Indonesian GHG Inventory: LUCF Sector

Rizaldi Boer

Bogor Agricultural UniversityINDONESIA

E-mail: rboer@fmipa.ipb.ac.idConsultative Group of Expert: Hand on Training Workshop on

GHG Inventory organized by UNFCCCShanghai, 8-12 February 2004

Indonesia GHG Inventory: 1994Indonesia GHG Inventory: 1994

Sources and Sinks CO2

UptakeCO2

ReleaseCH4 CO N2O NOx

Energy 373,609 674 6Industrial Processes 19,120 1 0Agriculture 3,244 331 53 19LUCF 403,846 559,471 367 3,214 3 91Waste 402TOTAL 403,846 952,200 4,687 3,545 61 110BIOMASS ENERGY 124,417INT. BUNKER 1,684

Sources and Sinks CO2

UptakeCO2

ReleaseCH4 CO N2O NOx

Energy 373,609 674 6Industrial Processes 19,120 1 0Agriculture 3,244 331 53 19LUCF 403,846 559,471 367 3,214 3 91Waste 402TOTAL 403,846 952,200 4,687 3,545 61 110BIOMASS ENERGY 124,417INT. BUNKER 1,684

Total Emission by Sector: CO2-eq

LUCF25%

Waste1%

Energy 58%Agric.

13%

Industry3%

Sector Emission by GasesCO2

Energy69%

LUCF28%

Industry3%

CH4Waste

9%LUCF

8%Industry

0%

Agric. 13%

Energy 14%

N2O

Agric87%

LUCF4%

Energy9%

GHG Inventory: Forestry Sector

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

1985

SEI

1990

US-C

S

1990

ALG

AS

1990

NATC

OM

1991

NATC

OM

1992

NATC

OM

1993

NATC

OM

1994

NATC

OM

1995

NATC

OM

1996

NATC

OM

Ca

rbo

n (

Tg

)Uptake

Release

Main Factors cause the variationsCategory LU Catagories Area

(kha)MAI

(tdm/ha)Plantation Tectona grandis 348 7.70

Acacia spp. 152 14.39Pinus merkusii 352 9.08Swietenia spp. 99 7.97P. falcataria 56 13.56Rimba 235 6.80

Reforestration Pinus mercusii 439 9.08Tectona grandis 199 7.70Acacia spp. 140 14.39Eucalyptus spp. 60 14.00Others 1,157 6.82

Other Forests Production Forest 44,022 0.87Conversion Forest 30,787 0.06Protec./Cons. Forest 48,802 0.00

Afforestration Pinus spp. 1,196 9.08Acacia spp. 1,021 14.39Eucalyptus spp. 758 14.00P. falcataria 1,138 13.56Others 394 6.82

Selection of MAI for the succession forest. Estimated from [(WVVF-WVLOF)* BEF*BD]/30. In Indonesia MAI of LOF varied from 1.2-2.7 tB/ha)

Area of production and conversion forest under succession

Assumption of survival rates of A and R (NAtCOM used 100%)

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

40,000,000

Tahun

Log

Pro

duct

ion

(m3)

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

Har

vest

ing

(Ha)

Log Production

Harvesting

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

40,000,000

Tahun

Log

Pro

duct

ion

(m3)

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

Har

vest

ing

(Ha)

Log Production

Harvesting

Log Production & Area of HarvestingLog Production & Area of Harvesting

Area under succession was logged over forest (LOF). If LOF data for a given year is not available, it was estimated from log production

data (the logged area is log production divided by 20 m3)

Log over forest map

Deforestation Rate (000 ha)Deforestation Rate (000 ha)

SourceActivity WB

(1990)FAO

(1990)TAG

(1991)Dick

(1991)MoF

(1992)MoF

(1996)Forest

Database(1998)

Transmigrationdevelopment

300 65 78 300 100-150 146.4

Estate development 250 274 11.5 11 160 200-250Swamp development 85 30.4 30Spont. Transmigration 500 461 156.5 179 300Shifting cultivation 135 200-300 151.0Illegal Logging 80 80 NEa 120 77 27.2Forest Fires 70 113 NEa 70 478b 161.8Agriculture 350 234.8TOTAL 900 1315 262.9 623 1315 900-950 721.2

a. NE : not estimated, b. Fire damage average excluding Kalimantan fire. Transmigration is relocation ofpeople particularly from Java to other islands in Indonesia organized by the government, while spontaneoustransmigration is organized by transmigrants.

SourceActivity WB

(1990)FAO

(1990)TAG

(1991)Dick

(1991)MoF

(1992)MoF

(1996)Forest

Database(1998)

Transmigrationdevelopment

300 65 78 300 100-150 146.4

Estate development 250 274 11.5 11 160 200-250Swamp development 85 30.4 30Spont. Transmigration 500 461 156.5 179 300Shifting cultivation 135 200-300 151.0Illegal Logging 80 80 NEa 120 77 27.2Forest Fires 70 113 NEa 70 478b 161.8Agriculture 350 234.8TOTAL 900 1315 262.9 623 1315 900-950 721.2

a. NE : not estimated, b. Fire damage average excluding Kalimantan fire. Transmigration is relocation ofpeople particularly from Java to other islands in Indonesia organized by the government, while spontaneoustransmigration is organized by transmigrants.

Available data only for 1970S, 1980S and 1990s, average G&F conversion for 25 years = (Def70s+Def80s+Def90s)/3 ~ proportion similar to FAO 1990

Fraction of biomass burnt on and off site and decay

Conversion Area Fraction biomass on site

Fraction biomass off site

Fraction left to decay

Trasmigration 0.30 0.20 0.50Agriculture 0.30 0.20 0.50Shifting Cultivation 0.50 0.30 0.20

Conversion Area Fraction biomass on site

Fraction biomass off site

Fraction left to decay

Trasmigration 0.30 0.20 0.50Agriculture 0.30 0.20 0.50Shifting Cultivation 0.50 0.30 0.20

Abandoned Land

• Area being abandoned are three categories:– Area of abandoned land was

• shifting cultivation: 20*mean of SC (1990-1995)• Grassland• Forest fire

Data that need to be improvedData that need to be improved

Priority data domains Importance

Converted forest area per forest type 3

Growth rate of forest and vegetation types (including plantations) 3

Forest typology (biomass-based, floristic, ecology, climatic,administrative)

3

Wood harvest (legal + illegal, half-life time by use) 2.5

Biomass of each forest and vegetation type 2.5

Root biomass per vegetation / land use land cover type 2.2

Wood to biomass expansion factor, allometrics 2.2

Abandoned land: area + growth rate (increment) 1.7

Soil C stock (including organic soils + LU impacts) 1.1

On-site (in situ) burning 0.5

Priority data domains Importance

Converted forest area per forest type 3

Growth rate of forest and vegetation types (including plantations) 3

Forest typology (biomass-based, floristic, ecology, climatic,administrative)

3

Wood harvest (legal + illegal, half-life time by use) 2.5

Biomass of each forest and vegetation type 2.5

Root biomass per vegetation / land use land cover type 2.2

Wood to biomass expansion factor, allometrics 2.2

Abandoned land: area + growth rate (increment) 1.7

Soil C stock (including organic soils + LU impacts) 1.1

On-site (in situ) burning 0.5

CCFPI (Climate Change, Forest and Peatland in Indonesia)

• Develop software for estimating carbon stock change and GHG emission from peatland– Inventory of EF from Peatland– Development of Land Use change model– Development of software– Estimation of C-stock changes and GHG emission

from peatland under current and projected land use (different project scenarios)

• Collaboration Project between Wetland International-Indonesian Program (WI-IP), Bogor Agricultural University and ARCATE Indonesia (Funded by CIDA): 2001-2005

CO2 and CH4 emission from Peatland of South Kalimantan, Indonesia

(a) Upland Crops

050

100150200250300350400450

Dec

-99

Jan-

00

Feb

-00

Mar

-00

Apr

-00

May

-00

Jun-

00

Jul-0

0

Aug

-00

Nov

-00

CO

2 em

issi

on

(m

gC

/m2/

h)

-0.20.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6

CH

4 emissio

n (m

gC

/m2/h

)

Upland CO2

Upland CH4

(b) Rice Paddy

050

100150200250300350400450

Dec

-99

Jan-

00

Feb

-00

Mar

-00

Apr

-00

May

-00

Jun-

00

Jul-0

0

Aug

-00

Nov

-00

CO

2 em

issi

on

(m

gC

/m2/

h)

-0.20.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6 C

H4 em

ission

(mg

C/m

2/h)

Upland CO2

Upland CH4

(c) Secondary Forest

050

100150200250300350400450

Dec

-99

Jan-

00

Feb

-00

Mar

-00

Apr

-00

May

-00

Jun-

00

Jul-0

0

Aug

-00

Nov

-00

CO

2 em

issi

on

(m

gC

/m2/

h)

-0.20.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6 C

H4 em

ission

(mg

C/m

2/h)

Upland CO2

Upland CH4

Source: Hadi et al., 2002

CH4 emission (mgC m-2 h-1)

-0.2 0.1 0.4 0.7 1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2

G1G2G3J4J5B6B7B8M9

A10A11A12

• A12: Sec. Forest (. 2m depth)• A11: 2 years rice paddy (1-2

m depth)• A10: 6 years rice-soybean

rotation (0.2-0.4 m depth)• M9:Sec. Forest (0.2-0.6 m

depth)• B8: Sec. Forest (0.05-0.15 m

depth)• B7:3 years cassava (0.7 m

depth)• B6:3 years paddy (0.4-0.5 m

depth)• J5: Sec. Forest (0.15-0.25 m

depth)• J4:1 year paddy (0.05-0.20 m

depth)• G3: Sec. Forest (1-2 m depth)• G2: Rice paddy-fallow (0.1-0.4

m depth)• G1: Upland-fallow (0.7-1 m

depth)

Source: Hadi et al. 2002)

CO2 emission (mgC m-2 h-1)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

G1G2G3J4J5B6B7B8M9

A10A11A12

Seq. CH4

Effect of flooding on CH4 emission from herbaceous arctic tundra

0

1

2

3

4

Em

issi

on

(m

g/m

2/h

)

Below Surface At Surface Above Surface

CH4 Emissions

Source: Mornsey et al, 1994

Study Site

• Merang Kepahyangan, South Sumatra

• Climate: bi-modal

Inventory of EF from past

studies

Socio-economic survey

Current and projected LULUCF under the

absence and the presence of C-projects

Project scenario (WBS130, 140, 210, 230, 240, 250) and project boundaryEquations that

relate income and energy consumption Impact of projects on

HH income

Image analysis (Physical

predictors)

Data series of socio-economic

Data of CS and MAI (WBS300)

Database EF, Carbon stock

& MAI

Selection of EF, CS and

MAI

Water table of peat with and without

blocking

Water table observation data

(WBS240), and fire risk

Canal blocking

(WBS120, 130)

Calculation of CS change and

emission within project boundary

Leakage estimation

CarbonBenefit

Leakage quantity

Software or estimating CS change and GHG emissions

Map of peat depth and maturity

Peat depth& maturity