EU Green Capital Award 2015 Section 12 Energy Performance A. The present situation and development Context Bristol City has a population of 428,000 residents in 195,000 households. It is part of a wider sub-region of 1 million residents. In the last 10 years Bristol City's population has grown by 10% and the value of its economy has grown by 40%. There is no duty on municipalities in the UK to manage or reduce energy use. Bristol City Council (BCC) has responsibility to report and monitor home energy efficiency, to report and pay tax on its own energy use and to display Energy Performance Certificates in its public buildings. The energy supply and distribution industry in the UK is operated entirely by privately owned companies. Until 2010 UK councils were not even permitted to sell electricity to the National Grid from renewable energy generators. Micro renewable electricity generation Feed In Tariffs (FITs) were introduced in the UK 2010. These have undergone several significant changes, with the PV rate for households reduced by 65%. Half the homes in Bristol were built before 1919 with solid walls and are the most difficult in which to improve air-tightness and thermal efficiency. One third of the city’s homes are also subject to planning restrictions to maintain their heritage character. Seventy percent of homes in Bristol are occupied by single families. Bristol is a densely developed city. Figure 1 land use in Bristol (Source: BCC, 2011) © Crown Copyright and database right [2011]. Ordnance Survey [100023406]

Energy use and Bristol’s Energy Efficiency Performance Bristol is the most energy efficient of the 8 major English cities outside Londoni. It uses 20% less energy per person than the averageii. It is lowest in each end user sector – domestic, transport, and industry and commerial, as shown in Figure 2 and Table 1. This data is for 2010 – the most recent year of municipality level published UK data.

Figure 2 Energy use English Core Cities, by End User, 2010

2010 Industry & Commercial Domestic Transport Total

Bristol 5 7 4 17 Birmingham 6 7 5 21 Leeds 6 8 7 23 Liverpool 7 8 5 21 Manchester 8 7 5 21 Newcastle 8 8 6 22 Nottingham 6 8 4 21 Sheffield 7 8 4 22 Table 1 Energy use in English Core Cities, by End User

Bristol has successfully reduced its energy use by 15% per capita between 2005 and 2010, compared to an average 12% for the other major English cities and 10% for the UK as a whole (Figure 3) The most significant reductions have been in Industry and Commerce (20%) whilst Domestic has been reduced by 16% and Transport by 7%.

Figure 3: City-wide per capita energy consumption by year Domestic Transport Industry & Commercial Total 2005 8.5 4.4 6.8 19.8 2006 8.1 4.4 6.4 19.0 2007 7.7 4.4 5.9 18.1 2008 7.3 4.2 5.5 17.1 2009 6.7 4.0 5.2 16.0 2010 6.6 4.2 4.7 15.5 Table 2: City-wide per capita energy consumption by year

BCC has successfully improved the energy efficiency of housing by 25% since 2000/01, ahead of its targets (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Bristol City-Wide Housing Energy Efficiency Improvements

A.1 Energy performance in Municpal Buildings and Operations Non Domestic Bristol City Council actively manages energy thorugh a dedciated Energy Management Unit and has become the most energy efficient major English city council (energy use in its own operations per city capita)iii. Bristol has successfully reduced energy use/m2 of municipal buildings by 28% since 2003/4 (Table 3) Building Type Annual Energy

Consumption (kWh/m) Corporate Buildings 148 Leisure Centres 563 Primary Schools 151 Secondary Schools 105 Average across estate 156 Table 3 Energy consumption/m2 for 2011/12/ In 2003/4 BCC set a target to reduce energy use by 10% by 2010/11. It has achieved that target, and energy use is now 28% lower, saving some 50,000 MWh (Figure 5). In 2010 it set a new target for its own buildings, to mirror the target set for the city as a whole, to reduce energy use by 30% by 2020 (2005 baseline. It is ahead of this target and has reduced energy use by 18% since 2005 (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Municipal Building Energy Performance

Municipal Housing Bristol City Council owns 28,000 homes. The energy efficiency of municipal homes is good and has been improved substantially from Energy Performance Certificate average of E in 2002 to an average of C in 2012. A.2 Renewable Energy and Energy Mix Energy Supply Natural gas, national grid electricity and petroleum products are the main energy supplies to Bristol (Figure 6), typical of English cities.

Figure 6 Energy Supply to Bristol Bristol City Council has no statutory responsibility for managing the provision of energy or influencing the energy mix in the city. However, as part of its energy and climate strategies it is working to increase the generation of renewable energy. Bristol cty is a dense urban area and the municiaplity boundary does not include a rural greenbelt. This can be seen in Figure 1. As a result BCC’s plans and activies have focused on reducing energy use whilst promoting renewable energy as the UK market develops. Despite the limited resource and constraints BCC’s land use planning policy to encourage renewable energy development has led to a rapid growth in installed generation capacity, as shown in Table 3 and Figures 7 and 8 and even greater growth in consented projects.

Voluntary targets were set for the combined area of Bristol City and adjoining three municipalities, of 35-52MWe consented by 2010. Bristol has achieved this target within the city boundaries alone. Data is presented in Table 4.

Technology/ Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 To date

Electrical Installed Capacity (MWe) Quantity of projects 2 2 3 6 8 8 30 794 1,758 Advanced Waste Treatment 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 7.7 Onshore Wind 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Sewage Gas 2.3 2.3 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 Solar PV 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.2 5.4 Waste to energy

Biomass & Biofuel

Total 2.4 2.4 5.9 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.1 14.1 24.9 Thermal Installed Capacity (MWth)

Quantity of projects - - 2 4 7 13 39 73 73 Sewage Gas 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Biomass 0.4 0.8 1.2 2.8 3.8 6.9 6.9 Heat Pumps 0.2 0.2 Solar Thermal 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 Total - - 7.4 7.8 8.2 9.8 11.0 14.4 14.4 Table 4 Cumulative Renewable Installations in City of Bristol

Figure 7 Cumulative Renewable Installations

Figure 8 Existing and Consented Renewable Installations

A.3 Integration and performance of renewable energy technology

a) Municipal buildings Bristol City Council purchases 15% of its electricity from renewable sources to help stimulate production generally (Figure 9) BCC has also undertaken feasibility studies of renewable energy and developed schemes where viable, including: • Biomass - 15 sites, mostly using BCC’s own wood waste. • Wind - 6MW, under construction • Solar PV - 32 schools (568kWp)

Figure 9: Renewable electricity contribution to municipal building energy supply

b) Homes BCC has promoted the installaton of renewable energy systems in private homes. Data is collected for systems receiving Feed in Tariffs. The introduction of the UK Feed In Tariff in April 2010, has enabled 1,756 new solar PV installations with an installed capacity of 5.4 MWp, Figure 10. Figure 10 Cumulative Solar PV Capacity in Bristol

Bristol City Council is working closely with private electricty distribution companies to integrate solar PV into the grid. It is working on a UK national

pilot to reduce distribution network peaks, reduce thermal loading, harmonics and phase loading and help control the network voltage. The system uses battery storage and DC power systems. A.4 Integrated district systems and control systems District energy stystems are not well developed in the UK and they currently provide 1-2% of the UK’s heat demand. In cities heating is generally provided through indiviudal building gas boilers. UK municipal government does not have a formal role in this. However, BCC is planning district heating schemes in the city (see Section C).

B. Measures implemented over last five to ten years Bristol City Council has implemented several energy strategies in the past 10 years (Table 5) related to the city’s action to reduce CO2 emissions. In 2000 Bristol was the UK pilot of ICLEI’s Cities for Climate Protection programme. BCC prepared an energy inventory and developed the Bristol Climate Protection and Sustainable Energy Strategy. In 2009 Bristol joined the Covenant of Mayors and set ambitious targets to reduce energy use by 30% and CO2 emissions by 40% by 2020 and 80% by 2050 (from 2005 baseline) – more than the EU and the UK Government. BCC created a Sustainable Energy Action Plan to meet these commitments – The Climate Change and Energy Security Framework, and this was updated in 2012. Document name Content Status

Domestic Energy Performance Strategy

Plans to improve domestic energy efficiency

Completed

Climate Protection and Sustainable Energy Strategy & Action Plan

A Strategy and Action Plan to reduce Bristol’s CO2 emissions by 60% by 2050.

Adopted 2004. Completed.

Green Capital Action Plan

An updated action plan under the 2003 Strategy and integrated with wider environmental action.

Adopted 2009. Completed

Climate Change & Energy Security Framework

A Strategy and Action Plan that sets out how BCC will work with partners to reduce energy use by 30% by 2020 from 2005 baseline.

Adopted 2010. Being implemented Updated 2012.

Table 5: Current plans and strategies Bristol has successfully reduced energy use by 1% 2005-10, the first and latest years of data at the municipal scale.iv

B.1 Increasing the energy performance of municipal buildings Bristol City Council has used its own buildings to demonstrate good practice in energy management. Section A descibes its success at reducing energy use by 28% since 2003/4, and over achieving its targets. To achieve this BCC has: • Invested £2.2 million on non-domestic municipal buildings. A total of 185

buildings have been improved, with annual savings of over 16 GWh and 4,500 tCO2. The measures implemented are shown in Figure 11, with their associated CO2 savings.

• Modernised Streetlighting. A white light retrofit programme has so far replaced 10,500 lamps on main and distributor roads and fitting all of the city's illuminated bollards with LED lamps. Phase two and three will replace a further 12,500 and 11,000 lamps respectively. Figure 11 shows the associated savings – the large lighting upgrade segment.

• An Eco-Schools Progamme. Working with community groups to improve energy performance in schools. This has included puppet shows with the Green Finger Super Hero – who fights “Dr Energy Crime” by switching electricical appliances off (see right).

• Reduced the size of its office estate – using buildings more efficiently.

• Installed Automatic Meter Reading - providing accurate, real time data to improve management of electricty and gas.

Figure 11: Meassures implemented in BCC municipal non-domestic estate

B.2a Integration and performance of renewable energy technology in

municipal buildings. Bristol City Council has achieved its target to purchase 15% of is electricity from renewable sources to help stimulate the UK renewable energy market. BCC’s has also undertaken feasibility studies of renewable energy and developed schemes where viable: • Installation of 15 biomass boilers and creation of the UK’s first municipally

owned wood fuel station, supplied with fuel from the city’s parks and trees.

• A 6MW wind energy project – the first municipally owned wind turbines in the UK. Construction work has commenced.

• A £1.1m Solar PV for Schools programme - 32 schools and 568kWp. To received the solar Schools must invest in energy efficiency and raise energy awareness of staff and pupils – maximising the impact of the programme. (Figure X)

Figure 12 - The Mayor, teacher and pupils celebrating a new solar school

B.2b Integration and performance of newable energy technology in homes Bristol City Council has promoted the installaton of renewable energy systems in homes by: • Technology demonstration: BCC has

welcomed over 40,000 visitors to its public Eco-home (right).

• Public engagement: BCC has supported a social enterprise Bristol Green Doors to enable enthusiastic green citizens to open their homes to visitors to demonstrate energy saving and renewable enegy savings meaures. 70% of visitors were "more likely to install related solutions" after visiting the homes (right).

• Providing information – thorugh an on-line map of solar potential of every building in the city – using remote sensing and GIS (Figure 12)

• Creating supportive land use planning policy – allowing solar panels and other renewable installations.

• Reseach – working with the private electricity distribution company to integrate solar PV arrays to the gird using with battery storage and local DC power networks. This is a national demonstration project.

Combined with the introduction of Feed In Tariffs in April 2010, BCC’s work has enabled 1,756 new solar PV installations.

Figure 12 Bristol’s Solar On-line Map

B.3 Measures to improve the City’s overall energy demand performance Bristol City Council and partners have successfully implemented plans and involved citizens in action which has reduced energy demand by 15%. Improvements in Domestic Energy Performance BCC has invested approximately £10m per year and leveraged about £40m per year in private sector and home owner investment. It has resulted in over 35,000 homes being improved, with measures such as cavity wall and loft insulation, condensing boilers, over-cladding of problem non-traditional homes and installation of air source heat pumps where gas is not available. BCC, with European Commission support, is delivering two innovative projects aimed at supporting residents in understanding and reducing energy consumption through smart metering and ICT. Commercial energy performance Bristol’s economy is growing but energy use has been reduced by 20% between 2005-10. This has been achieved through a range of efficiency investment by businesses and growth of employment with lower energy use. The Bristol Green Capital Partnership is actively supporting large and small businesses and public bodies to take action. Over 150 organisations are now members of that partnership, with many having specific carbon plans. The West of England Carbon Challenge (WECC) invites organisations to cut their enegy use with incentive prizes. “At Bristol” were 2012 winners.

Figure 13 WECC winners “At Bristol” with their robotic bird scaring hawk BCC’s pioneering Green Addict Project identified the energy use of ICT in the City and has worked with key businesses to help then reduce their energy use.

C Bristol’s Energy Plans Objectives Bristol City Council’s goal is that Bristol remains the most energy efficient major city in the UK, providing citizens and businesses with secure and affordable energy to meet their needs, provided from local and national low carbon sources. In 2009 Bristol set targets to cut CO2 emissions in the city by 40% by 2020 and 80% by 2050, from 2005 levels. In 2010 Bristol produced the Bristol Energy Master Planv to translate carbon targets into energy efficiency and renewables targets for 2020 and 2050. Bristol has set out is plans for energy in its Climate Change and Energy Security Framework.

Figure 14 Bristol’s Climate Framework Citizen Communication

Energy Demand Reduction The main focus of Bristol’s approach is on improving the energy efficiency of buildings and industrial processes as the most cost effective means of creating a sustainable energy system and following the energy hierarchy. It has set a target to reduce the city’s energy demand by 30% by 2020 from 2005 baseline. Bristol City Council is actively working with the UK Government to influence, pilot and implement national policy. It is estimated that through effective working with national Government, Bristol can reduce enery demand by 22% - with the remaining 8% being achieved by local action (Table 6). By 2020 BCC aims to achieve savings of at least 480GWh per annum through energy efficiency measures, district heating and combined heat and power systems. Commercial

and Industrial Domestic Local road

transport Total

Baseline energy consumption – annual (2005) (GWh)

2,500 3,500 2,000 8,000

2020 savings target by sector (%) - annual

30% 30% 35% 30%

2020 savings target by sector (GWh) - annual

750 1,050 600 2,400

Proportion of savings coming from national programmes (22%) (GWh)

550 770 1,320

Savings needed from local initiatives (8%) (GWh)

200 280

Addressed in Transport Strategy 480

Table 6 National and local contributions to Bristol’s energy saving target

Figure 15 National and local contributions to Bristol’s energy saving target

The energy reduction target will be realised by action by BCC, private energy companies, local businesses, individual property owners and communities. To accelerate delivery BCC is planning to create a municipal energy services company and deliver a £300m investment programme of energy efficiency and renewable energy by 2020. BCC commenced this project with £2.2m assistance the European Investment Bank’s European Local Energy Assistance programme, funded via DG Energy. This will develop, secure investment and procure an initial £140 programme by 2015, extending to £300m by 2020. Initial estimates are that BCC’s action will directly save 150GWh/yr (3%) and provide 100GWh/yr of renewable energy (2%) – reducing non-renewable energy use in the city buildings by 5%. This is being refined through further feasibility studies. Municipal buildings and operations Leadership by the municipality is important and Bristol is using its own operations to demonstrate sustianable energy. It is investing over £50m. Delivery has begun and actions include: Renewable energy programme - biomass, wind and solar £14m -

commenced Solar Phase 2 - £8m Street lighting moderisation citywide - £4m - commenced Energy efficiency in public buildings - £10m Six small district networks using Council buildings as anchors. Domestic energy use and integrated renewables BCC is planning a £200M programme to 2020, including. Continued advice and support for residents to undertake simple insulation

measures. External wall insulation to 46 apartment blocks (£52m). Upgrading boiler systems and installing solar thermal systems in municipal

homes (£10m) Installing Solar Photovoltaic systems on municipal homes – detailed

feasibility work is underway to define the scale of the project following changes to UK Feed in Tariffs.

• Smart metering pilot projects in municipal housing. Industry and Commerce Bristol is also supporting action by businesses with advice services and

District heating projects in 5 key locations. It is also developing a low carbon enterprise zone, creating thousands of jobs supported by sustainable energy infrastructure.

Renewable Energy and Energy Mix Bristol currently produces renewable energy equivalent to 1.9% of its energy use (Table 7 and 8) Type GWh Power 1,922

Heat (gas) 2,991

Total Heat and Power 4,913

Transport 1,834

Total – all Fuels 6,747

Table 7 Demand for heat and power in Bristol (2010) Technology Electrical Heat Capacity

(MWe) Yield (GWh/yr)

Capacity (MWth)

Yield (GWh/yr)

Advanced Waste Treatment

7.7 32 - -

Hydroelectricity - - - -

Landfill Gas - - - -

Onshore wind 6.0 12 - -

Sewage Gas 5.8 25 - -

Solar PV 5.4 5 - -

Biomass 6.9 20

Heat Pumps - - 0.2 0.3

Solar Thermal - - 0.3 0.1

Total 24.9 75 14.4 20

Proportion of total annual demand

4% 0.7%

Table 8 Current mix of renewable heat and power in Bristol.

Potential to generate renewable heat and power in Bristol Research for the Bristol Energy Master Plan has provided a technical estimate of on how much renewable heat and power could be generated within the city (excluding fuels imported from other regions such as biomass). The total maximum renewable generation potential using resources from within the city of Bristol is estimated to be 1,236 GWh (95 GWh current plus 1,141 GWh potential) – Table 9. This represents 25% of Bristol’s current demand for heat and power and a 13 fold increase on current levels. This is a technical potential which is unlikely to be fully realised. Electricity

(GWh) Heat (GWh)

Total (GWh)

Waste 418 450 Hydroelectricity 0 Onshore wind 65 65 Sewage gas 25 25 Solar PV 384 384 Clean woody biomass 49 49 Treated waste wood 57 57 Wet bio-resource (anaerobic digestion)

29 29

Energy crops 5 5 Heat pumps 111 111 Solar thermal* 114 Total potential 892 251 1,143 Note: Solar thermal excluded from the total as it refers to the same opportunity as solar PV. Table 9 Estimate of Technical Renewable Energy potential within Bristol City

Bristol has created effective land use policies which are encouraging rapid growth in renewable energy generation consents. The estimated total energy production from the existing facilities and those recently consented would be 445 GWh – representing a 5 fold increase from current levels. (Figure x and Table 10)

Figure 16 Current, Consented and Potential Renewable Energy Generation

Technology Description Heat/

Power Rated output

Developer

Operational Energy from waste Pyrolysis plant processing 32kt/yr

of municipal solid waste Power 3.8 MWe Ethos Group

Photovoltaic PV systems in schools Power 0.6 MWp Bristol City Council

Photovoltaic Installation of 1756 PV systems (up to end of 2011) in response to Feed-in Tariffs

Power 3.5 MWe Private citizens and community organizations

Biomass Installation of 15 biomass heating boilers in council buildings

Heat 0.4 MWe Bristol City Council

Projects under construction Energy from waste plant Pyrolysis & gasification plant to

extract power from mechanical, biologically treated waste

Power 13 MWe New Earth Solutions

Energy from waste Incinerator processing residual waste

Power 30 MWe Viridor

Consented On-shore wind Two 3MW wind turbines at

Avonmouth docks. Power 6 MWe Bristol City

Council

On-shore wind Four 3MWe turbines at sewage treatment works in Avonmouth Bristol.

Power 8 MWe Wessex Water

On-shore wind Three 3MWe wind turbines at Bristol Port

Power 9 MWe Bristol Port Company

Photovoltaic – Domestic

Installation of PV systems on 1400 homes as part of work under ELENA

Power 2.8 MWe Bristol City Council

Photovoltaic – Municipal buildings

Installation of PV systems on 114 buildings

Power 2.4 MWp Bristol City Council

Proposed – awaiting consent Biomass Power Plant

Biomass Power Plant Power 100 MWe Helius Energy

Waste to energy Gasification unit processing waste derived fuel and converting plastics to biofuels

Power 12.5 MWe Cyclamax & SITA

17.7 MWth District Heating – as part of the work under ELENA.

5 district heating networks within the city

Heat & power

4.8 MWe

Bristol City Council

Additional renewable energy capacity based on imported fuels: Consented Liquid biofuel Biofuel energy plant Power 50MWe W4B Table 10 Recently completed and consented renewable energy projects in Bristol

Objectives to 2050 Energy demand reduction and renewable energy targets from 2020 to 2050 will be developed post 2015 in line with the city’s carbon reduction targets. These will reflect progress to date, and revisions to national carbon reduction targets as well as the recommendations of the independent Climate Change Committee to the UK government. Carbon reduction targets will be translated into energy efficiency and renewable energy targets in Bristol.

D References The Potential and Costs of District Heating Networks. A report to the Department of Energy and Climate Change, April 2009. i The major English Cities are called the Core Cities and are: Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham and Sheffield. http://www.corecities.com/ ii DECC 2012: Total final energy consumption at sub-national level http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/energy_stats/regional/total_final/total_final.aspx iii DECC 2010: CO2 emissions from local authorities' operations during financial year 2008/09 http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/local_auth/ni185/ni185.aspx iv DECC 2012: Total final energy consumption at sub-national level http://www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/energy_stats/regional/total_final/total_final.aspx v BCC 2010: Bristol Energy Masterplan