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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Research

Volume 3 Issue 1 (Page, 56-65), ISSN: 2277-8128

Copyright 2014 IJMER, All Right Reserved 56

Review on: The Characteristic Performance Parameter of

Solar Photovoltaic Cell due to Variation of Temperature

Indra Kumar Lokhande1, Dr. Nilesh Diwakar

2, Abhay Gupta

3

1. PG student, TRUBA Institute of Engineering and Information Technology, RGPV, Bhopal. India.Email: [email protected]. H.O.D. Mechanical Department, TRUBA Institute of Engineering and Information Technology, RGPV, Bhopal. India.3. Prof. Mechanical Department, TRUBA Institute of Engineering and Information Technology, RGPV, Bhopal. India.

Abstract: Integrate photovoltaic cell is the

photovoltaic cell which replaces the conventional solar

photovoltaic cell. A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic

cell or photocell) is an electrical device that converts the

energy of light directly into electricity by the

photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic is the field of

technology and research related to the practical

application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity

from light, though it is often used specifically to refer tothe generation of electricity from sunlight. Solar cell is a

form of photoelectric cell which, when exposed to light,

can generate and support an electric current without

being attached to any external voltage source, but do

require an external load for power consumption.Efficiency of solar panels starts decreasing with

increasing temperature. So there is need to reduce

the temperature of solar panels to have their

optimum usage.

Key words: Open circuit current, short circuit

current, fill factor, phase change material

I. INTRODUCTION

The energy from the sun reaching the earth per day

ranges from about 633.03351kJ/sq. ft. for Northern

Europe to about i.e. 2110.1117kJ/ sq. ft. for arid

region near the equator. India receives a solar energy

equivalent of more than 5000trillion (i.e. 5 107lakh)

kWh per year which is far more than its total

consumption. The daily global radiation is around

5kWh per sq.m per day with sunshine ranging

between 2300 and 3200 hours per year in most parts

of India. The daily average solar energy incidentvaries from 4 - 7 kWh/m2depending upon the

location. There are around 250300 Sunny days in

most parts of the country. The state of Madhya

Pradesh is endowed with high solar radiation with

around 300 days of clear sun. The state offers good

sites having potential of more than 5.5 kWh/ sq.m/per

day for installation of Solar based power projects.

Madhya Pradesh offers good sites having potential of

more than 5.5 to 5.8kWh/sq m for installation of solar

based power projects. Solar irradiation is the measure

of power produced per unit area on the earth surface

by the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation.

Madhya Pradesh is enriched with the solar energy

having potential of 3.76kwh/m2/day to

7.17kwh/m

2

/day. Madhya Pradesh has the potential toinstall a Solar based power project. Bhopal city is

endowed with 4.24kwh/m2/day to maximum of

7.17kwh/m2/day. Further it should be noted that

efficiency of solar panels starts decreasing with

increasing temperature [1]. The relation between

light intensity and short circuit current (Isc) is linear

with the Isc increasing with increasing light intensity,

due to the increase in the number of photons

generating the photo-current, in addition to the

perceptible improvement in Isc with increase in

temperature, which is the consequence of the

improvement in the diffusion lengths and due to theshift of the absorption edge to lower energies [1, 2].

From the eq.,

eq.(1)which shows that the relation between Voc and lightintensity is logarithmic, i.e. causes Voc to effectivelysaturate as a function of light intensity and alsoshows that Voc is a function of the light intensity,dark current (Io) and the junction perfection factor(A0). One can conclude that the dark current (I0)decreases and Voc consequently increases with

increasing band gap or decreasing temperature [2,3]A system consisting of two stages was used: awater circulation system was found to be necessary to

overcome the degradation in Voc with panel

temperature and, at the same time, a reflecting mirror

was utilized to increase the solar radiation on the

panel surface, i.e. to increase Isc,. An increase in the

power output and in hot water can be obtained. it is

possible to increase the output power of a solar panel
mailto:%[email protected]:%[email protected]://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicsmailto:%[email protected]


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by utilizing a reflecting mirror and a water circulation

system, which affect the short circuit current and the

open circuit voltage, respectively. There is an

increase of 40 mW cm2 as a result of utilizing the

mirror and an increase of 0.70 A was obtained. to

increase the output power of a solar panel by utilizing

a reflecting mirror and a water circulation system,

which affect the short circuit current and the open

circuit voltage, respectively. There is an increase of

40 mW cm2as a result of utilizing the mirror and an

increase of 0.70 A was obtained. At the same time,

the water circulation system helps to maintain the

panel temperature around 37"C, even when the

reflecting mirror was utilized, and a difference of

1.20 V above the Voc of the normal panel was

obtained from this system. The increase in Iscand Voc

has a direct influence on the output power by using

the above structure. Finally, the increase in coolingwater temperature of 13C, that is from 29 to 42C,with a flow rate of 2.2 1 min ' provides an additional

source of energy which can be utilized.[8].

Fig.1 System Layout diagram for [8], experimental

setup

Over the last 20 years there has been a great effortin research and development in the photovoltaic (PV)field, focusing on three main directions:

to increase the efficiency of both PV cellsand panels

to reduce cost for kW peak to develop easy to handle and durable new

materials for PV systemsThe temperature drift: most PV materials have a

negative temperature drift and this entails a lowerefficiency when weather conditions are optimal forenergy production. The reduction can reach 30% insummer radiation conditions [27,20]. The panels,submerged and non-submerged, have been placed in

a flat position. This solution has been chosen in orderto get a better evaluation of the efficiency of thepanel, without introducing an error in themeasurement of the solar irradiance. It is important toobserve that a pyranometer shows a measurementerror that is known only if it is on a horizontal plane[10].The behavior of a photovoltaic (PV) panelsubmerged in water is studied. A sizeable increase ofelectric power output is found for shallow water.Experiments have been carried out for singlecrystalline silicon panels. It is important to stress thatthe temperature of the submerged panel is spatiallyhomogeneous and varies very little during the day.This has a double positive effect: on the efficiency ofthe PV module, since the mismatch among differentcell behaviors, due to non-uniform cell temperaturesis avoided, and on the PV system, with a reduction oncable power losses and a more effective sizing andoperation of the inverter. The managing of theapparatus is simple and practical. Further tests with

different types of panels (polycrystalline, amorphoussilicon, thin film panels, etc.) are in progress [56]A large portion of solar energy is wasted through heatdissipation [34,53]. Although some emergingtechnologies can considerably improve energyutilization efficiency, such as multi-junction cells[35], optical frequency shifting [38], multiple excitongeneration cells [42], hot carrier cells [7] andconcentration photovoltaic system [54], thesetechnologies require high cost and complex serviceconditions, and thus have not been commerciallyused in solar roofing panel yet.Energy payback time(EPBT) for solar thermal system is much less than

that of PV systems. The EPBT of PV system can bereduced by using it in a hybrid system integrating PVwith solar thermal components, such as hot water(HW) tubes [46]. Simple superposition of thematerials and costs, but provides a viable solution tosignificantly increase overall energy utilizationefficiency while alleviating the disadvantages of asingle approach [48]. A PV-thermal collector enablesheat harvesting while improving the PV utilizationefficiency by controlling the temperature of PVmodules. Currently, some groups have studied theperformance of PV-thermal hybrid systems [45,49],FGMs are characterized by continuous variation of

the volume fraction of the constituents [52]. FGMshave attracted significant interests among researchersand engineers because of their unique thermo-mechanical properties and microstructures[51,47,25]. A PV surface layer, transferring the photoenergy into electricity, is bonded to a structuralsubstrate plate through a functionally graded material(FGM) interlayer. The FGM contains aluminumpowder dispersed in a high density polyethylene(HDPE) matrix with a graded microstructure [52]. A


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hybrid solar panel has been invented to integratephotovoltaic (PV) cells onto a substrate through afunctionally graded material (FGM) with water tubescast inside, through which water serves as both heatsink and solar heat collector. Therefore, the PV cellscan work at a relatively low temperature while theheat conduction to the substrate can be minimized.Solar panel prototypes have been fabricated andtested at different water flow rates and solarirradiation intensities. The temperature distribution inthe solar panel is measured and simulated to evaluatethe performance of the solar panel. The finite elementsimulation results are very consistent with theexperimental data. The understanding of heat transferin the hybrid solar panel prototypes will provide afoundation for future solar panel design andoptimization. The finite element model is general andcan be extended for different material design andother size of panels. The FGM layer can effectivelytransfer heat from the PV cells to water tubes and

prevent heat loss to the substrate. The hybrid solarpanel exhibits promising performance with PV cellsworking at relatively low temperatures. Consideringelectricity and thermal energy collection, the overallpanel efficiency is around 71%, which comparesfavorably with those of traditional PV thermal hybridsolar panels. A finite element model was successfullybuilt to simulate the heat transfer characteristics inthe hybrid solar panel prototype and the simulationresults are consistent with the experimental data. Itprovides a general approach for future FGM basedsolar panel design and optimization [61].

Fig.2 Schematic illustration of hybrid solar roofing

panel prototype for D.J Yang [25]

A solar cell basically is a p-n semiconductor junction.When exposed to light, a dc current is generated. PVsoffer several advantages such as: high reliability, lowmaintenance cost, no environmental pollution, andabsence of noise [50].The PV curves vary with solarinsolation and module temperature. Equation (1) and(2) are used to describe the characteristics of PVarray.:

( ) Where: IPV is the PV module current (A), IL is thelight generated current (A), Io is the diode saturationcurrent, q is the charge of electron (coulomb), K is

the Boltzmann's constant (j/K), A is the diode factor,T is the module temperature (K), RS is module seriesresistance (ohm), Rsh is module parallel resistance(ohm), VPV is the module output voltage (V), andPPV is the extracted PV power (W) [55]

Jones and Underwood [36] have studied thetemperature profile of photovoltaic (PV) module in anon-steady state condition with respect to time. Theyconducted experiments for cloudy as well clear daycondition. They observed that the PV moduletemperature varies between 300 and 325K (27521C) for an ambient air temperature of 297.5K (_24.51C). The carrier of thermal energy associated with

PV module may be either air or water. Once thermalenergy requirement is integrated with PV module, itis referred as hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T)system.Hybrid PV/T system has following applications:(i) Water heating system [13,17](ii) Air heating system [11].Chow [39] has analyzed PV/T water collector withsingle glazing in a transient condition. The tubebelow a flat plate with metallic bond collector wasused. It has been observed that electrical thermalefficiency is increased by 2% at mass flow rate of0.01 Kg/s for 10,000W/m2K plate to bond heattransfer coefficient. An additional thermal efficiencyof 60% was also observed. Huang et al. [32] havestudied experimentally unglazed integrated PV andthermal solar system (IPVTS) for water heating underthe natural mode of operation. They observed that theprimary energy saving efficiency of IPVTS exceeds0.60 which is higher than for a conventional solarwater heater or pure PV system. Kalogirou [33] hascarried out a monthly performance of unglazedhybrid PV/T system under the forced mode ofoperation for climatic condition of Cyprus. Heobserved an increase in the mean annual efficiency ofPV solar system from 2.8% to 7.7% with a thermalefficiency of 49%. Similar study has also been

carried out by Zondag et al. [37].Hagazy [28] andSopian et al. [37] investigated glazed PV/T air systemfor single and double pass air heater for space heatingand drying purposes. They have also developed athermal model of each system. Thermal energy forglazed PV/T system is increased with lower electricalefficiency due to high operating temperature. Further,Coventry [41] has made an attempt to study theperformance of a concentrating PV/T solar collector


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and concluded that an overall thermal and electricalefficiency of PV/T concentrating system are 58% and11%, respectively. This gives a total efficiency of thesystem as 69%. Thermal energy is produced alongwith electrical energy generated by a PV module withhigher efficiency. An analytical expression for anoverall efficiency (electrical and thermal) has beenderived by using energy balance equation for eachcomponent for back surface, outlet air and top surfacetemperatures with correlation coefficient (r) of 0.970.99 and root mean square percent deviation (e) of7.5413.89% There is an increase in an overallefficiency of hybrid PV/ thermal system by 18% dueto thermal energy available in addition to electricalenergy. The points to be noted while analyzingsolar panel:

1) Temperature of solar panel increases

exponentially with the ambient temperature

2)

Efficiency is inversely proportional to theambient temperature

3) Higher the wind speed lowers thetemperature difference

4)

Glass cover on the panel act as thesunlight absorber

II.SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC

WORKING PRINCIPLEA basic solar PV panel contains asemiconductor material covered by protectiveglass connected to a load. When sunlight hitsthe semiconductor, electrons become excited.

These excited electrons are separated by aninternal field inherent in the semiconductor andcollected into an external circuit generatingelectricity. When light shines on a solar cell photo-voltage is generated. The generated voltage acrossthe solar cell drives the current in external circuit andtherefore can deliver power. In order to collectenergy of a photon in the form of electrical energythrough solar cells following action must be taken (a)increase in potential energy of carriers, and (b)separation of carrier. Task (a) is performed efficientlyby semi-conductor material. In order to perform task(b) asymmetry in semi-conductor device is required.Asymmetry should be such that the generated

electron hole pairs should get separated from eachother [60].

Once an electron-hole pair is generatedwithin the junction (depletion layer), both carrierswill be acted upon by the built-in electric field. Sincethe field directed from n top side, it will cause theholes to be swept quickly toward the n side. Once outof the junction region, these carriers became a part ofthe majority carrier in the respective regions anddiffuse away from the junction region as their

concentration near the junction has increased. Thisaddition of excess majority charge carrier on eachside of the junction, results in a voltage acrossexternal terminals of the junction. If a load isconnected across these terminals, the photongenerated current will flow this external circuit. Thiscurrent will be proportional to the number of electronhole pairs generated, which in turn, depends on theintensity of illumination. Thus, an illuminated p-njunction becomes a photovoltaic cell with positiveterminals on p side[59].Solar panel works best in certain weather condition,but since the weather is always changing and asengineers are installing solar panel all over the worldin different climate region, most panels do notoperating under ideal conditions. That is why it isimportant for engineers to understand how panelreacts to different weather conditions. The differenttypes of solar cells can be classified according to themicrostructure of the active material: Mono-

crystalline, Poly-crystalline and Thin film. A basicsolar PV panel contains a semiconductor

material covered by protective glass connected

to a load. When sunlight hits the semiconductor,

electrons become excited. These excited

electrons are separated by an internal field

inherent in the semiconductor and collected into

an external circuit generating electricity. It has

been found out that temperature of solar panels

increases twice with the ambient temperature. In

Rajasthan ambient temperature reaches above

400C and the temperature of solar panel reaches

to 800C. The solar panels available in India are

European manufactured according to theirstandards which are not suitable to Indian

conditions. European summers can be

considered as Indian winters and it is required to

manufacture solar panels suitable to Indian

conditions.

It has been found that with increase in

temperature there is a drop in voltage and

efficiency [60]. Solar cell's performance withchanges in environment and design parameters whichcan be controlled [59]. There is an increase in theoutput power of a solar panel by utilizing aThermalenergy is produced along with electrical energy

generated by a PV module with higher efficiency.There is an increase in an overall efficiency of hybridPV/ thermal system by 18% due to thermal energyavailable in addition to electrical energy [40]. Thebehavior of a photovoltaic (PV) panel submerged inwater. A sizeable increase of electric power output isfound for shallow water [56]. When the solar cell isheated, the current, Isc will increase, but the voltage,Voc, will decrease. Since the voltage decreases faster


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than the current increases, the result is that the overallefficiency goes down [46].

III. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON

PV CELL

Solar cells vary under temperature changes. The

change in temperature will affect the power outputfrom the cells. The voltage is highly dependent on the

temperature and an increase in temperature will

decrease the voltage [57].

Fig.3 Output I-V characteristic of PV module with different

temperature [44]

Figure shows the effect of temperature on I-Vcharacteristic of PV module at constant radiation[57], with decreasing temperature, PV currentdecrease slightly but PV voltage increase clearly.

Thermal energy is produced along with electricalenergy generated by a PV module with higherefficiency. An analytical expression for an overallefficiency (electrical and thermal) has been derivedby using energy balance equation for each component[44]. The photovoltaic thermal solar collector,sometimes known as the hybrid solar collectorgenerates both thermal and electrical energiessimultaneously. A double pass photovoltaic thermalsolar collector suitable for solar drying applicationshas been developed and tested. A steady state closedform solution to determine the outlet and meanphotovoltaic panel temperature has been obtained for

the differential equations of the upper and lowerchannels of the collector. photovoltaic thermal solarcollector or hybrid solar collector, which convertssolar radiation directly to both thermal and electricalenergies. It is very attractive for solar applications inwhich limited space and area related installation costare of primary concern. The hybrid collector is alsoattractive when the space needed to install side-by-side solar thermal and photovoltaic collectors is notreadily available [44].

IV. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF

SOLAR CELL

The Current-Voltage relationship of a solar PV

module can be given by the following equation:

From [60]Where, IL is the current generated due to light, Rs is

the series resistance of PV modules, n is the idealityfactor, I0 is the reverse saturation current, T is thetemperature and k is the Boltzmann constant.

The various parameters of a solar PV module includeShort Circuit Current (Isc), Open Circuit Voltage(Voc), Fill Factor (FF), Efficiency (), Peak Power(Pm), Series Resistance (Rs) and ShuntResistance(Rsh).

Short Cir cuit Curr ent:The short circuit current, Isc,is the maximum current produced by a solar PVmodule when its terminal is shorted. Mostly Isc= ILOpen Ci rcui t Vol tage:The open circuit voltage, Voc,is the maximum voltage that can be obtained from asolar PV module when its terminal is left open.

From[60]Power Output:The power output, Pout is the power

produced by a solar module. The power output is theproduct of Open Circuit Voltage (Voc), Short CircuitCurrent (Isc) and Fill Factor. From [60]Fi ll Factor:

The fill factor (FF) is defined as thesquareness of the I-V curve and mainly related to theresistive losses in a solar module. It can be defined asthe ratio of the actual maximum power output to theideal maximum power output. In ideal case, its valuecan be 100% corresponding to square I-V curve. Butit is not feasible to have square I-V. There are alwayssome losses that reduce the value of FF. The bestvalue of FF that can be obtained for a solar modulecan empirically be written as a function of Voc.

From[60]

The Fill Factor (FF) of a PV module can also beactually the area under the I-V curve. It is given inpercentage.

% From [60]

Efficiency:The module efficiency is given as:


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=

= %. From [60]

V. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

ON THE DESIGN PARAMETERS

OF SOLAR CELLSolar cells vary under temperature changes. Thechange in temperature will affect the power outputfrom the cells. The voltage is highly dependent on thetemperature and an increase in temperature willdecrease the voltage. An increase in temperaturecauses reduction in band gap which in turn, causessome increase in photo-generation rate and thus amarginal increase in current. . Due to this, the cellvoltage decreases by approximately 2.2mV per Crise in operating temperature, depending on theresistivity of the silicon used higher the siliconresistivity, more marked is the temperature effect.Also, the fill factor decreases slightly with

temperature. Hence the efficiency of the solar panelstarts decreasing as the temperature increases [60].There is a need to manufacture solar panel accordingto the climate condition or certain measures has to betaken for improving the efficiency of the Europeanmanufactured solar panels that can also worksefficiently in our country.Where Imax and Vmax are the current and voltagefor maximum power, corresponding to solar intensity(I(t)) and AC is Area of solar cell[58]

VI. PV MODULE EFFICIENCY AS A

FUNCTION OF OPERATING

TEMPERATURE

The solar cell power conversion efficiency can be

given as:

From[58]Where Imax and Vmax are the current and voltagefor maximum power, corresponding to solar intensity(I(t)) and Acis Area of solar cell [58].The correlations expressing the PV cell temperature(Tc) as a function of weather variables such as theambient temperature (Ta), solar radiation (I(t)), etc.will be discussed in this section. The effect oftemperature on the electrical efficiency of a PV

cell/module can be obtained by using thefundamental equations.The basically effect leads to a relation in the form:(from [43]

( ) In which Tref is the modules electrical efficiency at

the reference temperature, Tref, and at solar radiationof 1000W/m2. The temperature coefficient, ref, andthe solar radiation coefficient,, are mainly material

properties, having values of about 0.0045K and 0.12,respectively, for crystalline siliconmodules [43].The quantities Trefand refare normally given by thePV manufacturer. However, they can be obtainedfrom flash tests in which the modules electrical

output is measured at two different temperatures for agiven solar radiation flux [18]. The actual value ofthe temperature coefficient, in particular, depends notonly on the PV material but on Tref as well. It isgiven by the ratio:

In which T0 is the (high) temperature at which thePV modules electrical efficiency drops to zero[6].For crystalline silicon solar cells this temperature is270 C [14].

VII. METHODOLOGY

A solar cell panel for electricity generation andair/water is made to flow in a duct placed below the

surface on which the solar cells are mounted to

extract heat from the system, thereby cooling the

cells and increasing their efficiency [14].

Fig.4 Design of Solar Photovoltaic/ Thermal

air/water heating system by Jai Prakash [14]

The PV/T collector made in the present studycomprises a commercial PV module and a heat-collecting plate (Fig. 2). A Solarex MSX60 poly-crystalline solar PV module (467 mm31105 mm)(rated 60 Wp, 17.1 Vpeak voltage) was adopted to be

combined with a heat-collecting plate. The heat-collecting plate adheres directly to the back of thecommercial PV module. Thermal grease was usedbetween the plate and the PV module for bettercontact. Below the heat collecting plate, a PU thermalinsulation layer is attached using a fixing frame.The flow channels in the heat-collecting plate are inthe corrugated structure with W/D = 1.0. The heattransfer can be greatly enhanced. The flow channel


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dimension is 6 mm in width, 4 mm in height, 0.6 mmin thickness, and 6 mm in rib spacing [30].

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of integrated PV/T system

(IPVTS) by B J Huang [30].

Eight T type thermal couples (10C) are attached on

the panels to detect the temperature distribution ofthe PV cells and water. The solar panels are tested ina solar room equipped with a metal halide lamp,which can provide irradiation up to 4 KW/m2. Thepanel is fixed on a wood frame with 45_ tilt angle sothat the panel surface is normal to the irradiation. Apyranometer is used to measure and calibrate thesolar irradiation. A mass flow meter is used to controlthe cooling water flow rate. The experimental data iscollected with the data acquisition system. The wholesystem testing set up is shown in Fig.The performance of the solar panels is characterizedin the following way: The solar panels are put in thesolar room under different irradiations of 850 and1100 W/m2[61].

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of hybrid solar collector by[30]

The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 6. The basiccomponents are as follows: (i) thedouble pass hybrid solar collector, (ii) the supportstructure, (iii) the air ow measurementsystem, (iv) the temperature measurement system, (v)the wind speed measurement system, (vi) the solarradiation measurement system and (vii) the dataacquisition system. Then photovoltaic panel has a

width of 660 mm and a length of 1,476 mm. The totalarea of the panel covered by photovoltaic cells is0.8505 m2. Therefore, the packing factor, or thefraction of the total collector area covered byphotovoltaic cell is 0.87. The efficiency of thephotovoltaic panel is 14% at a mean paneltemperature of 2580C. The ambient temperaturethermocouple is located outside in a well ventilated

location about 1.25 m above the ground. Twothermocouples are used for measuring the inlettemperature and are placed at the beginning ofthe photovoltaic panel. The temperatures at theend of the first pass stream are measured by twothermocouples.

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of double pass photovoltaic

thermal solar collector

A hybrid solar collector is a panel that unites aphotovoltaic unit with a solar collector and affordsreductions in installation space over conventionalsolar energy utilization systems. Some studies haveaddressed hybrid solar collectors. These include oneon a test product by the New Energy and IndustrialDevelopment Organization (NEDO) [26], experimentand evaluation based on exergy by Tani et al.[12,15,19,23,31], a simulation of TRNSYS byYoshinaga et al. [16], proposal of a simulation modelby Florschuetz [5] and examination of a system usingbrine [21,22] and air [24] as heating media.Experiments and analyses were conducted on powerand heat generation characteristics of the hybrid solar

collector. First, experiments under constant supplytemperature of brine were made and conversionefficiency and collector efficiency were measured.Second, the efficiency of the hybrid solar collectorwas compared with those of a photovoltaic and asolar collector in terms of the energy and exergyefficiency [40].

VIII. CONCLUSION


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In this paper the effects of temperature onphotovoltaic modules, the losses of panel due totemperature variation and its cause is discussed. Thelosses due to higher temperature is controlled byusing the phase change material, due to its change inphase the latent heat of the wax is transferred to thewater and then the water starts boiling and a hotwater or distilled water can be obtained by thisimprovising.

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