a better and more economical luminaire was available




CONCLUSION A review of the results from the four models clearly indicates that induction fluorescent

lighting is well suited to many design situations The scope of applications will increase

when a wider range of induction fluorescent luminaires is available At the present time

some applications are limited due to lack of product

Parking areas using post top installations up to 20 feet produced favorable results when

induction lighting was substituted for existing (conventional technology) luminaires

Pathway lighting had equally good results Wall lantern designs provided another area for

induction replacement Some areas were limited due to lack of lower wattages andor

suitable luminaire designs Aesthetics in design for induction fixtures must be addressed

before a robust replacement initiative is undertaken Energy savings range from 25 to 50

Savings of greater than 50 were observed for a few structures (bus shelter canopies)

An article in the September issue of LD+A2 that addressed the challenges of street lighting

in three major cities quotes the director of the City of Los Angeles Bureau of Street Lighting

for the Department of Public Works He states ldquohellip9000 street lights within the city utilize

incandescent lampshellip powered by high voltage systemshellip replacing these with low voltage

induction lamps hellip is expected to generate savings due to energy and maintenance

efficienciesrdquo

Currently the high first cost of induction fluorescent luminaires can make many potential

installation sites financially unattractive The cost of the luminaires as well as the often

excessive installation costs must be addressed before any aggressive replacement program

is undertaken In areas where ongoing maintenance is a major factor due to location or the

cost of labor the conversion may be more favorable Replacing lamps with a relatively short

life will also add to the incentive for public or private conversion

The payback period for induction fluorescent under the best conditions at present is well

over 10 years In some cases 13-15 years is the norm Unless the utilities offer incentives

or induction lamp and fixture installation costs are reduced currently induction lighting is

not cost effective in most scenarios

As stated earlier there is sufficient commercial potential to pursue retro-fit and new

construction lighting using induction fluorescent luminaires Both cost of electricity and

maintenancereplacement for induction fluorescent offer significant advantages over current

lighting (HPS MH) Toronto Ontario Canada2 has embraced the use of induction

fluorescent lighting at the municipal level and significantly reduced operating costs as well

as routine maintenance Another benefit of induction lamps is their wide operational

temperature range making them available for colder environments without reductions in

efficiency

Incentives for manufacturers andor consumers might be appropriate in order to move

acceptance forward at a more rapid rate

The expanse of this study was also limited by lamp design lack of availability of higher or

lower wattages and a very limited selection of luminaire designs

The next phase of this examination should involve duplicating the four model designs within

real-word site conditions On-site monitoring and evaluation of actual prototype designs will

contribute to better-defined visual acuity issues as well as determine customer acceptance of

induction lighting for these installations




APPENDIX A ndash LIGHT METER GRIDS FOR ALL MODELS

























REFERENCES

1 Illumination Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) Design and Application Standards for Outdoor Area and Roadway Lighting

2 Lighting Design amp Application ldquoFrom Street to Shining Streetrdquo September 2007

Published by IESNA New York NY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MAGAZINE OR JOURNAL REFERENCE

Lighting Design amp Application ldquoFrom Street to Shining Streetrdquo September 2007

Published by Illumination Engineering Society of North America New York NY

Philips Lighting Company Lamp Specification amp Application Guide 20052006

Sylvania Lamp and Ballast Product Catalog 2004

General Electric Lamp Products Catalog 2006

BOOK REFERENCE

IESNA Lighting Handbook ndash 9th Edition Published by Illumination Engineering Society of North

America New York NY




Acknowledgements

Southern California Edisonrsquos (SCErsquos) Design amp Engineering Services (DES) group is

responsible for this project It was developed as part of Southern California Edisonrsquos

Emerging Technology Program under internal project number ET 0704 DES project

manager Doug Avery with the assistance of Integrated Lighting Concepts Westlake Village

California conducted this technology evaluation with overall guidance and management from

Tom Antonucci This report was prepared by Integrated Lighting Concepts For more

information on this project contact dougaveryscecom

Disclaimer

This report was prepared by Southern California Edison (SCE) and funded by California

utility customers under the auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission

Reproduction or distribution of the whole or any part of the contents of this document

without the express written permission of SCE is prohibited This work was performed with

reasonable care and in accordance with professional standards However neither SCE nor

any entity performing the work pursuant to SCErsquos authority make any warranty or

representation expressed or implied with regard to this report the merchantability or

fitness for a particular purpose of the results of the work or any analyses or conclusions

contained in this report The results reflected in the work are generally representative of

operating conditions however the results in any other situation may vary depending upon

particular operating conditions





BF Ballast Factor














MH Metal Halide




V Volts

W Watt




FIGURES




TABLES














ALTERNATIVES 27





INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4
















MODEL A 16

MODEL B 17

MODEL C 18

MODEL D 19

RESULTS ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 21





DISCUSSION __________________________________________________________________________________________ 28

CONCLUSION _________________________________________________________________________________________ 29



















pedestrian walkways


















are as follows






























































OSRAMSYLVANIA (OSI)


150W)

Philips Lighting


165W)
































































luminaire












lighting model







































model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY





BF Ballast Factor














MH Metal Halide




V Volts

W Watt




FIGURES




TABLES














ALTERNATIVES 27





INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4
















MODEL A 16

MODEL B 17

MODEL C 18

MODEL D 19

RESULTS ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 21





DISCUSSION __________________________________________________________________________________________ 28

CONCLUSION _________________________________________________________________________________________ 29



















pedestrian walkways


















are as follows






























































OSRAMSYLVANIA (OSI)


150W)

Philips Lighting


165W)
































































luminaire












lighting model







































model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY



FIGURES




TABLES














ALTERNATIVES 27





INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4
















MODEL A 16

MODEL B 17

MODEL C 18

MODEL D 19

RESULTS ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 21





DISCUSSION __________________________________________________________________________________________ 28

CONCLUSION _________________________________________________________________________________________ 29



















pedestrian walkways


















are as follows






























































OSRAMSYLVANIA (OSI)


150W)

Philips Lighting


165W)
































































luminaire












lighting model







































model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY




ALTERNATIVES 27





INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4
















MODEL A 16

MODEL B 17

MODEL C 18

MODEL D 19

RESULTS ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 21





DISCUSSION __________________________________________________________________________________________ 28

CONCLUSION _________________________________________________________________________________________ 29



















pedestrian walkways


















are as follows






























































OSRAMSYLVANIA (OSI)


150W)

Philips Lighting


165W)
































































luminaire












lighting model







































model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY





INTRODUCTION ________________________________________________________________________________________ 4
















MODEL A 16

MODEL B 17

MODEL C 18

MODEL D 19

RESULTS ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 21





DISCUSSION __________________________________________________________________________________________ 28

CONCLUSION _________________________________________________________________________________________ 29



















pedestrian walkways


















are as follows






























































OSRAMSYLVANIA (OSI)


150W)

Philips Lighting


165W)
































































luminaire












lighting model







































model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY


















pedestrian walkways


















are as follows






























































OSRAMSYLVANIA (OSI)


150W)

Philips Lighting


165W)
































































luminaire












lighting model







































model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY






are as follows






























































OSRAMSYLVANIA (OSI)


150W)

Philips Lighting


165W)
































































luminaire












lighting model







































model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY





























OSRAMSYLVANIA (OSI)


150W)

Philips Lighting


165W)
































































luminaire












lighting model







































model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY
















OSRAMSYLVANIA (OSI)


150W)

Philips Lighting


165W)
































































luminaire












lighting model







































model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY




















































luminaire












lighting model







































model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY









luminaire












lighting model







































model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY













model






(8) per luminaire















Induction model









































































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY

























































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY





































will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY




















will apply













characteristics





















shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY






shadows

























Mostly diffuse





Slightly specular





industrial areas



















































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY













































































































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY

























































Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY








Building Exteriors

Entrances




Gardens and Parks




Roadways


6 (R1) 9 (R2 amp R3)



4 (R1) 6 (R2 amp R3)



5 (R1) 7 (R2 amp R3)



3 (R1) 4 (R2 amp R3)


Pedestrian Ways






Parking Lots





Ramps (Day) 20 100 10 6





























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY

























lighting










MODEL A






follows


















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY















MODEL B







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway













MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY






MODEL C







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway








Open Waiting Area














MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY










MODEL D







Parking Lot




WalkwayPathway












































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY





































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY
































































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY














































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY








































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY
































Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY

























Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY



















Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY










Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY




Results

















































efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY




















efficienciesrdquo


















efficiency





































REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY





























REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY

























REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY






















REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY



















REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY
















REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY













REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY










REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY







REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY




REFERENCES




BIBLIOGRAPHY







BOOK REFERENCE


America New York NY

Documents

Induction Lamp Systems for Pedestrian, Low Level Pole and ... · Induction Lamp Systems for Pedestrian Low Level Pole and Lantern Lighting ET 07.04 Southern California Edison Design