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1) What was Charles Eastman’s position at the reservation?
2) Why did Captain Sword fear « trouble » on the reservation?
Red Cloud (1822-1909)
Portrait by D.F. Barry, 1892. National Museum of the American Indian.
Crazy Horse (c.1840-1877)
Black Hills gold rush
• 1874:– army accompanies geologists to confirm gold
• 1875:– Lakota refuse to sell land to US government– Army stops guarding the territory– Army orders Indians to relocate near agencies
• 1876:– 10,000-15,000 natives gather to defend the hills
The Dawes Act (1887)
• Reservation land allotted to individual families• Unclaimed land sold to non-Indians– > from 155 million acres of reservation land in
1881 to 52 million acres in 1933
Example of the Crows: 3,000 members x 200 acres = 600,000 acres / 5 million total (12% of total land)
Indian Territory -> Oklahoma
• 1890-1893: 150,000 new settlers claim ‘unassigned’ tribal lands
• 1897-1902: Five Civilized Tribes allot their tribal lands• 1907: Indian Territory becomes the State of Oklahoma
Breaking up the Sioux Reservation (1888-89)
Land commission meeting at Standing Rock (ndstudies.org)