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7/31/2019 Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. PERCIK First Edition August 2003. Giving Birth to National Policy for Dev
1/19
7/31/2019 Indonesia Water and Sanitation Magazine. PERCIK First Edition August 2003. Giving Birth to National Policy for Dev
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From the Editors
Main Feature:
WASPOLA: Giving Birth to National Policy for
Development of Community-Based WaterSupply and Environmental Sanitation
Interview:
"We Need a National Policy"
Opinion:
Field Trial of the National Policy for
Community Based Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation
Miscellaneous:
National Policy for Development of Community Based
Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
Field Visit
Book Info
Website Info
Mirror:
Having a toilet, it is hard in the beginning but
in the end we are proud of having one
Tableof
Contents
1
2
6
8
10
11
12
13
14
Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
Advisor:
Director General for Urban and
Rural Development, Ministry of Settlement
and Regional Infrastructure
Director of Human Settlement and Housing,
National Development Planning Agency
Republic of Indonesia
Director of Water and Sanitation,
Ministry of Health
Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region,
Ministry of Settlement and Regional
Infrastructure
Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate
Technology, Director General on Village and
Community Empowerment,
Ministry of Home Affairs
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning
Environment Management,
Ministry of Home Affairs
Chief Editor:
Oswar Mungkasa
Board of Editor:
Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Budi Susilo,
Poedjastanto
Editor:
Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda
Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto
Design:
Rudi Kosasih
Production:
Machrudin
Distribution:
Anggie Rifki
Address:
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat
Phone: 62-21-31904113
e-mail: [email protected]
Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome.
Please send to our address or e-mail.
Don't forget to be brief and accompanied
by identity.
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R O M T H E E DIT O R F
1 PercikAugust 2003
P h o t o s G a l l e r y
T
he development of facilitiesfor water supply and environ-mental sanitation has been
implemented for a considerablelength of time. A considerable resulthas been achieved but at the samethere also shortcomings and con-strains that make the developmentresult less than the expected. Apartfrom all these, it is noted that duringthe last few years the attention givento this sector indicates an increasingtendency.
A number of cases mark the mile-stones of these changes. One, inSeptember 2000 in a UN-sponsoredMillennium Meeting the world lead-
ers agreed to a set of measurablegoals and targets in fighting poverty,diseases, illiteracy, environmentaldegradation and gender inequity.This document is later known asMillennium Development Goals(MDGs). With regard to water supplyand environmental sanitation it isagreed halve by 2015 the proportionof people without sustainable accessto safe drinking water. Two, inJohannesburg Summit 2002, the
water supply target was furthersharpened while in sanitation by
2015 half of the population that arecurrently without it must be ableaccess its service. Three, safe and
hygienic drinking water is the rightfor everyone. All the above comprisethe statement concluded by the UNCommittee on Economic, Social andCultural Affairs.
As an awareness of the impor-tance of water supply and environ-mental sanitation is increasing, oneof the striking issues that needs to bedealt with is the indifference and lackof interest from among the commu-nity and the stakeholders. Examiningfurther into the barrier, it is deemednecessary to build and improve theparticipation of the stakeholders in
WSES development. Their participa-tion greatly helps speeding up the
achievement of the target and objec-tive of the WSES development pro-gram.
One of the most important strate-gies is through a public campaign.Such a campaign will enable to createa condition in which water supplyand environmental sanitation deve-lopment is placed in priority scale ofthe government and the communityalike. One means of campaign isthrough an information media. Thisinformation media will become themeans for interaction of at least the
government agencies, universities,private sector, donor agencies/coun-tries, and the community. It is hoped
this media will be instrumental in theestablishment of a WSES networkamong stakeholders.
What's in a name, so saysShakespeare. But what would it belike if an information media is with-out a name, it is like a head without aface. The process of selecting a nameis not as easy as it seems. There weremany prospects coming into mindthat made it difficult to choose. PER-CIK becomes the final choice. Onemight question the meaning behindthe name. Percik literally means
water splash. A splashed water thattouches the surrounding indicates itsexistence. We, from this viewpoint,
try to signify water splash as a meta-morphosis of public campaign. Atask this media will undertake.
As it is with a new informationmedia, there is a lot of improvementto be made before PERCIK can reachan acceptable standard. Toward thisend, we would appreciate any com-ment and suggestion from the read-ers.
As the wise man says, a big leap ispreceded with an initial step. An ini-tial step has been taken, we hope this
will become the beginning of a jour-
ney toward the fulfillment of ourcommon obsession.
Source: Ministry of Health
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Aprolonged dry season has causedsevere drought in many areas ofJava and Madura. The people
have difficulties to get water they need.The dry season which is estimated to lasttill October 2003 will aggravate theavailability of water for consumption andsanitation needs. If the problem water
scarcity is not solved in time the inci-dence of diarrhea, skin infection and di-seases of the respiratory tract will cer-tainly widespread.
The government agencies involvedare currently busy finding ways to over-come the scarcity of water for drinkingand sanitation needs. This is indeedonly an incidental case caused by naturaldisturbance. However, this is also anindication that the environmental qualityis so poor that makes the availability of
water for consumption so scarce.It is ironical, though, similar cases
keeps on coming back from time to time,and it is always the poor who suffers. Inother words, in terms of quantity, thecoverage of WSES development is still ina very limited scale. A level of coveragethat is not enough to cope with theincreasing demand as a consequence ofpopulation growth.
Up to this time it is estimated that100 million of Indonesian population donot have access to water supply andsanitation service. Most of them are thepoor and those living in the rural areas.The number indicates a growing tenden-
cy every year.Experience from the past indicatesthat water supply and sanitation sys-tems/facilities constructed are not func-tioning properly. The reason for thisfailure is, that community was notinvolved in planning, construction, andoperation and maintenance activity.Limited technology option also makes itdifficult for the community to choose
which of the facility complies with thedemand, culture and capacity for mana-gement and the local condition. Lack ofcommunity involvement has led to facili-
ty service not sustainable. The facility is
not used effectively because it was builtfor them based on supply drivenapproach. Many of the investment is notused by the community because theydon't need it, but on the other handthere are many who need one but theyaren't given any services.
From the implementation of a numberof donor and central government funded
WSES related programs one could summa-rize that effective use and sustainability ofservice is better if the community isinvolved during the development phases.User management involving all compo-
nents in the community and decision ma-king by the local institution, will result in agreater community participation during thepost construction O&M.
A balanced involvement of women,under-privileged group (poor, disabled,etc.) in decision making process and inO&M, will improve effective use and sus-tainability of service. Effective use andsustainability of service will be achieved
because the choice of technology and itsfunding consequences are determineddirectly at household level in the com-munity. Community contribution in
development is determined based on
technology choice and a managementunit elected in democratic manner.Eventually user community will
develop a capacity to pay for any serviceas long as the service satisfies theirdemand. User really care about the qua-lity and wiling to pay as long as the ser-
vice meets their demand.A study by World Bank on 121 WSES
facilities around the world which wasconducted by various institutions andorganizations indicates that an activecommunity participation in decisionmaking and in development processes
has resulted in effectively used and sus-tainable WSES service.The analysis on the result of study on
121 water supply facilities indicates that20 of the facilities are highly effective.Two of the 20 highly effective servicesare in Indonesia. The two systems whichthe World Bank indicates as highly effec-tive are the ones handled by an NGO
who involved the community participa-tion throughout their development pha-ses.
The development strategy consists ofestablishment of an institution involving
WASPOLA: Giving Birth to National Policy
for Development of Community-BasedWater Supply and Environmental Sanitation
AI N FEAT U R EM
2 PercikAugust 2003
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all components of the community; appli-cation of participatory approaches inproblem solving; provision of training inmanagement, design, construction, O&Mand hygiene behavioral aspects. The
indicator of success for the two systemsincludes:
Applied technology design which isacceptable to all components of thecommunity including women, a sim-ple but quite reliable system.The project is acceptable to the com-munity and it's able to motivate themto actively participate, including infinancial aspect.The community is motivated and iscapable of running O&M activity.The community pays for water sup-ply service based on an agreed upon
tariff.Women are involved in each phase ofproject development, though stilllimited in decision making process.Time saving for women so that theycan do other things.
Women are active members of waterusers' group.The community build toilet fromone's own sources, high rate of toiletuse.
Women become active members ofhealth related groups.
WSES development is basically for
the community, without an effort to havetheir significant involvement the accept-ability and sustainability of the develop-ment is difficult to achieve. This indi-cates that the current approach applied
by the government in WSES develop-ment needs be revised thoroughly.
Learning from the experiences of thepast "both from domestic and abroad" aprogram called Water Supply andSanitation Policy Formulation and
Action Planning (WASPOLA) wasdesigned and implemented. The five-
year program consists of 3 main compo-nents: learning process, policy formula-tion and implementation activity. Theprogram is focused to water supply andsanitation facility managed by user com-munity. In the policy formulation
WASPOLA operates under the leader-ship of the Government of Indonesia
with financial support from theAustralian Government (AusAID) andthe World Bank, through Water andSanitation Program for East Asia and thePacific (WSP-EAP).
At central government level the mana-gement is handled by Central Project Com-mittee consisting of cross-sectoral govern-ment agencies, National DevelopmentPlanning Agency (Bappenas), Ministry ofHome Affairs, Ministry of Health, Ministryof Finance and Ministry of Settlement
and Regional Infrastructures. The dailyactivities are handled by a Working Grouprepresented by members from the sameagencies. Both institutions are coordinated
by Bappenas. The principle of partnership
approach is not practiced among the centrallevel agencies only, but also extends to thelocal governments, multi-lateral and bila-teral donor agencies, local NGOs, and thecommunity in general.
The implementation of the five-yearprogram has come to an end in July2003. A document called National Policyfor Development of Community-Based
Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation has been produced. This poli-cy has become a new paradigm. Thedonor countries even have adopted it.Now, a number of new challenges are
awaiting. When the policy has gainedformal legal recognition, there will be along list of works to be done in order toput the policy into the real nationwideimplementation. Whether the nationalpolicy will be able to respond to the chal-lenges in the Millennium DevelopmentGoals? How about the UN challenge
which states that drinking water is theright for everyone? It seems that the jobof the Working Group has not quite fi-nished yet. Their opinion and hard workis still needed.
AI N FEAT U R E
Water in indispensable tohuman life. We are quiteaware that water constitutes
the origin of life. The manifestationregarding role of water to humanlife, unfortunately, gives rise to thenotion that water is solely a publicgood: it can be obtained at no cost.
As a consequence, the communi-ty does not regard water as a scarceresource which has economic value.They exploit water freely and exces-sively. The community also tends todisregard environmental and water
resources, both quality or quantity.Other consequence is a stagnation indeveloping knowledge and technolo-gy for reuse and recycle of water.
The viewpoint may be right for aslong as there is enough water avail-able. But in fact the availability of
water can never fulfill the need ofeveryone. For a community who isnow being under prolonged dry sea-son, for instance, water is no more apublic good. A big sacrifice must begiven in exchange to water. Theyhave to deepen their wells, fall inline and wait for hours until waterlevel to increase for the pail to befilled, or even they have spendmoney for water.
A public campaign needs to beorganized to introduce a change inthe community viewpoint. All com-
ponents of the community must beeducated that water is a scarceresource with economic value andneed sacrifice -money or time- inorder to get water. A new communi-ty awareness in relation to theadherence of economic value in
water is expected to enable to changecommunity habit in water use:exploit water resource more wisely,use water more efficiently, willing tosacrifice to obtain water.
Water is obviously valuable, andeveryone must sacrifice something inorder to obtain water. The more so
because water supply and environ-mental sanitation system needsoperation and management cost forits sustainability. Sustainable ser-
vice can materialize only if there isequity in the amount to be paid,
value of water in the eyes of the user,and the amount of cost of service. Inaccordance with its nature as an eco-nomic good, the main principle in
WSES service is "user must pay forthe service".
Water As Economic Goods
M
3 PercikAugust 2003
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AI N FEAT U R EM
4 PercikAugust 2003
Responsive Approach places the demand of thecommunity as a determinant factor in decisionmaking including financial aspect. This makes thecommunity participation in the whole process begin-
ning from planning, funding, construction and mana-gement of the system in accordance with demand andfunding capacity of the community. This approachcalls for a substantial reform in the ways of projecthandling by stakeholders, whether community, NGO,private sector and government.
The main features of the approach comprise: The community decides on the choice about:Whether or not to participate in the activity? Technology choice and system coverage based on
willingness to pay How and what format of system How fund is to be managed and accounted
How O&M will be managed The government functions as facilitator by making
available a national policy and strategy, enhancesconsultative atmosphere among stakeholders andfacilitates human resources development andlearning process.
Creating a conducive atmosphere for participationof various stakeholders in any initiative emerging
within the community. Provision of sufficientinformation to the community and standard pro-cedure to help the decision making process jointlymade within the community.
T he working group was formed on the ground thatWSES development is not the responsibility of oneparticular sector but rather it must be a combination of
various aspects, technical, institutional, financial, socialand environmental. Based on this consideration that
WSES Working Group was formed consisting of therelated government departments, Home Affairs, Health,Finance, Settlement and Regional Infrastructures, andcoordinated by Bappenas.
Beside its relation with WSES related projects(WASPOLA, WSLIC-2, Pro-Air, CWSH, SANIMAS) the
Working Group is also involved in formulation ofNational Policy for WSES Development Policy. Up tothis time only the National Policy for Development ofCommunity-Based Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation is completed, whereas the InstitutionallyBased National Policy on Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation is in preparation, at the sametime also the field test for the application of the policy inthe regions and public campaign on the subject of watersupply and environmental sanitation, through the publi-cation of journal on WSES, posters, and animation.
It is hoped that more members would join theWorking Group so that more activities related to increa-sing access to drinking water and sanitation servicescould be done. In addition, it is hoped that this collabo-rative pattern could be duplicated by the regions (provin-cial and kabupaten/kota) to enhance drinking water andsanitation development to enhance the fulfillment ofdemand of the community.
Demand
Responsive
Approach
A Glimpse Of
WATER SUPPLY ANDENVIRONMENTAL
SANITATION WORKINGGROUP
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AI N FEAT U R EM
5 PercikAugust 2003
ParticipatoryApproach
Constructing is easier than main-taining. The proof to this state-ment could easily be found in
many physical development projects bythe government. WSES developmentprojects are no exceptions, many of themmet with apprehensive failure. They are
not effectively used and their sustainabi-lity was cut off because the communitycannot operate and maintain them pro-perly.
It is the Methodology for ParticipatoryAssessments (MPA) that can guaranteethe effectiveness and sustainability of thefacility. MPA represents a tool developedto enable the policy makers, programmanagers, and local community assessand monitor the sustainability of the faci-lity and decide on a corrective action asnecessary.
This methodology proposes the ways
how women and poor families may parti-cipate and benefit from a facility togetherwith men and wealthy families of thecommunity. It also indicates the keystoward a successful community managed
WSES project. At the same time it alsoenables us to make a quantitative aggre-gation of community level monitoringdata so that it can be applicable at theprogram and policy maker levels.
MPA make use Participatory RuralAppraisal (PRA) and Self Esteem, Asso-ciate Strength, Resourcefulness, ActionPlanning, Responsibility (SARAR) whichare known effective in stimulating com-munity participation. But MPA addition-ally include the following characteristics: MPA is targeted to the implemen-
ting agency and the community as well inthe light of a sustainable and effectivelycommunity managed facility. MPA isdesigned to involve all the main stake-holders and conducting analysis of therole of 4 important components of thecommunity: poor women, rich women,poor men, and rich men. Therefore MPAputs the gender and poverty analysisframework into operation for the purpose
of estimating the sustainability of a WSESfacility. MPA utilize a set of public specific
indicators to measure sustainability,demand, gender, and poverty sensitive-ness. Each is measured in accordance
with the participatory tool for the com-
munity, the implementing agency and thepolicy maker. The result of communitylevel assessment is brought up by the rep-resentatives of user community and theimplementing agency to the stakeholdermeeting for the purpose of evaluating theinstitutional factors that are responsiblefor project impact and sustainability atthe field level. The result of the institu-tional assessment is used for reviewingnational as well as program level policies. MPA produce an aggregate of vil-
lage level qualitative data, some of themare quantified into ordinal system by the
community members themselves. Thenthe quantitative data can be statisticallyanalyzed.
In this way we can conduct an inter-community, inter-project and time seriesanalysis and at the program level.Therefore, MPA can produce a manage-ment information for large scale projectand suitable data for program analysis.
Who can benefit from MPA?MPA is open for a variety of uses. The
qualitative information obtained fromvisual observation can easily be convertedinto numerical process or graphical pre-sentation. The resulting community levelgraphs can be obtained immediately afterthe application of participatory tools tothe community groups, men, women,rich, poor, and then present them beforeand be verified by the community.Similar data from different times or fromother communities, after consolidationcan be used to help manager or projectpersonnel see the tendency and analyzeits causes. Assessment results from anumber of projects after being consolida-ted at program or national level can beused for policy analysis.
What are the requirements for usingMPA?
MPA is open for a variety of uses.The qualitative information obtainedfrom visual observation can easily beconverted into numerical process orgraphical presentation. The resulting
community level graphs can be obtainedimmediately after the application of par-ticipatory tools to the community groups,men, women, rich, poor, and then pre-sent them before and be verified by thecommunity. Similar data from differenttimes or from other communities, afterconsolidation can be used to help mana-ger or project personnel see the tendencyand analyze its causes. Assessmentresults from a number of projects after
being consolidated at program or natio-nal level can be used for policy analysis.
What are the requirements for using
MPA?MPA is designed as an integral partof a project, not as an accessory or assomething independent. That is whyMPA need a funding agency who feelsobliged to design a new or an on-goingproject applying the participatory assess-ments.
Although in many countries there aremany experienced facilitators in theapplication of participatory methodolo-gies, they still need a specific training inusing MPA. First, MPA add an analyticalframework that enhances sustainabilityand provide possibility for the conver-sion of participatory data into quantita-tive codes for use in sustainability analy-sis. Second, since the whole characteris-tics are participatory MPA enhance thelearning process of the participants. Askilled and gender- and poverty-sensitivefacilitator is the key to enhancing thecycle of learning process and actions atall levels.
Source: National Policy for Develop-ment of Community-Based Water Supplyand Environmental Sanitation Document
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What is behind the birthof WASPOLA program?Actually, up to the present time wedo not have a national policy for
water supply and environmentalsanitation. That is why we are fre-quently wielded over by the donoragencies. Thus, we need such a
policy, which we could use as gui-dance in dealing with the donoragencies. Thank God if we couldfund it on our own, but at themoment it seems unlikely since weare still in shortage. At that time
we could say this is our nationalpolicy. If you could accept it wecould sit together and negotiate,
but if not we have to say we aresorry, and thank you for your kindattention and help. In that way wecould be more focused.
As an example, in bilateral relation-
ships, the donor countries have a prefe-rence to specific location. Australia, forinstance. They preferIndonesia Timur.
Why? Why don't they likeIndonesiaBarat, anyway there a great variety ofproblems in Indonesia. Germany, isanother example. For Transmigration
Area Development (TAD) they preferKalimantan Timur. Why not SE. Malukuor SE. Sulawesi? Similar situation isencountered with the World Bank andother donors.
I believe that if they have the samevision with us in solving WSES develop-ment problems, they should not havepreference to any specific location. Whynot we deal it as equals?
Seeing it as something new, howwas the program in the beginning?
When we started with the design, wewere somewhat at a loss because watersupply and environmental sanitation
basically encompass a very wide horizon.Whether it would be based on rural andurban, or what? If it is based on areas,rural and urban, it is but logical thaturban areas are growing rapidly so that
the problems of the rural are left behind.Is it that we want? Finally we look at itin terms of function, some facilities are
managed by an institution while othersby the community. It so happens thatthis almost coincides with urban-ruralphenomenon. Generally in urban themanagement is done by an institution
while in rural areas by the community.We do not start from urban and rural,because we want to avoid discriminationissue. Such as town population get thisamount and villagers get that amount.
Who decides those numbers? In the pastthe town people got 100 liters per se-cond, the villagers got 60 liters per se-cond. Who justifies those? Why this dis-
crimination in level of service? That iswhy we do not want to start from there.We want to start from the managementinstitution. By an institution and by thecommunity. If possible both are dealt
with simultaneously.
How far is WASPOLA's achieve-ment?
Up to this time what has been com-pleted is the national policy for the com-munity based. We are now movingtoward the institutionally based.
Why should it be that way?We have three patterns, each with
different level of complexity. We startedfrom the easiest, i.e. the community
based. This has been started sincePelitaIandII. Under the umbrella ofInpresSarana Kesehatan. It was supply driven,though. What do the villagers need, we
made the logical allocation. There wasthen an empowerment componentembedded within the project, though inminor format. The current becomesstronger after the reform that makes it arequirement that community empower-ment must be strengthened. Yet at thattime there was no tools for that purpose.Then we looked for the most suitabletools. It turned out that supply driven isnot suitable for this purpose. Thisapproach leads to low sense of belong-ingness within the community. Now wechange into demand driven approach,
depending on the real demand of thecommunity. Even then it is still notenough because this does not guaranteethe growth of sense of belongingness.Therefore there must be community con-tribution. This is one way in developingthe sense of belongingness. This is what
we compile into policy and strategy for-mula. We tried to accommodate theinterest of all the stakeholders whetherthey are from inside or outside the localgovernments and the community. What
we did was providing facilitation until wecame to the present formulation. Interms wording it seems that the formuladoes not mean anything to the bureau-cracy but from the view of the communi-ty it proves excellent. The nuance is nomore instructive, rather it opens newperspective.
How about the institutionallybased?
This is more complicated because insti-tutional is often linked to the corporate cul-ture of each sector especially one that isalready managed by a public company,such as local government owned company.
NT E R V IE W
Ir. Basah Hernowo, MA :
Director of Human Settlement and Housing, Bappenas
'We Need a National Policy"
I
6 PercikAugust 2003
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It turns out that the amount ofNPL (non performing loan) is so
big that it is not possible to solve it
with only one policy. Theapproach must be multi-sectoralincluding legislative, Ministry ofFinance, and local governments.Need a common effort in findingsolution. Therefore we have toapproach it in phases leading to anational policy for institutionally
based. We have to work harderbecause there are too many inte-rests and stakeholders involved.
What is the future outlookonce the national policy is
completed?We would expect that we would
not be wielded by the donor agen-cies any more. We could becomeself reliant. It could be better if wecould fund through central govern-ment budget, without loan. But itseems unlikely. Currently the
budget for human settlement sec-tor is Rp. 1,35 trillion per annum.That's not enough to meet thedemand. Up to 2009, we need 50trillion Rupiahs for filling up thegap of WSES provision in
Indonesia. It means that we shouldprovide 10 trillion rupiahs perannum. That's a problem.
Therefore, we have to conductsome sort of "marketing" and atthe same time also we are requiredto explain to the local governmentabout something like better refrainfrom buying service vehicles andinstead put the money for WSESdevelopment. And increase in lo-cal government budget from e.g.3% to 8%. And if we find someregions with a strong willingness
but they do not have enough mo-ney we are ready to share the costs.
The program approach callsfor a change in paradigm.What barriers are expected?
Many. One and foremost isresistance to change, especially fromthe bureaucrat. Secondly, sectoralegoism. Everyone wants to be leaderin his sector. The third relates toinstitutional structure. Needs areform in the manner such as a go-
vernment sincerely plays a true facili-tator role, not just a lip service. Thisneeds a cultural reform and a seriouscommon effort.
NT E R V IE W I
7 PercikAugust 2003
Richard Hopkins,
Team LeaderWASPOLA Project
"There are stillmany things to do"
In the beginning WASPOLA was faced with manybarriers because this program applies a differentapproach, i.e. the focus is placed on the processand formal as well as informal inter-agency coordi-nation/collaboration as the basic foundation for
the policy formulation. In the early stages,WASPOLA moved very slowly, and it was causedby the common understanding in implementingthe program has not taken its shape, especially po-licy development through a process approach
Another matter that happened during the earlystages was frequent changes in members of the
working group, so that it needed a relatively extraeffort in order to maintain consistency andprogress of the overall WASPOLA activities. Itturned out that the approach was successful in
building sense of belongingness and commitmentof the government, and this is showed from thehectic schedule of WASPOLA activities during the
last two years, especially those related to institu-tionally based policy formulation, coordinationwith local governments, and lessons learned fromeach districts. By the end of the second year theactivity found its acceleration, at the time when a
working group from related departments began toshow interest in WASPOLA activities. This wasenhanced by the fact that pursuant to regionalautonomy the responsibility for WSES sectordevelopment is relinquished to local government.In the third through the concluding (2003) years
was noted with an increasingly more productiveactivities by the Working Group. Not only in poli-cy discussion but also in field activities that sup-
port policy reform. This indicates a markedimprovement in sense of belongingness of the go-vernment. In the end, all those involved, especial-ly the inter-sectoral working group came to realizethat policy formulation through participatorymethodology, though in the beginning was seem-ingly dull and loathsome, but in the end producessomething very useful. At the most importantthing that the policy is acceptable to the stakehol-ders, because all of them participated during thedevelopment process. Although many things have
been achieved yet still many more are awaiting tobe done.
We would expect that we would not bewielded by the donor agencies any more.We could become self reliant. It could be
better if we could fund through APBN,without loan. But it seems unlikely.
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BackgroundStarting from the fact that the
responsibility for WSES sector develop-ment is now relinquished to district go-
vernment, WASPOLA Working Grouptried to introduce a new breakthrough inpolicy formulation, especially for WSES
development. Through an involvementof a wide variety of stakeholders, espe-cially at district level, its hoped that thedistrict aspiration, could be accommo-date and finally the policy could beimplemented in the districts.
After the basic idea accepted at theNational Working Group forum, several
basic questions emerge, what is theamount of resources for providing facili-tation to the regions all over the country,
who will do it, in what mechanism, howlong is the time it will take, and so on.
It is indeed not easy to facilitate
about 400 districts within a relativelyshort time, while the National Policy forDevelopment of Community-Based Wa-ter Supply and Environmental Sanitationdocument must be finalized by the mid-dle of 2003. Under the consideration oflimited resources it was concluded that inthe initial stage only several regions wereto participate, later in the future thismight be done in a larger scale combined
with the necessary improvement to thepolicy, taking lessons learned from thisinitial stage.
It was not even easy to
decide on the number of districtsto participate, since there was anapprehension, whether the par-ticipation was based solely onthe obedience to the central go-
vernment, rather than awarenessof the importance of WSESdevelopment. On the otherhand, WASPOLA being the partypromoting the demand respon-sive approach also tried to avoidunilateral appointment pattern
which dismiss the opportunity
for the regions to voice out willingness orreluctance in the program offered.Therefore each of the districts selectedmust be able to provide their best contri-
bution in policy development process,and it was also expected that the policy
would be directly adopted to the formula-tion of WSES development policy andplanning of their respective districts.
Selection of DistrictsFrom a series of discussions within
the national working group it was agreedto invite several potential districts to
enrich the policy which was being formu-lated. The selection was based on theexistence of similar activities within thescope of policy implementation, such as aproject which applies the principles con-tained in the policy, for instance WSLIC-2, UNICEF sanitation project, KfW/GTZ
water supply project. Specific attentionwas also paid that the regions selectedsufficiently represent the geographicaldistribution.
There was uncertainty in the begin-ning of whether the regions would parti-
cipate in the policy formulation that cer-tainly has nothing to do with physicaldevelopment project. In general, theregions would only be interested in phy-sical development or something that
would be followed with physical develop-ment. On the contrary, WASPOLA does
not bring physical project at all. It wouldcontain policy dialogues, and it could beproduce boredom.
But the presumption was entirelymistaken, because all 10 kabupatensinvited to a seminar in Yogyakarta 9-12October 2002 were present andexpressed willingness to participate.
The success in convincing the dis-tricts that WSES development need aspecial attention was born from an openand participatory effort. In this opportu-nity an introduction was given about theobjectives of the field trial, and what kind
of activities were involved in the exercise.Besides, the districts also discuss amongthemselves how this policy could beapplied in their respective areas.Including the site selection criteria forthe localities to participate in the fieldtrial, if such a selection is required.
Out of 10 interested districts only 4kabupatens were selected. This is
because the limited resources availablewith the WASPOLA Working Group. Thefour kabupatens are Sumba Timur,Subang, Musi Banyuasin, and Solok.
Field Trial ProcessIn broad line the field trial
process consists of three phases,preliminary understanding,advancement, and independentpractice. Facilitation support thatprovided by the WASPOLASecretariat/Working Group up tothe second phase, while in thethird the district has had sufficientcapacity to work independently indeveloping their district policy andits implementation.
PINIO N
Field Trial for the Implementation of NationalPolicy for Development of Community-BasedWater Supply and Environmental Sanitation
A new approach in policy development
O
8 PercikAugust 2003
By: Sofyan IskandarWASPOLA Project Coordinator
1. Obtaining inputs from the districts for policyimprovement
2. Adoption of the basic policies contained in thenational policy into the development of districtspolicy
3. Obtaining inputs for marketing the policy toother districts in Indonesia
In broad line, the objectives of the Field Trial forthe Implementation National Policy for
Development of Community-Based Water Supplyand Environmental Sanitation in the districts are:
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The preliminary understanding phaseconsists of introduction of the impor-tance of WSES sector to key stakeholdersin the district, conducted through formaland informal visit, discussions, meetings,and concluded with a seminar. The main
activities undertaken in all the participa-ting districts consisted of a review of theperformance of WSES service in the past,
at present, and its outlook in the future.In this way the regional stakeholders willidentify the issues, the challenges and theopportunity for WSES sector develop-ment in their respective districts.Further the stakeholders may start withdrawing a rough planning for WSESdevelopment of their districts.
In the advancement phase which rep-resents the continuation of the previousactivities the stakeholders are invited tostudy the substantive matters of thenational policy. The process containsparticipatory discussions about the policy
guidelines in the district context. Tobroaden the perspective, a review is alsomade to a successful project and one thatmet with a failure. Through a field visitand an interview with the user, thefindings are brought up to a kabupatenlevel discussion.
Field Trial Result The regional stakeholders have
come to understand that 5 factors, name-ly social, institutional, financial, technicaland environmental influence the sustain-
ability of a WSES facility. All the regionsunderstand that all components areinterrelated but each region sees thatthere is a specific factor fulfilled if thesocial barrier, i.e. the social structure of agiven community, could be exploitedoptimally. In Kab. Subang, however, thetechnical factor is considered more influ-ential, since geologically the region can
be divided into 3 categories, mountain-ous, moderately flat and coastal plains.The selection of an appropriate approachand suitable technology option becomethe focus of interest in Subang. In Solok,the role of institutional factor is more
dominant, when the nagari holds astrategic position in the sustainability of
WSES service provision. As it is inSubang, Musi Banyuasin also sees thattechnology option is the most dominant,this relates to tidal swamps and river
banks which make up a substantial por-tion of the district area. There is a common recognition
that in the general the basic policies canbe understood, and can be used as refe-rence in WSES sector development bythe region. In Kab. Subang the district
working group were able to formulate the
vision and mission of WSES program ofthe district, entitled Subang Sehat 2008.The Musi Banyuasin Working Group taketime to review the Muba Sehat 2005.Solok Working Group formulated SolokSehat 2010. Sumba Timur WorkingGroup enriched the understanding about
vision and mission of the kabupatenespecially in WSES sector. Though it was understood, yet the
present document still needs someimprovement, especially in the use ofspecific terms with ambiguous meaning. There is an increasing communica-
tion intensity among stakeholders in thedistrict, therefore the efficiency WSESsector development will be increase. The introduction of participatory
methodology in policy development atdistrict level contains an attraction forthe districts, because it is a substantiveimprovement, and can also be applied fordevelopment planning in general. Thismethodology is considered very effectivefor collecting information and ideas froma wide range of sources within a relative-ly short time.
It can be assumed that while theformal version is not yet available, thedistrict might be able to start adoptingthe main policy guidelines for their ownpurposes because substantively theguidelines are acceptable and well under-stood. This of course does not deny theimportance of the legal format.
Concluding remarkOnce the National Policy for Develop-
ment of Community-Based Water Sup-ply and Environmental Sanitation docu-ment is finalized and legally acknow-ledged the next step will be its imple-mentation at a national scale. What isleft for the National Working Group todo is to decide how this can be effectivelyundertaken. Whether it will be preciselylike the field trial in 4 locations, with animplication that a big amount of
resources would be needed, especiallyfunding and availability of qualified faci-litators. It is deemed necessary to findnew ways to endorse the implementationof this policy so that it is not only formal-ly accepted, but it is also put into the realpractice. Besides, it is no less importantis the flexibility in the part of theNational Working Group in accommo-dating additional inputs from the regions
which may be too valuable to miss for thefuture improvement of the policy.
PINIO NO
9 PercikAugust 2003
1. Sumba Timur, East Nusa Tenggara
2. Sumba Barat, East Nusa Tenggara
3. Timor Tengah Selatan,East Nusa Tenggara
4. Wonosobo, C. Java
5. Garut, W. Java
6. Subang, W. Java
7. Musi Banyuasin, S. Sumatra
8. Sawahlunto Sijunjung,
W. Sumatra
9. Solok, W. Sumatra
10. Pasaman, W. Sumatra
Kabupatens invited toseminar of national WSES
policy formulation:
Availability district administra-
tion support, as indicated with aformal letter from the head ofthe district
Commitment to participate inthe activities, as indicated in the
willingness to form and func-tionalize districts technical teamCondition of the area in relation
to complexity of issues and geo-graphical distribution
1.
2.
3.
The criteria for site selectionaccording to the participants
of the seminar:
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IS C E L L A NE O U S
National Policy for Development ofCommunity-Based WSES
PURPOSE1. General
Improvement of people welfarethrough sustainable management of
water supply and environmental sanita-tion.
2. Specifica. To improve development, provi-
sion and maintenance of WSES infra-structures and services.
b. To improve manageability and sus-tainability of WSES infrastructures and
services.
POLICY GUIDELINESWater as an Economic Good andSocial Good
Until today, some communities per-ceive water as an social/public good withno economic value, obtained and usedat no cost to the user. This belief has ledto the lack of community's motivation toconserve environment and other related
water resources (both quantitatively andqualitatively), excessive exploitation andunchecked use of water coupled with
slow progress in the development of skilland technology for water reuse and recy-cle have persisted.
In order to drive reform in suchexisting public perceptions and to con-firm that water in an rare commodityrequiring a degree of sacrifice, either
with money or time to obtain and use,public campaign effort targeting all le-
vels of the community should be imple-mented. The underlying principle of
WSES as an economic good is that theuser pays for service.
Informed Choice as a Basis forDemand Responsive ApproachTo improve effectiveness of the appro-
ach the government which plays as facilita-tor is required to offer the community withinformed choices covering every aspect of
WSES system development, including tech-nological, financial, environmental, socio-cultural and management institution.
Environmentally-Based DevelopmentDevelopment of water supply infra-
structure, starting from raw water source
intake, through distribution and treatmentsystems, and the ultimately to the finalhousehold distribution network should fol-low the rules and regulations pertaining toenvironmental conservation. Likewise, thedevelopment of environmental sanitationinfrastructures, especially those built tomanage waste should abide by environmen-tal rules and regulations.
Hygiene EducationSustained WSES management requires
WSES development to be comprehensive
and capable of stimulating change for bettercommunity hygiene behavior to improvequality of life. Initiative to change behaviorshould emphasize comprehensive properhygiene and healthy living education as acompulsory and principal component offuture WSES development, developmentplanning and implementation should notfocus strictly on the physical construction ofinfrastructures.
Poverty FocusIn principle, every individuals in
Indonesia has the right to receive adequate
and sustained WSES services. Therefore,the limited capacity of the government,
WSES development must focuses on thepoor and other disadvantaged member ofthe community and that requires them to
be active participants and decision-makers.So that their demands could be fulfilledfairly and properly.
Active Role of Women in DecisionMaking
Women play a prominent role in thedaily activities to meet the demand forhousehold WSES, therefore it is natural
that woman actively participate in WSESdevelopment. According to UNICEF andWorld Bank studies of WSES project inIndonesia, women's involvement in thedevelopment process of WSES systems,from planning, through implementationand to management, evidently increase thesustainability of the system.
Accountability in the DevelopmentProcess
The era of decentralization and trans-parency no longer positions communities as
objects, but rather as subjects in the WSESdevelopment process. This policy aims toenhance community ownership of infra-structures and community awareness ofsound management principles early in theprocess. Therefore, WSES developmentshould foster transparency and openness,providing the opportunity for all stakehol-ders to contribute according to their capaci-ties during the process beginning fromplanning, implementation, operation andmaintenance, to service improvement.
Government as FacilitatorFacilitation should not be translated as
provision of physical infrastructure or directsubsidy, but rather the role of governmentin providing continuously technical and nontechnical assistance to enhance communityempowerment in order to enable them toplan, construct and manage their own
WSES system and other support activities.
Community ParticipationAll members of the community must be
actively involved in each phase of the deve-lopment. However, considering the limita-
tion of time and space the involvement isimplemented through a democratic repre-sentation mechanism and reflects the accom-modation of the demands of the majority.
Optimum Service and Right TargetOptimum means a service that satisfies
the demand, equitable and ease of access.Right target means as a coverage complies
with the scope of issues within the communi-ty.
Application of Cost Recovery PrincipleThe financial capacity of the govern-
ments (central as well as regional) is insuffi-cient to continuously develop and buildWSES systems for all communities. In sup-port a sustainable service development it isnecessary that the construction and manage-ment of WSES system be based on the prin-ciple of cost recovery.
In this connection, informationregarding the cost recovery obligationmust be made available and open to allstakeholders, especially the user commu-nity, so that they are aware of the size oftheir investment.
M
10 PercikAugust 2003
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Representatives from 33 dis-
tricts and 7 provinces gathered
together for annual DCT
(District Coordination Team)
and PCT (Provincial Coordination
Team) coordination meeting at Hotel
Hilton, Surabaya, 20-22 August 2003.
The purpose was to improve coordina-tion among DCTs and PCTs in the imple-
mentation of WSLIC-2 (Water and sani-
tation for Low Income Communities
Phase 2) project, evaluation of imple-
mentation activities, and planning for
the future. For comparative study the
participants were brought to several
project sites in Kab. Malang.
The opening was made by Suyono
Dikun Ph.D, IPM, Deputy for
Infrastructure, Bappenas, who delivered
a keynote speech. In his speech Dr
Dikun stresses the importance of regio-
nal diversity and specific demand betaken into consideration. This means
that regional development must be
geared to the aspiration of the communi-
ty and regionally based. The central gov-
ernment will only provide direction and
relinquish all power to the regions to
develop themselves. " Based on this
responsibility the government exercise a
strong commitment to help in strength-
ening the regional capacity."
In connection with WSLIC-2 project
it is recommended that the regions allo-
cate sufficient counterpart funds for the
local goverment budget for cross-sectoralactivities since the national budget is in
shortage.
After the in-house meeting the par-
ticipants are brought to visit WSLIC-2
projects in Malang.
IE L D V IS IT
Annual Coordination Meeting of
DCT and PCT WSLIC-2 Project
F
11 PercikAugust 2003
In first week of August 2003 WSES
Working Group visited Pagelaran
Village, Kec. Ciomas, Bogor. This vil-lage is a field laboratory for trial the
implementation of National Policy for
Development of Community-Based Wa-
ter Supply and Environmental Sanitation.
The village has its uniqueness. In the
middle of the village lies the Ciburial
water spring, as raw water source for
PDAM Kab. Bogor, but its population is
in constant water shortage especially du-
ring dry season. The most difficult situa-
tion is experienced by those who live in
RW 8 to the south of the spring and it'slocated at a higher elevation.
The chief of village, H. Achmad Tohir
said that in May 2000 the community
was hit by a serious diarrhea. This was
caused by insufficiency of water supply
system and unfavorable environmental
condition. "It was in the news every-
where," he added.
Because of that disaster the village
was then given a compensation of 20 mil-
lion from the local government of Kab.
Bogor. Then the community started
moving to look for their own watersource. A water spring was located on
290 m2 land area at Desa Pasir Erih,
Kec. Tamansari. The discharge is about
10,6 litre per second and located 13 m
higher than Desa Pagelaran. In early
2003 water was beginning to flow
through a very simple piping system.
"The community began practicing some
changes. From a habit of bathing in the
river, they now do it in a bathroom", the
village chief said.
In an MPA discussion facilitated bySuprapto from the WSES Working Group
it was revealed that the management is
still in poor condition. Only one man is
doing that. "Sometimes water flows nice-
ly, another time it is choked," A Suhardja,
one of RT chairmen said. This happens
because water is not evenly distributed.
Even then, many of the community
members feel satisfied. This was
expressed Endih, another RT chairman.
The reason being, his RT is located
in the highest location of the village. But
he also found out there is a lot of water
uselessly wasted because there is no on-
off mechanism in the homes.
From the community responses,
Suprapto, with his specific style, summa-
rized several technical shortages such as
the need to enlarge the water intake,
firmer construction, improvement to
management system.
When asked about contribution they
stated their willingness to contribute Rp
5000 per month. The government willcontribute pipes and cement.
As a beginning the community are
requested to prepare a social map and
piping network. It is hoped that all the
RW 8 population could enjoy the service.
The community is enthusiastic. In the
near future the Group will return to the
village and see what the villagers are
doing.
A bit of hope in Pagelaran
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Up until recently the practice of
WSES system development isbased on supply driven
approach that ends up in inefficiency.Many of the constructed systems are leftunattended because they are not in con-formance with the demand of the com-munity. By the year 2000's together
with the acceptance of National Policyfor Development of Community-Based
Water Supply and EnvironmentalSanitation the system development is
beginning to put forward the applicationof demand responsive approaches.
In the above context, this book(though has been in circulation for sometime) is still very relevant as guidelinesfor WSES system development by thestakeholders.
It is generally understood that thebenefit of community participation in
decision making process could enhancethe success of a development project.However, since the empirical data sup-porting this conclusion are qualitativemany development practitioners reservesome doubt. This report tries to explainthis conclusion through three importantquestions. First, how big does communi-
ty participation contribute to projecteffectiveness? Second, what kind ofcommunity and government characteris-tics can speed up the process? Third,how can community participation beenhanced through community managed
water supply development policy andtechnical design in 49 developingnations? The result indicates that com-munity participation indeed providescontribution to project effectiveness.
It is generally acknowledged thatinfrastructure is key to economic
development. Since 1950 through1990 most of the developing nationsdepend on the government investmentfor infrastructure development especiallyenergy, telecommunication, transporta-tion and water supply. But we are alsoaware that the speed is decreasing. It isestimated that 1 billion people do nothave access to water supply, and 1,2 bil-lion are without basic sanitation facility.In addition to that rate of inefficiency ishigh.
The above constraints together withgovernment lack of fund way out must be
found through private sector participa-tion. This condition made an increasing
of private sector participation since1980's. It this context this report
becomes very useful in explaining objec-tively based on trend analysis the privateparticipation phenomenon in infrastruc-ture development especially energy,telecommunication, transportation anddrinking water in developing nationsduring 1990-2001. There were at least2.500 private infrastructure projectsdeveloped in 132 developing nations withtotal investment of USD754 billion on
which this report is based.
O O K INFO
The Contribution of People's
Participation Evidencefrom 121 Rural Water Supply Project
B
12 PercikAugust 2003
Title:The
Contributionof Peoples
ParticipationEvidence From
121 Rural
Water SupplyProject
Author:Deepa Narayan
Publisher:Environmentally Sustainable
Development OccasionalPaper Series No.1 The World
Bank Washington DC,July 1995
viii + 108 pages
Title:Private
Participation inInfrastructure;Trend in
DevelopingCountries in1999-2001
Energy, Telecommunication,Transportation, Water
Author:Ada Karina Izaguire etc.
Publisher:The World
Bank and Public Private InfrastuctureAdvisory Facility (PPIAF), 2003
xiii + 160 pages
Private Participation in Infrastructure ;Trend in Developing Countries in 1999-2001
Energy, Telecommunication,Transportation, Water
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Information in this website represents
a part of UNESCO (United Nations
Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization) website. During the last
30 years there are several important
events and milestones that are related
to Water Supply and Environmental
Sanitation:
E BS IT E INFO
Conclusions and Important Conferences
During the Last 30 Yearshttp://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/milestone/
W
13 PercikAugust 2003
1980-1990 International Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Decade
1992 International Conference on Water and Environment in Dublin
This conference produces a statement known as Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development that places attention to economic valueof water, involvement of women, and poverty.
UNCED Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro
This conference produces Rio Declaration on Environment and Development that highlights issues on collaboration, community participation,water supply and sanitation, human settlement, sustainable development. Agenda 21 was formulated.
1997 First World Water Forum in MarrakechThis forum produces Marrakech Declaration that highlights water supply sanitation, integrated water management, ecosystem conservation,gender quality, and efficient use of water.
2000 Second World Water Forum
In this forum it was agreed World Water Vision, Marketing Water Everybody's Business that states that water has various uses and importance fordomestic, food and irrigation.
In this it was also declared UN Millennium Declaration which contains Millennium Development Goals (MDG's), one of which being reducing byhalf the number of population without access to drinking water and sanitation in year 2015.
2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in JohannesburgIn this meeting the world leaders emphasize their commitment to MDG's
2003 Third World Water Forum in JapanThis forum is commemorated with the publication of First Edition of the World Development Report.
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"Why should we have to have atoilet?" That is used to be said
by population in village EntalSewu when we asked them about construc-
ting a toilet. The same statement we gotfrom the neighboring village. What theyhad in mind was that building toilet cost alot of money because a toilet is identical to a
big septic tank. That's why they preferredto defecate in river or drainage canal.
Whereas their village is located just in a cor-ner of a big town of Sidoarjo.
This condition made Sutrisno Hadi(56 years), a retired government employeeand motivator of Sehat Foundation inEntal Sewu promise himself to change thelocal community.
Based on a survey conducted in year
2001 by the Foundation in Mlaten hamletof Sidokepung there are only 7 householdswith a toilet out of 90, while in village EntalSewu there are only 340 toilets in a total of700 households. The Foundation considersthis situation must change otherwise it willproduce an adverse effect to health condi-tion of the whole community in the future.However, it was understood that to break ahard habit is not an easy thing.
Sutrisno had an idea that awarenessmust be built starting from family level andmoving gradually to a common awarenessin the whole community, from domestic(household to household) approach gradu-ally into a systematic process. The aware-ness building was conducted through theJamban Keluarga (family latrine) andPembuangan Limbah Keluarga (family se-
werage) Programs. With patience he talkedto convince the community the importanceof having a toilet, through door to door visit,speaking in RT meeting, and in any gathe-ring. With a joke but deeply convincing hetalked to families with a adolescent girl buthave no toilet he would say: "if some daysomeone came to you proposing your
young lady and it happens that he needs to
go to a toilet, where would you take him?To the river?" Beside the above methodmessage after message was delivered in
writing reminding the community "not todefecate in the open". The various methodsproved effective in building the awareness.
In Sutrisno's mind, if not now when will
hygiene behavior be promoted? Should wewait for government subsidy? Isn't it thecommunity really capable? An indeed, thecommunity is capable of buying moreexpensive belongings. Isn't it by having atoilet also a way to build one's honor? Theproblem lies in awareness. And thereforethe awareness is to be grown and nurtured.
All this time, according to Sutrisno,there's a lot of government effort made tointroduce household toilet program butsince the introduction was made throughproject without initiative from the commu-
nity, many of the constructed facilities areleft unattended and never been functioning.In other words, in terms of toilet and envi-ronmental sanitation, community motiva-tion for building awareness and empower-ment must be considered as equally impor-tant as the physical construction itself.
Focus on physical construction and you aresure to come to problems.
And the idea is right. Toilet construc-tion is not necessarily expensive and thecommunity, indeed, can afford it. To fur-ther convince them, Sutrisno asked thecommunity to make calculation, how manyfamilies to use one toilet, plan to be emp-tied once in how many years, what kind ofconstruction materials to be used. With asimple calculation it was septic tank that is
best and most economical. To again con-vince them, observation was made to find
IR R O R
Having a toilet, it is hard in
the beginning but at the endwe are proud of itAn experience of SEHAT Indonesia Foundation, Sidoarjo, E. Java
M
14 PercikAugust 2003
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out which of the materials were alreadyavailable and what the remaining still needto be bought.
Loan from SEHAT IndonesiaFoundation
As it was stated above, the communi-ty is actually has the resources theyneeded, but for a toilet they feel sothrifty and reluctant to spend anythingexcept if there was a loan which they willpay back in installments. From an initialcapital of Rp3.250.000, derived fromcontribution of the foundation officers inSeptember, the fund was revolving andin July 2003 has grown to Rp8.530.000and has served more than 80 householdsincluding loans for repair of sewerage.
Average loan is Rp300.000 to 600.000and repayment period of 4 to 8 months.
In its implementation theFoundation and the borrowers agree to aloan agreement. Each borrower ischarged with an added value of 1,5% permonth in order to guarantee that the lat-ter borrower and those in the waiting listget materials of similar value. The valueadded is not an interest like that of theordinary bank, it is only to guarantee the
sustainability of the service. However,many of those in the village say that theFoundation is practicing usurious len-ding. Only after some explanation thatthey began to understand. The lessonlearned from this is how important it isto conduct a continuous socialization ina suitable format and in the right placeso as to make those who oppose under-stand the essence.
Not only toiletThe steps in toilet development
apparently lead to the growth of commu-
nity awareness to improve the quality ofinfrastructure for hygiene behavior. Inthe beginning the members of the com-munity came to borrow for toilet con-struction but later they also want it torepair the sewerage to dispose of waste-
water from their kitchen. Others evenborrow to add a window to allow lightand fresh air flows into their house andalso repair of the floor. Hygiene mes-sages continue to transmit from SEHATIndonesia Foundation, beside toilet alsoa reminder to prevention of careless
garbage disposal through placement ofgarbage bins in mosque and mushallas
by the Foundation.Since the beginning of the first len-
ding on 10 Sept. 2000 till July 2003 the
growth of service for toilet and othersanitation facilities are as the following:Creating pride
The SEHAT Indonesia Foundationhas an obsession, i.e. to make toilet andsewerage a family pride. The messagethat says: "I am proud having a toilet"seems fit for it. This is evidenced from
several borrowers who got excited fromseeing their neighbors and asked howthey could borrow from the Foundation.
IR R O R M
15 PercikAugust 2003
No. borrowers Growth of service coverageMonth
Toilet Sewerage Toilet Sewerage
Feb 2001 10 10 18 10Aug 2001 18 2 36 12
Feb 2002 9 3 47 15
Aug 2002 5 7 52 23
Feb 2003 4 6 56 29
Jul 2003 4 10 60 39
58 38 269 128
30 September 2000 31 July 2003
Rp. 3.350.000 Rp. 8.530.000
Growth of service coverage for toilet and sewerage
SEHAT Indonesia Foundation
Period of 2000/2003
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"Imagine how comfortable it is, now wedon't have to go to the river any more",that was the expression of some whohave built toilet. They are proud thatnow they have a toilet.
The approach as applied by theSEHAT Indonesia Foundation:
1. Build awareness of the importanceof environmental sanitation infrastruc-ture.
2. Enhance family interest to own atoilet and put it as top priority.
3. Create a condition in which thecommunity is able to put value to theirsanitation facility and compare it with
the condition before they own one orwith those who do not have one.
4. Create a condition where the com-munity is proud of his facility thereforeuse it and maintain regularly.
5. Enhance other families to adoptwith or with outside assistance based onawareness and understanding about theimportance of a sanitation system forthem.
Ideals for the futureAlthough the scale is still relatively
small but what has been accomplished
by SEHAT Indonesia Foundation con-tains a strategic meaning. TheFoundation hopes that in the future: Someone would adopt and
improve the community initiativeapproach in environmental sanitationsystem development activity. Inclusion of community participa-
tion approach through the role of a com-mitted and environmental-sanitation-related NGO into the development stra-tegy of the Local Government. There still many villages with
problems in environmental sanitation,
therefore a partnership with an NGO likeSEHAT Indonesia Foundation could beconsidered as a sustainable model.
SEHAT Indonesia Foundation wishesto become partner to various parties in
village/kelurahan and area developmentstrategy for environmental sanitation.
The efforts made by SEHATIndonesia Foundation Sharing of experience with govern-
ment of Kabupaten Sidoarjo especiallywith Dinas Kesehatan, Dinas
Lingkungan and Kimpraswil. Performing partnership with Kab.
Sidoarjo in facilitating community par-ticipation for the development of sanita-tion facility in 4 kelurahans.
ConstraintsAs an institution dealing with envi-
ronmental sanitation a number of con-straints come on the way: How to change the critical aware-
ness of the community from the habit ofindividualistic thinking into systemic. How to change the partner's per-
spective especially the government
employees who behave like a contractorlooking for a project. How to exploit financial resources
to fund activities that up to now areentirely based on voluntary commit-ment. How to convince and enhance the
government and other stakeholders todevelop a holistic partnership scheme
with SEHAT Indonesia Foundation for
environmental sanitation which is notlimited in ideas and opinions only butalso includes financial scheme in thelight of program sustainability.
Alternatives for partnership withSEHAT Indonesia Foundation Grant fund to increase coverage of
environmental sanitation to be managedas a revolving fund by the communityunder the supervision and facilitation ofthe Foundation. Provision of loan without interest
by government or other stakeholder forenvironmental sanitation development
expansion. Fund management is fully inthe hands of SEHAT IndonesiaFoundation and will be paid back within3 years at least. Provision of soft loan to be paid
back in installments for at least 5 yearswith one year grace period.
Provision of technical assistancefor environmental-sanitation-relatedprojects.
IR R O R M
16 PercikAugust 2003
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