Indonesia – Info and Misc Data

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Indonesia – Info/Data

Background

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the

islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan'ssurrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities,

and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949.

Indonesia's first free parliamentary election after decades of repressive rule took

place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third-largest democracy, the world's

largest archipelagic state, and home to the world's largest Muslim population.

Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing

terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism,

implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, holding the

military and police accountable for past human rights violations, addressing climate

change, and controlling avian influenza. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace

agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh

in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face a low intensity separatist movement

in Papua.

LocationSoutheastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the PacificOcean

Area(sq km)total: 1,904,569 sq kmland: 1,811,569 sq kmwater: 93,000 sq km

Geographic coordinates 5 00 S, 120 00 E

Land boundaries(km)

total: 2,830 kmborder countries: Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua NewGuinea 820 km

Coastline(km)54,716 km

Climatetropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Elevation extremes(m)lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 mhighest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Natural resourcespetroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal,gold, silver

Land use(%)

arable land: 11.03%permanent crops: 7.04%other: 81.93% (2005)

Irrigated land(sq km) 45,000 sq km (2003)

Total renewable water resources(cukm)

2,838 cu km (1999)

Freshwater withdrawal(domestic/industrial/agricultural)

total: 82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%)per capita: 372 cu m/yr (2000)

Natural hazardsoccasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes;forest fires

Environment - current issuesdeforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air pollutionin urban areas; smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - internationalagreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,



Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, TropicalTimber 94, Wetlandssigned, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - notearchipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles equator;strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean toPacific Ocean

Population 240,271,522 (July 2009 est.)

Age structure(%)0-14 years: 28.1% (male 34,337,341/female 33,162,207)15-64 years: 66% (male 79,549,569/female 78,918,321)65 years and over: 6% (male 6,335,208/female 7,968,876) (2009 est.)

Median age(years)total: 27.6 yearsmale: 27.1 yearsfemale: 28.1 years (2009 est.)

Population growth rate(%) 1.136% (2009 est.)

Birth rate(births/1,000 population) 18.84 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Death rate(deaths/1,000population)

6.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)

Net migration rate(migrant(s)/1,000population)

-1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Urbanization(%)urban population: 52% of total population (2008)rate of urbanization: 3.3% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)

Sex ratio(male(s)/female)

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/femaleunder 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/femaletotal population: 1 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Infant mortality rate(deaths/1,000live births)

total: 29.97 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 34.93 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 24.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth(years)

total population: 70.76 yearsmale: 68.26 yearsfemale: 73.38 years (2009 est.)

Total fertility rate(childrenborn/woman)

2.31 children born/woman (2009 est.)

Nationalitynoun: Indonesian(s)adjective: Indonesian

Ethnic groups(%)

Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%,Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified29.9% (2000 census)

Religions(%)Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)

Languages(%)Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, localdialects (the most widely spoken of which is Javanese)

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Indonesiaconventional short form: Indonesialocal long form: Republik Indonesialocal short form: Indonesiaformer: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

Government type republic

Capital

name: Jakartageographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 Etime difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC duringStandard Time)note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones

Administrative divisions30 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 2 special regions*(daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital



city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu,Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur,Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, KalimantanTimur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung, Maluku,Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, PapuaBarat, Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, SulawesiTenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera

Utara, Yogyakarta*

note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1January 2001, the 465 regencies and municipalities have become the keyadministrative units responsible for providing most government services

Constitution

August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and ProvisionalConstitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendmentsconcluded in 2002

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous conceptsand by new criminal procedures and election codes; has not acceptedcompulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch

chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009); note - thepresident is both the chief of state and head of governmenthead of government: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vicepresident are elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) bydirect vote of the citizenry; last held on 8 July

2009 (next to be held in 2014)election results: Susilo BambangYUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo BambangYUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA12.4%

Legislative branch

People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house, consists of members of DPR and DPD, has rolein inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending theconstitution, does not formulate national policy; House of Representativesor Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats, members elected to servefive-year terms), formulates and passes legislation at the national level;House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD),constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPRon issues affecting regions elections: last held 9 April 2009 (next to be heldin 2014) election results: percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%,GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%; seats by party - PD 148,GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA26, HANURA 17 note: 29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the voteso did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seatswon does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung is the final court of appeal but doesnot have the power of judicial review (justices are appointed by thepresident from a list of candidates selected by the legislature); in March2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financialresponsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice andHuman Rights; Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested bythe president on 16 August 2003) has the power of judicial review,

jurisdiction over the results of a general election, and reviews actions todismiss a president from office; Labor Court under supervision of SupremeCourt began functioning in January 2006; the Anti-Corruption Court has

jurisdiction over corruption cases brought by the independent Corruption



Eradication Commission

Political pressure groups andleaders

Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS;Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW; Indonesian Forum for theEnvironment or WALHI; Islamic Defenders Front or FPI; People'sDemocracy Fortress or Bendera

International organizationparticipation

ADB, APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-20, G-77,IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU,ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID,UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU,WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white(top) and red

Economy - overview

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has made significant economic advancesunder the administration of President YUDHOYONO but faces challengesstemming from the global financial crisis and world economic downturn.Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio in recent years has declined steadilybecause of increasingly robust GDP growth and sound fiscal stewardship.The government has introduced significant reforms in the financial sector,including in the areas of tax and customs, the use of Treasury bills, andcapital market supervision. Indonesia's investment law, passed in March2007, seeks to address some of the concerns of foreign and domesticinvestors. Indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment,inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment,and unequal resource distribution among regions. The non-bank financialsector, including pension funds and insurance, remains weak. Despiteefforts to broaden and deepen capital markets, they remainunderdeveloped. Economic difficulties in early 2008 centered on highglobal food and oil prices and their impact on Indonesia's poor and on thebudget. The onset of the global financial crisis dampened inflationarypressures, but increased risk aversion for emerging market assets resulted

in large losses in the stock market, significant depreciation of the rupiah,and a difficult environment for bond issuance. As global demand hasslowed and prices for Indonesia's commodity exports have fallen,Indonesia faces the prospect of growth significantly below the 6-pluspercent recorded in 2007 and 2008.

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$916.7 billion (2008 est.)$864 billion (2007 est.)$812.8 billion (2006 est.)note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate) $511.8 billion (2008 est.)

GDP - real growth rate(%)6.1% (2008 est.)6.3% (2007 est.)5.5% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)$3,900 (2008 est.)$3,700 (2007 est.)$3,500 (2006 est.)note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector(%)agriculture: 14.4%industry: 48.1%services: 37.5% (2008 est.)

Labor force112 million (2008 est.)

Labor force - by occupation(%)agriculture: 42.1%industry: 18.6%services: 39.3% (2006 est.)

Unemployment rate(%)8.4% (2008 est.)

9.1% (2007 est.)Population below poverty line(%) 17.8% (2006)



Household income or consumptionby percentage share(%)

lowest 10%: 3%highest 10%: 32.3% (2006)

Distribution of family income - Giniindex

39.4 (2005)37 (2001)

Investment (gross fixed)(% of GDP) 23.6% of GDP (2008)

Budget

revenues: $92.62 billion

expenditures: $98.88 billion (2008 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)(%)

9.9% (2008 est.)6.3% (2007 est.)

Stock of money$41.71 billion (31 December 2008)$47.78 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of quasi money$131.5 billion (31 December 2008)$127 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit$166.2 billion (31 December 2008)$170.2 billion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly tradedshares

$98.76 billion (31 December 2008)$211.7 billion (31 December 2007)$138.9 billion (31 December 2006)

Economic aid - recipient

ODA, $2.524 billion (2006 est.)

note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in official foreign debt (about25% of GDP), with Japan ($25 billion), the World Bank ($8.5 billion) andthe Asian Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as the largest creditors; about$6 billion in grant assistance was pledged to rebuild Aceh after theDecember 2004 tsunami; President YUDHOYONO disbanded theConsultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) donor forum in January 2007

Public debt(% of GDP)29.3% of GDP (2008 est.)56.2% of GDP (2004 est.)

Agriculture - productsrice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra;poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Industriespetroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining, cement,chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food, tourism

Industrial production growth rate(%)3.7% (2008 est.)

Current account balance$604 million (2008 est.)$10.49 billion (2007 est.)

Exports$139.3 billion (2008 est.)$118 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities(%) oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Exports - partners(%)

Japan 20.2%, US 9.5%, Singapore 9.4%, China 8.5%, South Korea 6.7%,

India 5.2%, Malaysia 4.7% (2008)

Imports

$116 billion (2008 est.)$85.26 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities(%) machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Imports - partners(%)Singapore 16.9%, China 11.8%, Japan 11.7%, Malaysia 6.9%, US 6.1%,South Korea 5.4%, Thailand 4.9% (2008)

Reserves of foreign exchange andgold

$51.64 billion (31 December 2008 est.)$56.92 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external$155.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.)$141.2 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment -at home

$67.3 billion (31 December 2008 est.)$58.96 billion (31 December 2007 est.)



Stock of direct foreign investment -abroad

$6.656 billion (31 December 2008 est.)$9.225 billion (2006 est.)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 9,698.9 (2008), 9,143 (2007),9,159.3 (2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004)

Currency (code)

Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Telephones - main lines in use 30.378 million (2008)

Telephones - mobile cellular 140.578 million (2008)

Telephone system

general assessment: domestic service fair, international service gooddomestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domesticsatellite communications system; coverage provided by existing networkhas been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many locatedin remote areas; mobile cellular subscribership growing rapidlyinternational: country code - 62; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout

Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Internet country code .id

Internet users 30 million (2008)

Airports 683 (2009)

Pipelines(km)condensate 735 km; condensate/gas 73 km; gas 5,797 km; oil 5,721 km;oil/gas/water 12 km; refined products 1,370 km; water 44 km (2008)

Roadways(km)

total: 391,009 kmpaved: 216,714 kmunpaved: 174,295 km (2005)

Ports and terminalsBanjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang,Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok

Military branches

Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI- Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL); includesmarines, naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)),National Air Defense Command (Kommando Pertahanan Udara Nasional(Kohanudnas)) (2009)

Military service age andobligation(years of age)

18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45(officers); Indonesian citizens only (2008)

Manpower available for militaryservice

males age 16-49: 63,800,825females age 16-49: 61,729,717 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military servicemales age 16-49: 52,997,922females age 16-49: 52,503,046 (2009 est.)

Manpower reaching militarilysignificant age annually

male: 2,197,323female: 2,126,412 (2009 est.)

Military expenditures(% of GDP) 3% of GDP (2005 est.)

Disputes - international

Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixedland and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; Timor-Leste-Indonesia Boundary Committee has resolved all but a small portion of theland boundary, but discussions on maritime boundaries are stalematedover sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinaiin the north and alignment with Australian claims in the south; manyrefugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia andrefuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settledsome parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ'saward of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left thesovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oilblock in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has promptedIndonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areasnorth of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, andillegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy



remains a problem in the Malacca Strait; maritime delimitation talkscontinue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to

Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certaincatches

Refugees and internally displacedpersons

IDPs: 200,000-350,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh;most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi Provinces, andMaluku) (2007)

Electricity - production(kWh) 134.4 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - production bysource(%)

fossil fuel: 86.9%hydro: 10.5%nuclear: 0%other: 2.6% (2001)

Electricity - consumption(kWh) 119.3 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - exports(kWh) 0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - imports(kWh) 0 kWh (2008 est.)

Oil - production(bbl/day) 1.051 million bbl/day (2008 est.)

Oil - consumption(bbl/day) 1.564 million bbl/day (2008 est.)

Oil - exports(bbl/day) 85,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)

Oil - imports(bbl/day) 671,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - proved reserves(bbl) 3.99 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)

Natural gas - production(cu m) 70 billion cu m (2008 est.)

Natural gas - consumption(cu m) 36.5 billion cu m (2008 est.)

Natural gas - exports(cu m) 33.5 billion cu m (2008)

Natural gas - proved reserves(cum)

3.001 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalencerate(%)

0.2% (2007 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with

HIV/AIDS

270,000 (2007 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths 8,700 (2007 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: high

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, andtyphoid fever

The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japanoccupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared itsindependence after Japan's surrender, but it required four years of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before theNetherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. Indonesia's first freeparliamentary election after decades of repressive rule took place in 1999.Indonesia is now the world's third-largest democracy, the world's largest

archipelagic state, and home to the world's largest Muslim population.Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventingterrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism,implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption,holding the military and police accountable for past human rights violations,addressing climate change, and controlling avian influenza. In 2005,Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in

Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006.Indonesia continues to face a low intensity separatist movement in Papua.

Literacy(%)

definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 90.4%male: 94%female: 86.8% (2004 est.)

School life expectancy (primary totertiary education)(years)

total: 11 yearsmale: 12 years



female: 11 years (2005)

Education expenditures(% of GDP)

3.6% of GDP (2006

Documents

Indonesia – Info and Misc Data