Indian Removal and Indian Removal and the Trail of Tearsthe Trail of Tears

Black Hawk WarBlack Hawk War 1827 - US govt says all 1827 - US govt says all

Native Americans must Native Americans must leave Illinoisleave Illinois

Chief Black Hawk of the Chief Black Hawk of the Sauk refuses, saying no Sauk refuses, saying no one can own landone can own land

US settlers moved into US settlers moved into village when they were village when they were away huntingaway hunting

After Sauk attacks, US After Sauk attacks, US troops drive out Indianstroops drive out Indians

Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act President Jackson President Jackson

pushes Congress to pushes Congress to force Indians to move force Indians to move west of the Mississippiwest of the Mississippi

Congress established Congress established Indian Territory (now Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) as the new Oklahoma) as the new Indian homelandIndian homeland

US govt creates US govt creates Bureau of Indian Bureau of Indian AffairsAffairs

John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun

“One of the greatest evils to which they (Indians) are subject is the incessant (constant) pressure of our population.”

1) According to John C. Calhoun, why is the US government forcing the Native Americans to move off of their homelands?

2) What is wrong with this statement?

Cherokee IndiansCherokee Indians Lived peacefully in the Lived peacefully in the

Appalachian Mountains of Appalachian Mountains of Georgia and TennesseeGeorgia and Tennessee

Adopted culture of whites Adopted culture of whites - wrote and spoke English- wrote and spoke English

Had own written language Had own written language and newspaperand newspaper

Based their government Based their government on the U.S. Constitutionon the U.S. Constitution

Cherokee Sue For LandCherokee Sue For Land

Cherokee sued the Cherokee sued the government of government of Georgia for taking Georgia for taking their landtheir land

Worcester vs. GeorgiaWorcester vs. Georgia - Supreme Court rules - Supreme Court rules Georgia’s actions are Georgia’s actions are illegal and that they illegal and that they Cherokee can stayCherokee can stay

President Andrew JacksonPresident Andrew Jackson

“Chief Justice John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it.”

1) What is the job of the Supreme Court?

2) What is the job of the President?

3) What should happen if a government official refuses to do his job?

Trail of TearsTrail of Tears Georgia govt. Georgia govt.

smashes in Cherokee smashes in Cherokee printing press printing press

US troops move US troops move 18,000 Cherokee at 18,000 Cherokee at gunpoint 800 miles gunpoint 800 miles from 1838-1839from 1838-1839

25% of Cherokee 25% of Cherokee died - most elderly died - most elderly and childrenand children

starter activity

Slaves waiting for the auction to begin. Imagine you are one of the people waiting at auction. List the thoughts that are going through your mind. FIVE sentences…

Fighting Slavery in the Fighting Slavery in the U.S.U.S.

The Abolitionist The Abolitionist MovementMovement

Helped bring about Helped bring about the Civil Warthe Civil War

Those who were Those who were against slaveryagainst slavery

William Lloyd William Lloyd Garrison called for Garrison called for the immediate the immediate emancipation of emancipation of enslaved personsenslaved persons

African American African American AbolitionistsAbolitionists

Frederick Frederick DouglassDouglass Escaped from Escaped from

slavery in slavery in MarylandMaryland

Published anti-Published anti-slavery newspaper slavery newspaper the the North Star North Star

Southerners ViewsSoutherners Views

Slavery was distinctive and vital to Slavery was distinctive and vital to the Souththe South

South was still mostly agriculturalSouth was still mostly agricultural 1831, slave rebellion left 50 white 1831, slave rebellion left 50 white

Virginians deadVirginians dead Slave owners cracked down on slaves Slave owners cracked down on slaves

throughout the regionthroughout the region

Missouri Causes a MessMissouri Causes a Mess

1819 the Union had 11 Free States 1819 the Union had 11 Free States and 11 Slave Statesand 11 Slave States

Northerners opposed extending Northerners opposed extending slavery westslavery west

Missouri applies for statehood as a Missouri applies for statehood as a slave stateslave state

Maine to the RescueMaine to the Rescue

Congress fought over admitting Congress fought over admitting Missouri into the UnionMissouri into the Union

Then Maine applies for statehood as Then Maine applies for statehood as a free statea free state

Congress allows Missouri and Maine Congress allows Missouri and Maine to become statesto become states

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

Settled the Settled the dispute over dispute over the western the western expansion of expansion of slaveryslavery

All future All future slave states slave states must be south must be south of Missouriof Missouri

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

1848 Gold is found in California1848 Gold is found in California 1849 the Gold Rush begins1849 the Gold Rush begins 1849 California applies for statehood1849 California applies for statehood There were 15 free and 15 slave There were 15 free and 15 slave

states at this timestates at this time

Southerners dreaded losing power if Southerners dreaded losing power if CA was admitted as a free stateCA was admitted as a free state

Some southerners talked about Some southerners talked about secessionsecession

CompromiseCompromise CA would be freeCA would be free The rest of the newly acquired Mexican The rest of the newly acquired Mexican

land would have no restrictionsland would have no restrictions Stronger laws to recover runaway Stronger laws to recover runaway

slavesslaves

Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act

A slaveholder or A slaveholder or slave catchers just slave catchers just had to point out had to point out an alleged an alleged runaway to have runaway to have them taken into them taken into custodycustody

The slave could The slave could not testify for not testify for himselfhimself

Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad

Informal but well-Informal but well-organized group of organized group of AbolitionistsAbolitionists

Helped thousands of Helped thousands of slaves escape northslaves escape north

Lead by Harriet Lead by Harriet Tubman, a runawayTubman, a runaway

Kansas-Nebraska ActKansas-Nebraska Act

Should land be free or slave?Should land be free or slave? Worried the southern states would Worried the southern states would

succeed if they did not get another succeed if they did not get another slave stateslave state

Nebraska was freeNebraska was free Kansas was slave Kansas was slave

What were What were conditions like conditions like

on the on the plantationsplantations??

How were slaves prepared How were slaves prepared for auction?for auction?

Washed with waterWashed with water Rubbed with oilRubbed with oil Gunpowder, hot tar Gunpowder, hot tar

or rust rubbed into or rust rubbed into woundswounds

Teeth inspectedTeeth inspected Brutal remediesBrutal remedies Two methods of Two methods of

sale – auction & sale – auction & scramblescrambleWhat does this C19th poster tell us about the way slaves were treated by plantation owners?

What sort of lives did What sort of lives did they lead?they lead?

Branded on face, chest Branded on face, chest or backor back

3-4 year-olds work in 3-4 year-olds work in ‘trash gangs’ ‘trash gangs’ (weeding)(weeding)

9-12 year-olds work in 9-12 year-olds work in fields with adultsfields with adults

Elderly worked as Elderly worked as domestic servantsdomestic servants

No legal rights – No legal rights – forbidden to read, forbidden to read, write, marry own write, marry own propertyproperty

Flogging & other Flogging & other punishmentspunishments

How would you feel if you were branded with one of these

irons?

PunishmentsPunishments Rebellions – rebels Rebellions – rebels

nailed to ground, fire nailed to ground, fire applied starting at the applied starting at the feet and moving feet and moving upwardsupwards

Running away – neck Running away – neck ring or iron muzzlering or iron muzzle

Continued running Continued running away – removal of hand away – removal of hand or footor foot

Flogging – one lash for Flogging – one lash for each year of slave’s lifeeach year of slave’s life How old do you think this

slave was? Average life expectancy was 26. Why do you think it was so low?

Working dayWorking day 5:30 – go straight to field. Work until 5:30 – go straight to field. Work until

8.00am. Latecomers whipped8.00am. Latecomers whipped 8:00 – Stop work for breakfast: boiled 8:00 – Stop work for breakfast: boiled yamyam

& & okra okra seasoned with salt & pepperseasoned with salt & pepper 8:30 - Continue work8:30 - Continue work 12:00 pm – Rest & lunch: salted meat or 12:00 pm – Rest & lunch: salted meat or

pickled fishpickled fish 2:00pm – Start work again2:00pm – Start work again 6:00pm – Return to huts6:00pm – Return to huts Night time – During harvest, work in mill or Night time – During harvest, work in mill or

boiling houses through nightboiling houses through night

Slaves v. IndiansSlaves v. Indians

Compare how we treated Native American and Slaves at this point in history

Slaves Native AmericansLimited

Rights

Harsh Punishments

Could not read or write

Lived here first

No one can own land

Made deals with U.S. Government

Removed from home

Treated as lower class

Fought back

Trail of Tears AssignmentTrail of Tears Assignment Write a three entry diary about your experiences Write a three entry diary about your experiences

on the Trail of Tears and how your life was/will be on the Trail of Tears and how your life was/will be affected by the move from Georgia to Oklahoma.affected by the move from Georgia to Oklahoma.

Entry One - Before you leave (court case)Entry One - Before you leave (court case) Entry Two - On the Trail (struggles during the trip)Entry Two - On the Trail (struggles during the trip) Entry Three - When you arrive in Indian Territory Entry Three - When you arrive in Indian Territory

(how life has changed)(how life has changed) Detail earns points - cover emotion, fears, pain, Detail earns points - cover emotion, fears, pain,

successes with colorful adjectives and adverbssuccesses with colorful adjectives and adverbs Due next classDue next class