CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 COMPANY PROFILE

ITI Ltd. is India’s first Public Sector Unit (PSU), established in 1948. Since then,

it has contributed to 50% of the present national telecom network and has been a

pioneering venture in the field of telecommunications. With state-of-the-art

manufacturing facilities spread across six locations and a countrywide network of

marketing/service outlets, the company offers a complete range of telecom products and

total solutions covering Switching, Transmission, Access and Subscriber Premises

equipment.

ITI Ltd. offers an entire range of telecom equipment covering in the whole

spectrum of switching (large, medium and small switches, catering to rural and urban

needs), Transmission (digital microwave, fiber optic and SATCOM products), Access

products and Subscriber Premises equipment. The product and services of ITI have

established a track record for dependability in various priority sectors like Telecom,

Defence, Railways, Power, Oil, etc. Designed especially for most rugged tropical

applications, they have booted the Indian rural economy and found ready acceptance in

many developing countries. The company offers the latest telecom solutions and

customized support to a variety of businesses by virtue of its strong in-house R & D,

selected collaborations and strategic alliances with global leaders. The company has a

dedicated Network Systems Unit for carrying out installation and commissioning of

equipment and for undertaking turnkey jobs as well as providing value-added services.

Besides major projects in India, the Company has successfully executed jobs overseas

too.

Presently, the Company is consolidating its diversification into Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) to hone its competitive edge in the convergence

market by deploying its rich telecom expertise and vast infrastructure. Network

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Management Systems, Encryption and Networking Solutions for Internet Connectivity

are some of the major initiatives taken by the company.New IT initiative on in-house

development of products at its center for excellence in IT include Info-Kiosk, Public Key

Infrastructure(PKI),Smart-connect Web-based Call Centre, Computer Telephone

Integration(CTI), IP-PABX(Internet Exchange) & e-commerce platforms.ITI is also

having the potential to provide the integrated Billing Software and Meditation Systems.

The Company’s foray into It business has already been rewarded with a share in the

networking segment. ITI is executing BSNL’s pilot project for introducing Managed

Leased Lines(MLLN) and Voice Over Internet Protocol(VOIP) in nine major cities. ITI is

also executing the nation’s first broadband network IPMPLS (Internet Protocol-Multi

Protocol Label switching) based VPN (Virtual Private Network) for BSNL which is

nearing completion in ten major cities. VPN will facilitate the customers of BSNL to set

up secure, reliable and cost-effective inter-connectivity between their various locations

and remote sites.

New IT initiative on in-house development of products at its center for excellence

in IT include Infokiosks,Public Key Infrastructure(PKI),Smartconnect Web-based Call

Centre, Computer Telephone Integration(CTI), IP-PABX(Internet Exchange) & e-

commerce platforms.

Turnkey Project management and Total Telecom/IT solutions have enriched the

company’s portfolio. The most significant of them are the state-of-the-art secure

communication Network for Defence and the CIVICON project based on secure satellite

communication network for the ministry of Home Affairs. These have been won against

stiff competition and the implementation of the same is in progress. The company has

been short-listed for execution of other major contracts for state government networks

and other corporate clients. The company is building up a fully secure ATM-based

network, which justifies ITI’s strength in Encryption and total solutions.ITI is the largest

supplier of switching equipment as well as SDH fiber optic terminals by the supply of

DWDM equipment to the country’s telecom network. This forms the backbone of the

country’s first national optical network as its major component, thus providing enormous

bandwidth to subscribers.

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The Company has taken rapid strides in providing Global System for Mobile

communication, GSM (Cellular Mobile Infrastructure) for BSNL and MTNL”s first

phase and expansion roll out plan for 2.6 lakh lines subscribers in Mumbai and Delhi, ITI

has received the second phase order for 2.5 lakh lines. The entire West Zone of India

(Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh) would be equipped and

networked by ITI for cellular mobile services to one million new subscribers who will

also be the beneficiaries of large memory 32Kbs SIM cards manufactured by ITI

incorporating the latest technology. ITI is in the advanced stages of building the GSM

Network at Jharkhand circle, Kolkata, Coimbatore, Delhi and Mumbai. ITI is also

focusing on WLL(CDMA) to meet the VPT program of the government for rural as well

as urban areas. Both these technologies would provide a platform for migration to

internet access and are in line with BSNL’s ambitions expansion program.

Secure communications is the company's forte with a proven record of

engineering strategic communication networks for India's Defence forces. Extensive in-

house R&D work is devoted towards specialized areas of Encryption, NMS, IT and

Access products to provide complete customized solutions to various customers.

1.2 ABOUT BANGALORE UNIT

Bangalore Unit is the first Plant of ITI Ltd. set up in 1948. It houses state-of-the-

art infrastructure capable of manufacturing a vast range of telecom products for civilian

and defence applications. They include digital switches (large, medium, small), Digital

Microwave equipment, optic fiberequipments, SATCOM equipment, access products, and

terminalequipments.The main R&D center and the Microelectronics division are housed

in this plant. The modern facilities available are VLSI lab, hybrid Micro Circuits

Lab,Surface Mount Technology, Component Approval and Vendor Evaluation Center,

PCBManufacturing Plant,Electroplating and Powder coating facilities capable of in-

house fabrication, fully fledged tool room. Other support facilities include EMIShielded

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Chamber, Electrical Test Lab, Mechanical Test Lab, Chemical Test Lab and

Environmental Testing Facility.

1.2.1 Board Of Directors

ShriK.L.Dhingra: Chairman and Managing Director

Shri R K Agarwal: Director (Marketing)

Shri K.K. Gupta: Director(Production)

Shri Ravi Khandelwal: Director (Finance)

Shri N.K. Srivastava: Director

Smt.RachanaChoudhary: Company Secretary

Prof.M. Balakrishnan: Independent Director

Shri T.S. Narayanasamy: Independent Director

Dr. S.K. Chaudhury: Independent Director

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1.3 OBJECTIVES

To observe and analyze functions and operations performed by thevarious

Departments in the Company.

To secure practical knowledge regarding the Technical Service, Materials, HR and

Operation aspects.

To study the organisational and departmental structure for proper working of a

company.

To study working process and theory of an organisation.

CHAPTER 2

TRAINING PROGRAM

Our batch of 34 students of S6ECE, underwent training at ITI Limited, Bangalore for

a period of 8 days. We were given training in the following departments of the company:

Switching Access Products (SAP).

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Telephones Defence Products (TDP).

Information Technology (IT).

Research and Development (R&D).

Before commencement of the actual in-depth training program, we were given a brief

overview of the products and services offered at ITI.

2.1 PRODUCTS

SWITCHING:

OCB-283

ISDN

EPABX

IP-TAX

SSTP

DENSE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(DWDM) PRODUCTS:

Unitrans ZXWM M900

TRANSMISSION:

Satellite, Optical, Microwave, VHF/UHF

BROADBAND EQUIPMENT:

ADSL, WiMAX, G-PON,EDW AS

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CUSTOMER PREMISES EQUIPMENT:

IFWT, ADSL Modem, CLI Phones

IT AND CONVERGENCE:

Educational ERP

SMPS Power Plant Indoor & Outdoor

Application specific software in various domains

Network Management System

DEFENCE:

Field Telephones

MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS:

Smart/SIM Cards

Power Plants

Banking Automation Equipment

Non-conventional System

TWT-HPA

AMF Panel for DG sets

Wave LAN

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Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition

Network Management System

2.2 SERVICES

MLLN- Managed Leased Line Network

SSTP- Stand Alone Signalling Transfer Point Network

Systems Integration Telecom

Systems Integration IT

Shared Hub V-SAT Services

Customer Care Service

Installation & Commissioning Microwave, Optical Fibre etc.

Pre-warranty & Post-Warranty Maintenance Services

Services for all Products/Projects

Enterprise businesses like Data Centers etc.

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We were then divided into two batches of 17 students each and each batch was

directed to different departments to undergo training simultaneously.

2.3 SWITCHING ACCESS PRODUCTS

In the SAP department, we were familiarized with the various technologies used for

fixed line and remote communications and also technologies used to manufacture the

hardware required in these devices.

2.3.1 Rural Automatic Exchange (Rax)

RAX is a digital stored program control switching system with up to 256

terminations or ports. It employs a non-blocking 4-wire PCM switching network. The

entire 256 lines is divided into 2 frames with each frame being duplicated.RAX offers a

low investment telephone service in rural areas, however far they may be from the

nearest city.

It can act as a terminal exchange, an Integrated Local-cum-Transit exchange (ILT)

to a purely transit exchange. And it can be placed in the secondary switching area as a

tertiary centre, providing connectivity among RAXs, TAXs and manual trunk positions,

in addition to local subscribers.As an independent exchange, the 256P RAX provides

man-machine interface foroperation and maintenance from the exchange. These functions

can be carried out either fromthe exchange itself, or remotely through Central Operation

and Maintenance Centres.

It is ideal for rural applications since it provides immediate basic telephone

connection withminimum infrastructure, thus making it ideal for rural applications. It is a

6502 microprocessor based Stored Program Control Exchange with a maximum of 216

ports for subscriber and trunk lines combined.

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2.3.2 Access Network Rax (Anrax)

ANRAX is based on the 256-port RAX switch and is similar in structure and

functionality.Apart from supporting all the subscriber features of the 256P RAX, the 256P

AN-RAX also supports some additional features such as conferencing, distinctive ringing

and call waiting, in conjunction with Local Exchange.Also, it contains and on-board

tester card. The 256P AN-RAX is a world-class cost-effective communication solution

for rural areas. It is a 68302 Microprocessor based SPC with a maximum of 248

subscriber lines.

2.3.3 OCB 283

OCB 283 is a Digital Switching System which supports a variety of

communication needs like basic telephony, ISDN, interface to mobile communication,

data communication etc.The OCB 283 / CSN Exchange is a Multiservice Switching

System which serves as Local, TAX, Tandem, International Gateway Exchangeand

Service Switching Point (SSP) from Mobile Radio and Intelligent Network (IN).OCB

283 is the controller part of the exchange, which has a distributed architecture with

control station like Main Control Station (SMC) consisting of Call Processing, Data Base,

Charging, Message Distribution Management of connection etc. It supports both analog

and digital subscribers. 20 million lines can be handled simultaneously.

2.3.4 Srface Mounting Technology (Smt)

Surface mount technology (SMT) is a method for constructing electronic circuits

in which the components (surface-mounted components) are mounted directly onto the

surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs). The SMT line at ITI consists of Screen

Printer,Glue Dispenser,Chip Shooter,Fine Placer and Reflow Oven. The high speed SMT

line is capable of producing 4000 components per hour.

The process is divided into the following steps:

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‘EKRAX’ Stencil Printers are used to print the solder paste on the PCB pads.

Glue dots are dispensed on the PCB between solder pads using ‘FUGIGL541’

Glue Dispenser.

Small IC’s and components are placed on the PCB at solder paste/glue dot

locations using ‘FUGICP642’ Chip Shooter. However, there is a limit to the size

of the components to be placed using the chip shooter. Components as small as

1.5mm x 0.75mm and ICs as large as 55mm x 55 mm can be placed using the

Chip Shooter.

‘FUGI IP3’ Fine Placer is used to place the fine-pitch IC’s like QFPs, PLCs and

coils/relays at solder paste locations.Fine placement maybe done upto 0.5mm

Pitch & Accuracy of 25 microns.

‘SHINDENSHI AOI’ Optical Inspector is used for automatic inspection of

selected components on the PCB.

Reflow soldering or glue curing of components is performed on the PCB using

the reflow oven before the completed is unloaded using ‘FUGI PCB

UNLOADER’.

The total capacity of the SMT line is 150 million components per annum.

2.3.5 Wireless Communication & Satcom

In this section, we familiarized with the various hardware used for wireless and

satellite communication. The hardware is basically divided into 2 units- indoor unit (IDU)

and outdoor unit (ODU). The IDU is mostly a radio modem which can be used as a

master or slave. Each IDU consists of 5 Ethernet ports- 2 for ODU, 1 for IP phone, 1 for

LCT, and 1 spare port. The ODU is basically an antenna with large surface area for

transmission and reception of radio waves. ODU is placed at a high altitude level and is

generally mounted on top of a tall physical structure.

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The basic structure of a wireless transmitting/receiving station is as shown below:

Fig. 2.1. Basic structure of a wireless transmitting/receiving station

2.4 TELEPHONES & DEFENCE PRODUCTS

This department deals with the assembly and testing of various telephones and

other communication technologies provided by ITI Ltd. for civil and defence

applications. In this department we were taught about the history and evolution of

telephones and also its working.

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2.4.1 Magneto Telephones

Magneto telephones were the first developed telephones and it consists of a hand

generator to generate a relatively high voltage used for ring the bells of other telephones

on the same line and to alert the operator. However, it could only be used for 1 to 1

communication with a maximum range of about 40 km.

2.4.2 Central Battery System

This advancement made in telephony enabled one-to-many communication

through s central exchange. In this system each telephone is given a separate number for

identification and connection between particular phones were made by an operator at the

exchange. The main disadvantage of this system was the lack of privacy for the users and

also that it was time consuming.

2.4.3 Rotary Dial

The rotary dialis a mechanical device that is used to ring a particular telephone

based on its number. The rotary dial is designed to send electrical pulses (known as pulse

dialling), corresponding to the number dialled. Pulse dialling used the make-break system

where each digit generated different make and break pulses. The dial speed is typically

10pulse per second with a tolerance level of ±0.5.

2.4.4 Strowger Exchange

This is an early electromechanical switching system invented by Almon Brown

Strowger. This is an automatic telephone exchange which removed the influence of the

operator at the exchange. It was however time consuming and generated a lot of wear and

tear to the mechanical parts involved.

2.4.5 Electronic Telephone (Pulse Dialling)

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The rotary dial was replaced by push button keypads corresponding to the digits.

This system also used pulse mode. Electrical pulses are generated corresponding to the

ON-OFF action of the push button switches as the number is dialled.

2.4.6 Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF)

DTMF is used for telecommunication signalling over analog telephone lines in

the voice-frequency band between telephone handsets and other communications devices

and the switching centre.The version of DTMF that is used in push-button telephones for

tone dialling is known as Touch-Tone.The DTMF system basically uses eight different

frequency signals transmitted in pairs to represent 16 different numbers, symbols and

letters; however the present day phones use only 7 different frequencies to represent 12

push button switches. The working of DTMF system is as explained below:

When you press the buttons on the keypad, a connection is made that generates two tones

at the same time. A "Row" tone and a "Column" tone. These two tones identify the key

you pressed to the central exchange.

Table. 2.1. DTMF keypad frequencies

C1 C2 C3R1 1 2 3 697HzR2 4 5 6 770HzR3 7 8 9 852HzR4 * 0 # 941Hz

1209Hz 1336Hz 1477Hz

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When you press the digit 1 on the keypad, you generate the tones 1209 Hz and 697 Hz.

Pressing the digit 2 will generate the tones 1336 Hz and 697 Hz.

In the manufacture of telephones, after the PCB’s are designed using SMT, the

most important steps are testing of the transmitter and receiver sections and also the tone

testing. Tone testing is done for both low frequency and high frequency signals

corresponding to rows and columns.

In the manufacture of field telephones for defence applications, some special

considerations are made in terms of its physical attributes. ABS plastic is used for its

body due to its light weight and hardness.Field telephones can draw power from their

own battery, from a telephone exchange (via a central battery known as CB), or from an

external power source. Some need no battery, being sound-powered telephones. ITI ltd.

manufactures some of the finest field telephones being used by the Indian defence forces.

TA-838 is one such field telephone which uses touch tone system.

Several encryptor/decryptor systems are being used in the devices manufactured

at ITI Ltd. to ensure privacy and secrecy of data in communication systems.

Orderwire Secrecy encrypts and Decrypts Voice calls between operators on

Radio.

MIL PCM Secrecy is a ruggedizedencryptor to encrypt and decrypt 2 Mbps / E1

data of PCM Format.

ANANDA MK IIencryptoris used to encrypt and decrypt 2 Mbps / E1 data of

PCM Format.

STM 1 Encryptor encrypts/decrypts SDH formatted data at bit rates of 155Mbps.

BEU IP is designed and developed by ITI to encrypt / decrypt Internet Protocol

(IP) data at layer 2 / layer 3 of OSI layer.

FAX Encryptor is terminal end Secrecy device designed to encrypt / decrypt Voice /

FAX / data.

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2.5 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

ITI has a separate department to keep itself in track of the latest development in the

field of IT, to provide IT solutions for civil and defence applications and also to manage

the servers used in the company.

We were familiarised with some of the technologies developed by ITI Limited in the

field of Computer Engineering and also were taught about the history and development of

various computing hardware and software. We were taught about the development of

Operating Systems from DOS to Windows 2.x, 3.x series to the latest Windows 7 or the

MAC OS.

We were shown different RAMs, being used in modern computers for temporary

storage location for working modules, like SDRAM, DDR, DDR2, RDRAM etc. We

were also taught how the processors used in computers have evolved through the ages.

They explained about processors like AMD’s K6, K7 and Duron processors and Intel’s

386, Pentium series to the more recent Dual Core and Core2Duo processors. Also, the

advantages and features of open source OS/software were explained to us. We were also

shown ad explained about the different hardware used within the modern computers.

A lecture on Basic PC maintenance was also given to us that explained the basic

troubleshooting procedures for our home and office PC’s.

2.5.1 Software Development

In this department we familiarised with the Interactive Voice Response System

(IVRS).The Interactive Voice Response Server (IVRS) allows users to select options

from pre-recorded voice menu prompts by clicking digits on a telephone keypad.

ITI is manufacturing IVRS based on C-DOT technology. The hardware basically

consists of 4 types of cards:

Power Card: provides -7V.

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Line Cards: Used in exchange to connect to subscribers.

Advanced System Cards: 2 flash cards for storing announcements in the

form of text.

Compact terminal Card (CTC): Used to dial the customer. It receives calls

from exchange to system.

2.5.2 Interactive Kiosk

An Interactive kiosk is a computer terminal featuring specialized hardware and

software designed within a public exhibit that provides access to information and

applications for communication, commerce, entertainment, and education. ATM

machines, Information Kiosks at railways stations etc are examples. Touch screen

monitors are generally used in these machines.

2.6 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (R&D)

ITI Ltd. has an in-house R&D department which forms the core of almost all of the

products manufactured by the company. It comprises of an exclusive core R&D manned

by highly qualified and talented engineers with ISO 9001 certification and representation

in national and international level quality standard panels.

State- of- the -art design aids:

Modern facilities for complete equipment and system evaluation.

Comprehensive vendor evaluation facilities.

Approval and qualification facilities to match international standards.

Customized telecom and it solution expertise.

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Expertise in adapting technology or products to the country’s requirements.

The R&D facility houses a number of vibrant and extensive research and production

labs including DSP lab, Access Products Lab, CAD lab, PCB plant, Wireless

Communication lab, LAN, Power Supply etc.

2.6.1 DSP Lab

In the DSP lab, we were familiarised with the latest encryption/decryption device

belonging the TESD family that is being designed and manufactured at ITI Ltd.The

Terminal End Secrecy Device (TESD) is used to encrypt and decrypt Voice, FAX and

data. The Device accepts FAX data from either G3 FAXMachine or Super G3 FAX

Machine and the encrypted data is sent on 2W PSTN line. TESD is basically a subscriber

end secrecy device to facilitate encryption and decryption of Voice/Data/Fax through

PSTN as all IP network to avoid tapping of communication lines.

Key features of the Terminal End Secrecy Device:

When switched to Voice encryption it encrypts or decrypts analog Voice data.

Can encrypt and decrypt digital data at 9.6 Kbps rate through RS 232 interface.

Uses Proprietary algorithm and key Management.

Works from either 230V AC supply or from -24V DC supply.

FAX Encryptor is terminal end Secrecy device designed to encrypt / decrypt Voice /

FAX / data.

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2.6.2 Access Products Lab

In this lab, we were taught the features and functioning of the Programmable

Primary MUX, DE102174/A2. It is a primary rate multiplexer with Drop/Insert facility.

This equipment multiplexes 30 analog (Voice) and/or data channels to 2048 kbps ITU-T

compatible G.704 digital stream on send side and on receive side. It demultiplexes ITU-T

compatible 2048 kbps digital stream into 30 analog (Voice)/ data channels. The

equipment has four 2048 kbps ports (P1, P2, P3, P4) each for send and receive directions.

It is possible to drop/insert between any channel from 2Mb ports. It has the facility of ¾

party conferencing between any combination of ports P1 or P2.

SALIENT FEATURES OF DE102172/A2:

1) Supports following types of interfaces:

a) Voice Interfaces (8 ports per card)

i) 2W (4 ports)/4W (4 ports) E&M.

ii) 2W subscriber, exchange & hot line loop.

b) Data Interfaces:

Low Speed (6 ports per card)

Data rate: 1200/2400/4800/9600/19200 bps.

Interface: V.24, X.21

64 Kbps Data I/F: G.703 (8 ports per card)

2) Conforms to relevant ITU-T standard.

3) GUI based NMS facility.

4) Extensive supervisory functions.

5) Meets environmental specification of QM333-Category B2.

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6) Conferencing facility.

7) Add/drop facility.

8) Low speed point to multipoint connectivity.

9) Duplicated power supply.

2.6.3 Wireless

Here, we were introduced to the various equipments used for wireless radio

communications. We were shown different GSM/CDMA based products such as Base

trans-receiver station (BTS).

2.6.4 LAN

The LAN connection to the entire company is managed here in the R&D

department using two servers- a Main Server and a Proxy server. The high speed BSNL

connection offers a speed of 512KBps.

2.6.5 PCB Plant

In this department we were taught the different steps involved in PCB fabrication.

PCB designing is done using the software Zuken Cadster. Single and Multi layer PCB’s

are being fabricated here. PCB’s upto 4 layers can be manufactured in the plant here.

The process involved in the manufacture of double sided PCB’s was explained to

us as follows:

Copper Clad is cut into desired thickness.

CNC drilling

Cleaning

Plated through hole

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Lamination with layout obtained from the CAD department

Align and Expose the Circuit

Developing

Electro Copper Plating

Tin Plating

Film Stripping

Etching of Cu

Tin stripping

Solder Masking

Expose and developing

Solder coating

Cut to final size

Bare Board testing

Legend Marking

2.6.6 Power Supply

All the DC power supply equipments required in the company is designed and

manufactured in the Power Supply department within the R&D facility. Different

equipmentsmaybe operating at different DC voltages such as 5V, 9V or 12V, and these

requirements are met with by the power supply department.

The basic block diagram of a DC power supply is as shown in figure:

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Fig.2.2 DC power supply

The 230 V ac signal is first rectified to form unfiltered 230V DC signal which is

then passed through a switching circuit operating at a frequency of about 100-300KHz to

form a switched mode signal. This signal is then stepped down to the desired level using

a transformer before rectifying it again. The DC signal thus obtained is filtered and

regulated to form the output.

CHAPTER 3

CONCLUSION

During the 8 day training programme at ITI Limited Bangalore, we have gained

practical knowledge regarding the Technical Service and Products offered by the

Company. We could study the operational aspects and functionality of the different

departments of the Company.

ITI Limited is a pioneer in the field of Telecommunications offering complete

range of telecom products and total solutions covering the whole spectrum of Switching,

Transmission, Access and Subscriber Premises equipment. The company produces a wide

range of telecom and defence products like mobile exchanges, telephones, field

telephones, encryptors etc. We were given a first-hand insight into the process of

designing and production of many of these equipments right from their PCB design to the

use and functioning of the final finished product.

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This Industrial training was greatly helpful to us in understanding the functioning

and working process of a firm and also the use of resources and services in producing

quality products. The knowledge gained during the training program is absolutely

immense and the experience was really satisfying.

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