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9/3/12 Indo-US Relations 1/6 www.sakshieducation.com/(S(ccdwnnrdm3250u3pwyeg4145))/GroupII/GIIPDFStory.aspx… Education Home | Contact | Feedback Home Current Affairs General Essay Mock Tests Bit Banks Civils Special Ask The Expert DSC GK Group II / Group I Prelims Study Material Group II Model Papers Current Affairs Special Indian History Geography Mental Ability Sci & Tech Biology Physics Chemistry Group II Study Material Paper II AP History Polity Paper III Indian Economy AP Economy Group I Mains Study Material Group I Prep. Guidance Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV Paper V Model Q & A Study Material for Banks Quantitative Aptitude Computer Knowledge Reasoning General Awareness DSC Study Material Model Papers Preparation Plan Perspectives in Education Language Pandit Telugu English School Assistant Secondary Grade Teacher Methodology IndoUS Relations Introduction: 1. New Level of Maturity in IndoUS Ties: India's relations with the US have reached a new level of maturity where both sides can live with their differences without their fundamental friendly good relations being affected adversely. IndoUS relations have never been better, with bilateral exchanges in every area, including peaceful uses of nuclear energy. 2. Basic Shift in US Policy towards India: Offer for Cooperation in Civilian Nuclear Technology: The IndoUS Civil Nuclear Agreement gives India access to civilian nuclear technology which was denied to India for three decades. Analysts point out that this goes well beyond what was being considered under the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership (NSSP). Defence Cooperation Agreement: The US has also offered a defence cooperation agreement with India that includes joint production. Analysts point out that such a provision is provided only to close allies of the US like South Korea and Turkey. This is seen as unprecedented in IndoUS ties. Institutional Means to Convert Aspects of NSSP into Tangible Projects: The US has also offered India the institutional means to convert aspects of the NSSP, including economic cooperation and provision of space technology, into tangible projects. The US Wants India to Become a Great Power: The US has emphasised time and again that it wants India to become a great power and sees on threat in India taking such a role. This was conveyed to India's Prime Minister by the US Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, during her visit to India in March 2005. 3. Reasons Behind the US Desire to Make India a Major Power: Relations with India Need to go Beyond NSSP: The US has come to the conclusion that relations with India should go beyond the NSSP. Therefore the US announced that it would help India in its efforts to become a world power in the 21st century. Recognition of India's Growing Power: Analysts feel that the US has developed a new respect for India as growing power on account of its nuclear tests, its high economic growth, its achievements in the IT sector and its good export performance. Wants a Balance of Power in Favour of Freedom: Analysts point out that the US feels that the current world order is not conducive to US security interests. Thus, the US wants a "balance of power in favour of freedom". India fits into this equation perfectly. The US feels that India's partnership will be crucial in shaping the international order in the 21st century. China Factor: Analysts opine that the US is not comfortable about the rise of China and is therefore encouraging India to maintain the balance of power in the region as well as in the world. 4. Broader IndoUS Strategic Relationship: IndoUS relationship is being transformed from a bilateral one to a strategic partnership, according to the then US Ambassador to India, David C Mulford. The US is in favour of a decisively broader strategic relationship to help India achieve its goals as one of the world's great multiethnic democracies. The vision embraces cooperation on a global strategy for peace, defence, energy, and economic growth. 5. Shared Common Values and Interests: Mr. Mulford pointed out that IndoUS relationship is based on shared common values and interests. Both sides work together closely in countering terrorism, share the view that extremist governments have no place in the international system, cooperate in fighting HIV/AIDS, and work together to build stronger economic relations. The US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s Visit to India (July 1821, 2009): Search

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Indo­US Relations

Introduction:

1.  New Level of Maturity  in Indo­US Ties: India's relations with the US have reached a new level of maturity where both

sides can live with their differences without their fundamental friendly good relations being affected adversely. Indo­US

relations have never been better, with bilateral exchanges in every area, including peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

2.  Basic Shift in US Policy towards India:

Offer for Cooperation in Civilian Nuclear Technology: The Indo­US Civil Nuclear Agreement gives India access

to civilian nuclear technology which was denied to India for three decades. Analysts point out that this goes well

beyond what was being considered under the Next Steps in Strategic Partnership (NSSP).

Defence Cooperation Agreement: The US has also offered a defence cooperation agreement with  India  that

includes joint production. Analysts point out that such a provision is provided only to close allies of the US like

South Korea and Turkey. This is seen as unprecedented in Indo­US ties.

Institutional Means  to Convert Aspects of NSSP  into Tangible Projects: The US has also offered  India  the

institutional  means  to  convert  aspects  of  the  NSSP,  including  economic  cooperation  and  provision  of  space

technology, into tangible projects.

The US Wants India to Become a Great Power: The US has emphasised time and again that it wants India to

become a great power and sees on threat in India taking such a role. This was conveyed to India's Prime Minister

by the US Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, during her visit to India in March 2005.

3.  Reasons Behind the US Desire to Make India a Major Power:

Relations with India Need to go Beyond NSSP: The US has come  to  the conclusion  that  relations with  India

should go beyond the NSSP. Therefore the US announced that it would help India in its efforts to become a world

power in the 21st century.

Recognition of  India's Growing Power: Analysts  feel  that  the US  has  developed  a  new  respect  for  India  as

growing power on account of its nuclear tests, its high economic growth, its achievements in the IT sector and its

good export performance.

Wants a Balance of Power in Favour of Freedom: Analysts point out  that  the US feels  that  the current world

order  is not conducive to US security  interests. Thus, the US wants a "balance of power in favour of freedom".

India  fits  into  this  equation  perfectly.  The  US  feels  that  India's  partnership  will  be  crucial  in  shaping  the

international order in the 21st century.

China Factor: Analysts opine that the US is not comfortable about the rise of China and is therefore encouraging

India to maintain the balance of power in the region as well as in the world.

4.  Broader  Indo­US Strategic Relationship:  Indo­US relationship  is being  transformed  from a bilateral one  to a strategic

partnership, according to the then US Ambassador to India, David C Mulford. The US is in favour of a decisively broader

strategic  relationship  to help  India achieve  its goals as one of  the world's great multi­ethnic democracies. The vision

embraces cooperation on a global strategy for peace, defence, energy, and economic growth.

5.  Shared Common Values and Interests: Mr. Mulford pointed out that Indo­US relationship is based on shared common

values and interests. Both sides work together closely in countering terrorism, share the view that extremist governments

have no place in the international system, cooperate in fighting HIV/AIDS, and work together to build stronger economic

relations.

The US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s Visit to India (July 18­21, 2009):

  Search

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1.  First Visit to India as Secretary of State: The US Secretary of State visited India from July 18­22, 2009. This was her

first visit to India after taking charge as the US Secretary of State. She was the highest­ranking member of the Obama

Administration to visit India.

2.  Three Hi­Tech Agreements Finalised during the Visit:

a.  End User Monitoring Agreement (EUMA):

India has been signing an end­user monitoring agreements (EUMA) for all dual­use and high­technology

purchases from the US since 1984. All high­tech deals, military or civil had separate EUMA clauses.

The  current  End  User  Monitoring  Agreement  (EUMA)  finalised  during  US  Secretary  of  State  Hillary

Clinton’s  visit  is  an  umbrella  agreement  with  the  US  to  skip  deal­to­deal  hassles.  It  is  seen  as  the

harbinger of greater defence cooperation.

As per the agreed EUMA text, the US can physically inspect defence equipment and technology sold to

India,  but  the  time  and  place  of  verifications  would  be  decided  by  India.  This  would  avoid  on­site

verification.

The US insists that countries acquiring sensitive military technology from it do have an end user pact.

b.  Technology Safeguards Agreement (TSA) ­ An End User Agreement in Space Sector: The new Technology

Safeguards Agreement signed by the US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and India’s External Affairs Minister

S.M. Krishna would cover launches involving satellites owned by the US government or academic institutions or

by third country space agencies and universities which have US equipment on board. Since the components and

satellites would have to be integrated with ISRO’s launch vehicles the TSA would provide for monitoring by the

US to ensure against diversion or misuse of equipment.

c.  Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement was also signed by India’s External Affairs Minister and the US

Secretary of State.

3.  Joint Statement:

a.  Defence Cooperation:

The  two  sides  reaffirmed  their  commitment  to  the  early  adoption  of  a UN Comprehensive Convention

against International Terrorism, which would strengthen the framework for global cooperation.

Defence cooperation envisaged under the Defence Cooperation Framework Agreement of 2005 would be

prioritised.

Agreement  to  move  ahead  in  the  Conference  on  Disarmament  towards  a  non­discriminatory,

internationally and effectively verifiable Fissile Material Cut­off Treaty (FMCT).

A  high­level  bilateral  dialogue  to  close  gaps  on  achieving  global  nuclear  non­proliferation  and

cooperation to prevent nuclear terrorism.

Consultations on nuclear fuel reprocessing arrangements and procedures to start from July 21, 2009.

b.  New Architecture of Strategic Dialogue:

Discussions would take place on exchanging views on reforming the UN Security Council, the G­8 and the G­20

so  that  these organisations and groupings  reflect  the world of  the 21st century  in order  to maintain  long­term

credibility, relevance and effectiveness.

c.  Economics and Trade:

Commitment to Open Trade and Investment Policies: The Statement noted that as G­20 members, India

and the US had pledged to work  together with other major economies  to  foster a sustainable recovery

from the global economic crisis through a commitment to open trade and investment policies.

Both Sides committed to facilitate a pathway forward on the WTO Doha Round.

Pledged to cooperate to preserve the economic synergies,  to  increase and diversify bilateral economic

relations and expand trade and investment flows between the two countries.

Negotiations for a Bilateral Investment Treaty would be scheduled in New Delhi in August 2009.

Resolved to harness the ingenuity and entrepreneurship of the private sectors of both countries with the

newly­configured CEO Forum.

d.  Education:

Both  sides  affirmed  the  importance  of  expanding  educational  cooperation  through  exchanges  and

institutional collaboration.

Agreed on the need to expand the role of the private sector in achieving this.

e.  Science & Technology:

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e.  Science & Technology:

The two sides concluded a Science and Technology Endowment Agreement and signed a Technology

Safeguards Agreement (TSA).

Both  sides  welcomed  India’s  participation  in  the  Future  Gen  Project  for  the  construction  of  the  first

commercial scale fully integrated carbon capture and sequestration project and in the Integrated Ocean

Development Project, an  international endeavour  for enhancing the understanding of Earth and Ocean

dynamics and addressing the challenges of climate change.

Agreed to form working groups to focus on new areas of common interest ­ nano­technology, civil nuclear

technology, civil aviation and licensing issues in defence, strategic and civil nuclear trade.

f.  Energy and Climate Change:

Both sides to intensify collaboration on energy security and climate change.

Efforts  to  be  made  to  increase  energy  efficiency,  renewable  energy,  and  clean  energy  technologies

through the India­US Energy Dialogue and a Global Climate Change Dialogue.

Bilateral S&T Collaboration to Support Transfer of Technology in Areas of Mutual Interest: Agreement

to  launch  a  process  of  bilateral  scientific  and  technological  collaboration  to  support  the  development,

deployment and transfer of transformative and innovative technology in areas of mutual interest, including

solar and other renewable energy, clean coal and energy efficiency and other renewable areas.

Commitment to Work Together for Positive Results in the UNFCCC Conference on Climate Change:

Both countries affirmed their commitment to work together with other countries,  including through Major

Economies  Forum  (MEF),  for  positive  results  in  the  UNFCCC  conference  on  Climate  Change  in

Copenhagen in December 2009.

g.  Deepening Indo­US Relations:

a.  Five  Pillars  of  New  Architecture  of  Indo­US  Strategic  Dialogue:  The  US  Secretary  of  State  Hillary

Clinton highlighted five pillars that would form part of the new architecture of strategic dialogue with India

as follows:

Strategic Cooperation

Energy and Climate Change

Education and Development

Trade and Agriculture

Science & Technology

b.  Strategic Dialogue to be Taken Forward by Five Working Groups:

Strategic Cooperation Working Groups ­ address non­proliferation, counter­terrorism, and military

cooperation.

Energy and Climate Working Groups ­ continue the energy dialogue and initiate discussions on

action to address climate change.

Education  and Development Working Groups  ­  seek  to  enhance  cooperation  in  education  and

initiate discussions on women’s empowerment.

Economics, Trade and Agriculture Working Groups ­ continue discussions on business, trade and

food security.

Science  &  Technology  Working  Groups  ­  explore  new  areas  for  cooperation  in  leading

technologies, and in addressing health challenges.

c.  Agreement signed  for creating $30­million endowment  to be used  for  joint  research and development,

innovation and entrepreneurial and commercialisation activities in science and technology.

d.  India  pledged  to  designate  two  nuclear  energy  park  sites  in  the  country  for  development  by  US

companies.

e.  India  and  the  US  intend  to  launch  the  “third  phase”  of  their  relationship  by  expanding  the  ambit  of

dialogue to include an annual meeting between the External Affairs Minister and Secretary of State and

involving non­governmental figures and organisations.

f.  India­US Strategic Dialogue to be launched in 2010 would focus on wide range of bilateral, global, and

regional issues, continuing programmes now being implemented and taking mutually beneficial initiatives

that complement Indian and US development, security and economic interests.

g.  US Does Not Oppose ENR Technology Transfer  to  India: The  visiting  US  Secretary  of  State  Hillary

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g.  US Does Not Oppose ENR Technology Transfer  to  India: The  visiting  US  Secretary  of  State  Hillary

Clinton  said  that  the  recent  G­8  resolution  on  curbing  transfer  of  nuclear  enrichment  reprocessing

technology does not apply to India. She pointed out that the US had just completed a civil nuclear deal

with  India.  So  if  the  ENR  technology  transfer  is  done  within  the  appropriate  channel  and  carefully

safeguarded, as it is in the case of India, that’s appropriate.

h.  Prime Minister Manmohan Singh accepted US President Barack Obama’s  invitation  to  visit  the US on

November 24, 2009. This would be the first state visit under the new Administration.

h.  Criticism of the End­Use Monitoring Agreement (EUMA) between India and the US:

a. Opposition Charge ­ Intrusive Inspections of Sensitive Defence Installations would Compromise the

Country’s Sovereignty: On July 21, 2009, Opposition parties in the Parliament charged that the US the

Government had compromised India’s sovereignty by allowing intrusive inspections of sensitive defence

installations under the End­Use Monitoring Agreement (EUMA) with the US.

b. Government  ­  No  Question  of  Diluting  Country’s  Freedom,  EUMA  an  Agreement  between  two

Sovereign States Relating to High­End Defence Purchases: The External Affairs Minister S.M. Krishna

made identical statements in both Houses of the Parliament as follows:

The EUMA systematises ad hoc arrangements for  individual defence procurements from the US

entered into by previous governments.

The EUMA would henceforth be referred to in letters of acceptance for Indian procurement of US

defence technology and equipment.

There was  no  question  of  the Government  diluting  or  bartering  away  the  country’s  freedom  or

sovereignty, as it was an agreement between two sovereign States relating to high­end defence

purchases.

Conclusion:

1.  Agreements Signed between India and the US during the Visit of the US Secretary of State to India would

have a Long­Term Impact on Bilateral Relations:

Analysts point out that the agreements finalised and signed between India and the US during the visit of

the US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to India would have a long­term impact on bilateral relations.

The EUMA could be the harbinger of greater defence cooperation between the two countries as India can

now access cutting­edge US technology and the US companies can enter India’s market.

The TSA  in  the  field  of  non­commercial  use  of  space was  also  very  significant  as  it was  an  umbrella

agreement that was likely to dispense the individual licensing by the State Department.

Both sides agreed to undertake more collaborative projects in different fields, including energy and trade

and agriculture.

The quality of implementation of these agreements would be under scrutiny in both countries as evident

from the protests from the Opposition in the Parliament, according to analysts.

2.  The Obama Administration’s Resolve to Implement the Indo­US Civil Nuclear Agreement in both Letter and

Spirit is Significant: The US Secretary of State reiterated the Obama Administration’s resolve to implement the

Indo­US  nuclear  deal  both  in  letter  and  spirit.  She  emphasised  that  the  US  would  not  withhold  transfer  of

attendant reprocessing and enrichment technology (ENR). This was significant as the implementation of the Indo­

US nuclear deal would help  India access world­class nuclear power  technology and boost up  India’s energy

security.

3.  Need for a Continuing Structured Bilateral Consultative Mechanism to Deal with Terrorism in the Region:

Defence analysts point out that if the Indo­US partnership is not to be influenced by the United State’s relations

with Pakistan and  if both are  to have a mutually agreed­upon strategy  to  face  the common threat of  terrorism,

there needs to be continuing structured bilateral consultative mechanism to deal with terrorism in the region. This

needs to be separate from the annual Strategic Dialogue.

4.  India  and  the  US  have  Common  Interests  in  the  Evolving  Balance  of  Power  in  Asia: Former  US  Deputy

Assistant Secretary of State for South Asia, Teresita Schaffer said that India and the US had common interests in

the evolving balance of power in Asia ­ in energy security, maritime security, climate change and peaceful and

harmonious rise of China. There was an opportunity  for both countries  to  reshape  the global non­proliferation

system in the wake of the Indo­US Civil Nuclear Agreement.

5.  Issues over which India and the US Differ:

Climate change ­ India is firm on not adopting a cap on emissions because it is not a significant polluter

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and economic growth is its priority. On the other hand the US wants a commitment from India on emission

cuts.

Outsourcing

NPT

CTBT

Approach towards Iran

6.  Indo­US Relations More Secure Than Ever Before: Analysts point out that despite a few irritants, the Indo­US

relations seem more secure than they have ever been. It is pointed out that there seems to be greater connectivity

between the political leadership which has led to the expansion of the relations.

7.  India Should Continue to Follow an Independent Foreign Policy: Finally, analysts opine that a close working

relationship with the US should be a priority in India’s foreign policy. At the same time India should continue

to follow an independent foreign policy retaining its freedom of options to exercise multifarious choices to

meet its national interests.

Related Topics..

India and the Global Financial Crisis… What Have We Learnt?

Changing Inflation Dynamics in India

Global Energy Security

Transnational Gas Pipelines

CHINA

Bangladesh

Russia

Indo­French Relations

Indo­Sri Lankan Relations

Genetically Modified (GM) Foods

Indo­Japanese Relations

India ­ EU Relations

Indo­EU Relations

Indo­EU Relations

India­China Relations

RIC: Russia­India­China

SAARC Summit in Colombo

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)

Non­Aligned Movement(NAM)

India A Rising Global Power

Disaster Management

Earthquake In China

Arctic Region Controversy

IBSA: India­Brazil­South Africa

European Union (EU)

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ASEAN

Earthquakes

East Asia Summit (EAS)

New Start to Global Nuclear Arms Reduction

Swine Flu ­ A(H1N1) Influenza

Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on India

Disaster Management

World Food Summit

Bird Flu (Avian influenza)

BRIC ­ Brazil, Russia, India, China

SAARC ­ Introduction

Group of Eight(G­8)