INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN

AMERICA

REVOLUTIONS IN AMERICA

PlantationCreolesMestizosJoseph BonaparteCabildos

REVOLUTIONS IN AMERICA The United States Revolution paved the way for

many other revolutions Why did the revolutions happen?

Life in the 1700s Rigid social classes

Highest social class born in Europe Enjoyed social privileges and controlled most of the wealth Plantation owners

Plantation is a large farm Creoles born in the America

Parents born in Spain Rich and well educated, not trusted Jealous of the spaniards

Mestizos Part Indian Part Spanish

Crafts People and shop ownersFew were rich

THE LOWER CLASSES Indians

Made up the majority of the population Had little to do with society Personal servants and laborers Poor and had few Rights

Africans—slaves Property of their owners

The three lower classes made up the majority of the people living in Spanish AmericaPoorFew rightsLittle chance at an education

Class systems varied from colony to colony but the general situation was the same.

2%

18%

30%

45%

5%

Class System in Spanish America

Spaniards Creoles Mestizos Indians Slaves

WHAT EVENTS INSPIRED SPANISH AMERICA? Enlightenment

Locke and Voltaire American Revolution

Colonies win French Revolution

All of these events led the people in Spanish America to demand their own rights

FRENCH HELP 1799 a revolutionary leader came into power

Napoleon Bonaparte 1808 Invades Spain

Joseph Bonaparte is placed on the throne of Spain

This event allowed the Spanish colonies to declare independence with out being disloyal to the king Revolutions broke out in 1810 with local governments

Cabildos—small governments or city councils The time was right to declare independence from Spain

Caracas- Venezuela Buenos Aires-Capital of La Plata

Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay Bogata-New Grenada Quito-Ecuador Santiago-Chile

All of these revolutions began with Cabildos Mexico is the only exception

Started by a Creole Priest

BAUKMAN AND HAITI Hispaniola Mulattos Voodoo Maroons Baukman Machetes Night of Fire

HAITI PRIOR TO 1791 French Colony called St. Domingue

Western third of Hispaniola Richest colony in the Caribbean Taken over in the late 1600’s by the french 18th Century African Slaves were brought to

the colonies Sugar, coffee, cotton and indigo.

Indigo is a deep blue dye used in cotton

The French landowners became very wealthy Need for more land and slaves

700,000 slaves 35,000 French 40,000 mulattos

French fathers, slave mothers

THE BEGINNING OF REVOLUTION French to Slave Ratio

20-1 Why didn’t the slaves rebel?

The French controlled all the gunsThe slaves didn’t stand a chance

August 1791Maroons were hiding in the mountains practicing

Voodoo Maroons-escaped slaves

Drums beating celebrating a voodoo rite A revolution was being planned

A priest named Boukman led the ceremony Leaders of the slaves from across Plain du Nord

BAUKMAN A foreman who ran field crews, worked his way up

to a coachman Boukman was a huge man that commanded

respect He inspired his followers by telling them that if they

die during the rebellion they would wake up in Africa

One week later August 22 50,000 Slaves rose up armed with scythes and machetes

Machetes-a large heavy knife used to cut sugarcane and brush Killed and tortured plantation owners and their families Set fires to everything

The night became as bright as dayAll plantations in Plain du Nord were destroyedCalled the Night of Fire

THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES Boukman’s uprising surprised the French The French soldiers fought back even harder

Thousands of slaves were killed The rest were chased into hiding

St Domingue is divided into two parts Mountains-slaves Coastal towns- French soldiers and planters and

officials The uprising spread to the western part of the

island and was largely controlled Boukman was killed in “battle” (beheaded)

Head publicly displayed Boukman was replaced by Biassou and Jean

François

TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE IN HAITIToussaint L’OuvertureGuerilla ArmyNapoleon BonaparteGeneral LeclercDessalinesYellow Fever

TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE François Dominique Toussaint

Added l’Ouverture to the end of his last name Born 1743 on a plantation in Northern St.

Domingue His father was an African chief captured

Legend Taught him that knowledge is power

Step-Father taught him how to get power Taught him how to read and write in French and Latin How to use herbs and plants for healing

Did not participate in the Night of Fire When the rebellion reached his plantation

Family first Family of the plantation manager

Joined the revolution

EARLY IN THE REVOLUTION Toussaint was a doctor

Then began giving military advise and medical care Toussaint urged leaders to teach the troops discipline

Stop destroying everything Use the things to help themselves

Toussaint is made a commanderTaught the soldiers disciplineTrained them like professional soldiers

TOUSSAINT LEADS THE REVOLUTION Biassou and Jean François were poor leaders

They were disloyal to the cause of freedom 1791 French looked to be putting down the revolt

Biassou and Jean François agreed to turn over the former slaves in exchange for their own freedom

Toussaint organized the slaves into a guerilla armyGuerilla army- a group of soldiers that are not

well trained They attacked the French when they least expected it Attack- and retreat into the mountains

Very fast and in unexpected directionsThe French could never relax

TOUSSAINT Memorable

figure as he rodeRode without a

saddleDressed in a

French uniformHandkerchief on

his headOdd shape under

his coat Hunchback

VICTORIES (TRIUMPHS) Won several victories over the French

Promised the townspeople that he would treat them well if they surrendered

The French refused to free the slaves Spain and Great Britain were at war with the

FrenchToussaint joined the Spanish forces in Santo

DomingoNamed a general an won battles for the Spanish

Still felt some loyalty to France

1794 France passed a law freeing all slavesToussaint joined the French and drove the

Spanish from the island 1795 most important man in St. Domingue

THE MOST IMPORTANT MAN Concerned about the economy of the island

Most of the plantations were destroyedAsked the former slaves to come back to work

and share in the profits Toussaint began to create a separate

governmentConstitution was written

Declared slavery ended foreverNegotiated treaties with Great Britain and the

United States Traded sugar for arms

1801 Ruler of Hispaniola

NAPOLEON Napoleon needed the wealth of St. Domingue to

fund his wars Economy could only be brought back through slavery

The invasion of St. Domingue Led by his brother-in-law General Victor Leclerc

43000 soldiers—largest invasion force in France history

Spies reported Napoleon’s plans to Toussaint “I have known they would come and that the reason

behind it would be that one and only goal: reinstatement of slavery. However, we will never again submit to that.”

Preparations for war Imported weapons from the US, reinforced forts Dug pits and trenches in the forest Drafted all men over 12

THE INVASION OF ST. DOMINGUE “The people are besides themselves with

fury. They never withdraw or give up. They sing as they are facing death and they still encourage each other while they are dying. They seem to not know pain…

…send reinforcements” Leclerc knew that he didn’t stand a chance

“Meeting” with one of his officers Toussaint and his family are captured and sent back to

France “In overthrowing me you have cut down in St.

Domingue only the trunk of the tree liberty. It will spring up again from the roots, for they are many and they are deep.”

Toussaint and his family are separated Sent to Switzerland

FRANCE LOSES ST. DOMINGUE The French were having new problem

The guerilla war continued Thousands of black people were killed The more that were killed the greater the resistance

Jacques DessalinesNo loyalty to FranceWanted to end slaveryMake St. Domingue independent

Burning of plantations continuedFrench had superior weaponsOnly a matter of time

YELLOW FEVER Deadly disease spread by mosquitoes

Thousands of French Soldiers died Unable to conquer the epidemic 8000 soldiers lived to sail back home Why didn’t the Slaves get Yellow fever?

January 1, 1804 St. Domingue declared independent

New name Haiti Indian name before Europeans settled there. Haiti is Rebuilt

Dessalines becomes dictator October 1806 he is murdered

Haiti has been ruled by dictators since and is now one of the poorest countries of the world

MEXICO’S FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE Hacienda Padre Miguel Hidalgo y Castilla

Grito De Dolores José María Morelos Agustín de Iturbide

MEXICO’S FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE The Revolution for Independence began with a group of men

called the Literary and Social Club of Querétaro Not really a social club, they were plotting the revolution against

Spain The Indians were unhappy

Not enough land Forced to work on haciendas or farms

Little or no pay Owed money to the landowners Couldn’t leave until their debts were paid

The Mestizos were unhappy Poor and didn’t have good jobs Looked down upon Hoped that independence would bring more respect and power

The Creoles were unhappy Shut off from the power

Professionals and landowners (owned the haciendas) No Spaniards the creoles could control the government

PADRE MIGUEL HIDALGO Y CASTILLA The leading member of the Literary and Social Club of

Querétaro Priest in the village of Dolores Creole who lived on a hacienda until he was 12 Sent to school at 12 and studied for 12 years Became a priest and a teacher Eventually became the head of the Catholic college at

Valladolid He was a success, Paid well, well respected, did important

work He had become a trouble maker

Spent his time teaching about how to improve the government

Put the college in debt Forced to quit his job and became a priest in a very

small village

A GOOD PRIEST Spent 10 years in a small village before

moving on to a larger church in Delores There he helped the Otomí Indians plant

grape vines and mulberry treesWine and silk worms Illegal

He went to Querétaro to meet with his friends Juan Aldema,

Military officer opposed to Spanish rule Ignacio Allende

Captain and commander in a local army postTalked about the problems of the country

REVOLUTIONARY TIMES 1810 Mexico had been under Spanish control

for 300 years Spanish king is dethroned

Joseph BonaparteThe revolutionaries were now fighting against

France The members of the LSCQ began to plot the

revolutionWanted to improve people’s livesWanted more power for themselves

They were Creoles

The LSCQ had been plotting for a year and decided that October 2 was the date for the uprising to begin

SEPTEMBER 15TH The revolution begins Their plot had been discovered

What should be done? Hidalgo “In action everything is accomplished, we must

not lose time; you will see the oppressor’s yoke broken and beaten to the ground”

Hidalgo rang the church bell and the people gathered in front of the church Hidalgo told them now was the time to throw out the

Spaniards No more haciendas “Independence and Death to the Spaniards! Long live the

Virgin of Guadalupe” Called the Grito de Dolores

News spread quickly within a week 25000 people had joined the rebellion

PADRE MIGUEL HIDALGO Y CASTILLA 57 years old when

the revolution began

No military experience

Medium height, dark complexion, rounded shoulders

Green eyes Slow movements Head drooped over

his chest Nearly bald

THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION The army quickly captured several towns

Guanajauto Hundreds versus thousands 500-2000 The town was defenseless and the army looted

Hidalgo ordered them to stop but they ignored

Lack of discipline was a problem Hidalgo felt that soldiers should be allowed to loot as a reward

for helping the rebellion They continued to win battles

More people joined October—on to Mexico City

Few people along the way joined Hidalgo changes his mind

On to Guadalajara Time to plant crops The army dwindled

Down to 7000 soldiers

GUADALAJARA Hidalgo was greeted like a hero Time used to train the army, make cannons

and weapons Spain was also preparing The battle lasted 6 hours

A lucky shot The survivors fled to Saltillo

Led into an ambush and capturedLeaders were tried and sentenced to deathHidalgo is fired on July 31, 1811

Hidalgo failed to win the revolutionHe is still the main hero of Mexico’s struggle for

independence

JOSÉ MARÍA MORELOS After Hidalgo the army broke up but the revolution

continued Guerilla attacks

Lots of leaders

José María Morelos Friend of Hidalgo Didn’t think they could win by fighting the Spaniards in open

battle Guerilla tactics

Continued the guerilla war for 5 years Well disciplined and well equipped

He had a specific plan for the revolution Governments should treat everyone as equals Only people born in Mexico should be allowed to hold political office Take land away for hacienda owners

Captured on Nov 15 1815 Shot

THE LONG ROAD TO VICTORY The country had been at war for 5 years

Crops failed Landowners driven from land or run away Indians were fighting Bandits Poor business

The Spanish could not defeat the rebels, The rebels could not beat the Spanish

1821 Agustín de Iturbide joins the rebels Spanish army officer accused of misusing funds Brought his army unit into the war on the side of the

rebels The tide turned in favor of the rebels September 27, 1821 Mexico becomes a free and

independent nation

SIMON BOLIVAR THE LIBERATOR Simon Bolivar Liberator Conspirator Royalist

QUIZ 51. Who was the 1st person

that tried to gain independence for South America

2. Who was the most successful liberator in South America

3. A person who works to free others is called a ______

4. A person who meets in secret to organize a rebellion is called a _____

5. What is your lucky number?

1. Miranda

2. Simon Bolivar

3. Liberator

4. Conspirator

REVOLUTION IN THE SOUTH

ViceroySantiago de LiniersLa PlataJose de San Martin

TROUBLE IN BUENOS AIRES One morning in 1806

10 large British warships anchored in the bay The people waited to see what the viceroy

would doViceroy- a rule of a colony or territory

Packed up his bags and fled

British defeated the Spanish army easilyStole all of the money from the treasury and sent

it back to Great Britain The people organized a militia to resist the

invasionLed by Santiago de Liniers

Commander of the Spanish fleet that was away during the invasion

THE MILITIA Made up mostly of Creoles

8000 + 1000 Spanish from Montevideo Drove off the British and their fleet The Cabildo refused to let the old viceroy back

Santiago de Liniers was elected as the new Viceroy Revolutionary Act

Great Britain sends a larger fleet 12000 men were defeated Everyone helped in the defeat

Why do we need the Spanish Government? Santiago de Liniers is appointed as the temporary

viceroy Allowed British ships to come in and trade Replacement came and began to enforce the old trade

rules People began to make less money

INDEPENDENCE IN LA PLATA Joseph Bonaparte The people of Buenos Aires were unhappy Mariano Moreno becomes the leader of the

cabildoConvinces the city council to exile the viceroyWanted La Plata to be independent

Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and BoliviaThe people knew they could run their own affairsDied in 1811

People in La Plata refused to accept the rule of Buenos AiresUpper Peru was still under Spanish rule

JOSE DE SAN MARTIN RETURNS Born in La Plata—returned to Spain at 6 Officer in the Spanish Navy that fought in

many wars 1811 Retired and met with Miranda in London 1812 returned to La Plata The leaders in Buenos Aires wanted to go

through Upper Peru to get to LimaMartin said that it would be easier to liberate

Chile First and then attack Lima by sea.

INDEPENDENCE COME TO CHILE San Martin was a tricky man

Pretended to be sick as an excuse to be governor in the province of Cuyo On the border of Chile Spent two getting troops ready

Sent spies to Chile to find out where the Spanish camps were, how many soldiers, to spread rumors, and try to gain support

Invited the Pehuenche Indians to a meeting Gave them gifts and asked for permission to cross their

territory into ChileHe would cross the Andes over the highest pass

and attack from the east

ATTACK January 18 1817

4000 soldiers, 1000 men, 10600 Mules, 1600 horses, 700 cattle One of the greatest military accomplishments in history

Crossed the Andes in the shadow of Mt. Aconcagua 4300 mules, 511 horses Had enough supplies to press the attack

The Spanish leaders knew that the attack was coming The didn’t know where though Divided their armies to cover different routes Surprise! Chacabuco

600 men and supplies captured Easy road to Santiago Chile Declares independence on February 12, 1818

FAILURE IN PERU Peru was where Spain had its strongest forces

4000 vs 23000 San Martin Hoped the Peruvians would rise up and

revolt Peru declares independence July 28, 1821

Bolivar and San Martin Get together San Martin returns to Lima disappointed Resigns and returns to Chile Bolivar completes Peru’s independence

Returned home to find his wife dead Took his young daughter back to Europe Dies in 1850

He and Bolivar both hoped to unite all of Spain’s South American provinces; neither realized achieved dream

QUIZ 61. Who was the

Viceroy that was elected by the people?

2. Who liberated La Plata and Chile?

3. What 4 countries are in La Plata?

4. What mountain range did #2 Cross?

1. Santiago de Leniers

2. San Martin

3. Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia

4. The Andes or Aconcagua

BRAZIL FINDS ANOTHER WAY

JoãoExportsImportsPedro

BRAZIL FINDS ANOTHER WAY Napoleon had begun to conquer Europe.

Marching through Spain tells Portugal to break ties with Great Britain Told to close their ports to British ships Take all property from British citizens Arrest all British citizens

João didn’t like taking orders from NapoleonJoão was the king of PortugalClosed the ports but did nothing more

Napoleon invades PortugalWhen he reaches Lisbon, João boards a British

ship and goes to South America

THE JOURNEY 36 ships All of the royal treasures

Jewels, papers, books, paintings and statues 10,000 people

Members of the court Terrible voyage

Ships filled with fleas, rats, and lice Quarters were cramped and smelly

Some of the ships carried 3 times their capacity

Sailing took 2 months Storm

Some of the ships are separated Kings first stop was Salvador da Bahai The people were surprised

IN BAHAI No paved streets No hotels or places fit for a king

The king had to stay in the homes of citizensCarlota Lost her hair

Visit by the governor of BahaiAsked him to open Brazil’s ports to international

trade João could see that restricting trade was bad for

the economy He immediately opened the ports

Exports increased by 15% Exports—goods that leave a country

Imports increased by 50% Imports—goods that come into a country

RIO BECOMES AN IMPERIAL CITY João travels on to Rio de Janeiro.

Made the capital of the Portuguese Empire All Portuguese colonies were ruled from Rio All taxes came to Rio

People came to Rio to be near the court and to do business Population of Rio doubles in 10 years

João ordered that buildings be built to hold the treasures that he had brought with him Naval and military academy Medical school Fine arts Primary and Secondary schools Printing presses

João encouraged the people to develop industry and agriculture

OTHER CHANGES FOR BRAZIL Government offices were located in Rio

They became familiar with government structure They found that it was easier to get the

government to listen to them and hear what they needed

They were also under close observation Many people in João’s court thought that this

was a temporary situationThought they would return as soon as Europe as

soon as Napoleon was goneNapoleon withdraws in 1808

João loved Rio and had no intentions of leaving1815 Napoleon suffers defeat at _______

João continued to rule from Rio

BRAZIL BECOMES AN EMPIRE João could have stayed in Rio forever

Portugal was undergoing a revolution Wanted to write a new constitution and limit the power of the monarch Demanded the return of João

João takes his court and returns leaving Pedro to rule in his place

Meanwhile the Brazilians were well aware of the other revolutions taking place in Spanish America Some of the leaders wanted to make Brazil free

João knew this and told his son “If Brazil demands independence, proclaim it yourself, and put the crown on your own head.”

Portugal’s Revolutionary leaders worried that Pedro might make Brazil independent and wanted him to return as well Pedro tore the Portuguese flag off of his uniform and declared

“Independence or Death!” Some Portuguese tried to defend Brazil for Portugal and they

were quickly defeated Brazil was independent in a nearly bloodless revolution.

QUIZ 71. Who was the king of

Portugal that traveled to Brazil

2. Who declared Brazil’s independence

3. Goods made in a country and sent to other countries are called _____

4. Goods made in other countries and are brought into a country are called _______

5. How many people died in Brazil’s revolution? (tell me what you think)

1. João

2. Pedro

3. Exports

4. Imports

5. Very few it was a nearly bloodless revolution

MEXICO AFTER INDEPENDENCE Caudillo Antonio López de Santa Anna Benito Juárez Cinco de Mayo Pancho Villa Emiliano Zapata

MEXICO AFTER INDEPENDENCE Independence didn’t solve all of the problems

facing the people in Latin America It was also easier to achieve than stabilityThe countries had trouble establishing stable,

trustworthy governments to replace the Spanish governments

Many of the countries had strongmen in power called caudillosCaudillo-a military dictator in Latin American countriesThey would fight among themselves until a clear victor

emerged Each Caudillo would rule until another caudillo replaced him.

Class issues also persistedThe Creoles refused to treat the Mestizos and Indians

as equals

MEXICO’S VIOLENT HISTORY Iturbide

Became the emperor of Mexico and spent all of Mexico’s money

Overthrown Told if he ever returned he would be shot 1824 he returns

The Creoles take over the governmentThe Spanish were gone but the class system still

existedThe Indians and Mestizos felt like the revolution

was only half complete They wanted equality

GENERAL SANTA ANNA The Creoles were vulnerable to attacks by Caudillos One of the most famous was General Santa Anna

President and ruler of Mexico 11 different times in 30 years.

Santa Anna was a proud man Statues of himself “your most serene highness.” Dishonest and unprincipled

American settlers in Texas demanded independence in 1836 Remember the Alamo

At war with the United States Mexican-Indian War 1846-2848

Lost California, New Mexico and Arizona Weakens Santa Anna and he is overthrown for the last time

BENITO JUÁREZ Indian Lawyer from southeast Mexico

Very honest, and had sympathy for the poorStrong belief in democracy and freedom of

speech Helped to create Mexico’s constitution of

1857 Became President

Began to work toward reformForced to leave, returns laterMexico is in serious financial difficultiesMexico stopped paying their debts in 1862 to

France, Great Britain, and Spain France and Britain left Napolean III ordered his troops to conquer Mexico

CINCO DE MAYO French Troops marched onto Mexico City.

May 5 1862 a small Mexican force won a glorious victory over the much larger French Army near the city of Puebla

One of Mexico’s festive holidays France still occupied Mexico City

Juarez fled to the north Napoleon III left Maximilian as the emperor of

Mexico for three yearsPulled the troops outMaximilian is captured, convicted of treason and

executedConstitutional government is restored

Juárez is restored as president

Juárez worked hard to rebuild the countryBuilt schools and roadsDid what he could for the poor

Juárez is remembered as a great lawmaker and patriot and as the man who saved Mexico’s independence

Porfirio Diaz 1876-1911Modernized MexicoForeigners and wealthy Mexicans benefited from it. Indians sank back into poverty

In the 1910s more revolutions swept through MexicoRevolutionaries wanted to complete the revolutionPancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

PANCHO VILLA Violent and Brave Helped to topple Diaz from power

Lost faith in the new government Believed that it betrayed the cause of the poor

Became an outlaw and waged war on the new government

Villa’s success is attributed to his amazing knowledge of the land and his use of guerilla tactics He and his men would stage lightning raids and

disappear into the hills Staged a raid across the border and killed 16

Americans Woodrow Wilson sent out a search expedition Villa was able to disappear into the night

EMILIANO ZAPATA Guerilla leader from the South of Mexico Mestizo that joined the revolution against Diaz Gave land from the rich and gave it to the poor

indians Zapata was an amazing guerilla leader Fought for the revolution and then fought against it

when it didn’t do what it was suppose to do Supported by Pancho Villa Both of them agreed to fight together until their plan

was established They were successful because the fought for the

causes of the poor Land freedom and justice

Zapata was tricked into a meeting with enemies Ambushed and killed

TOWARD EQUALITY 1920 a new government established law and

order2 million Mexicans died in fighting

Deadliest revolution in the Americas

Convinced Pancho Villa to retireHis enemies shot him to death

Mexico settled down in the middle of the 20th century

Most Latin American Countries continue to experience the cycle of caudillos, revolution, civil war, and violence