N DT Abstracts

63502 Tandon, K.K. MFL tool hardware for pipeline inspection Materials Performance, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 75-79 (1997)

The intelligent pig based on the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) is frequently used for inline inspection of gas and liquid transportation pipelines. The tool is capable of reliably detecting and characterizing several commonly occuring pipeline defects including metal loss due to corrosion and gouges, dents, and buckles, which tend to threaten the structural integrity of the pipelines. The defection and characterization capabilities of the tool are directly dependent upon the type of critical hardware components and systems selected for the tool assembly. This article discusses the key components of an "advanced" or "high resolution" MFL tool.

63494 Podney, W. Development of a magnetic telescope for evaluating integrity of buried steel gas piping from the surface. Annual Report , November 1992- December 1993 SQM Technology Inc., La Jalla, CA (United States), PB96- 155387/GAR. 54 pp. (Sep. 1995)

The object is to develop an instrument that uses highly sensitive. superconductive, magnetic sensors to evaluate integrity of buried gas piping from the surface, through a two meter overburden.

62731 Ulrich, L.W. DOT's perspective on in-line inspection Materials Performance, Vol. 35, No. 12, pp. 17-21 (1996)

The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and its Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) have been involved with in-line inspection (ILl) pigs. Congressionally mandated reports concerning ILl pigs, and a regulation requiring new and replaced pipe and components he designed and constructed to accommodate ILl pigs, were issued by DOT. The use of ILS pig surveys, incorporated in pipeline operators' future risk management plans developed as safety alternatives to the established pipeline regulations, will be supported.

62712 St ructura l integrity, NDE, risk and material performance for petroleum, process and power Proceedings of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Montreal (Canada), 21-26 Jul. 1996. PVP-Vol. 336. Edited by M. Prager, D.L. Bagnoli, W.R. Warke, O.A. Anyewuenyi, J.P. Smith, M. Chen, T.A. DePadova and L.J. Weingart. (1996) ISBN 0791817830

This volume provides numerous case histories, strategies, practical examples and theoretical approaches. Papers in this volume are arranged under the following topics: service experience in petrochemical plants; risk-based inspection; NDE issues in the petroleum industry; high temperature service in the petroleum industry; tankage analysis and standards; and finite element analysis applications for the process industries.

62701 Lieberman, P. Accelerated aging corrosion tests for buried metal s t ructures Pipeline and Gas Journal, Vol. 223, No. 10, pp. 48-52 (Oct. 1996)

It is necessary to identify those measurable soil parameters which dictate the severity of the corrosion problem for coated irons and steels. The discussion introduces the important concepts and measurement parameters in the (a) design of accelerated aging tests, and (b) evaluation of the planned installation site for corrosion potential.

62383 Sprague, J.L. Radiographic inspection of piping and vessel welds in existing plants Energy Week '96: American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Petroleum Institute Energy Week Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX (United States), 21 Jan.-2 Feb. 1996, pp. 217-220 (1996) ISBN 0964873184

Radiographic inspection of in-service pressure equipment that has performed satisfactorily should he focused upon determining if any progressive deterioration, such as corrosion, cracking, etc. is taking place that changes the ability of the system to function safely and reliably.

62330 Bray, A.V.; Austin, R.K.; Diercks, KJ. NDE flaw size test ing in steel pipe welds and walls - a preliminary round robin for feasibility assessment Energy Week '96: American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Petroleum Institute Energy Week Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX (United States), 21 Jan.-2 Feb. 1996, pp. 44-47 (1996) ISBN 0964873184

A round robin test series was conducted to assess the imperfection/flaw sizing of ultrasonic time of flight (UTOF) technology for application to oil country tubular goods (OCTG). The round objective was to determine the feasibility of using UTOF methods in the prove up stage of OCTG production to obtain crack size data in support of life prediction.

62266 Cox, M.; Garrigus, A.; Walker, W.; Wade, R. Stability monitoring of buried pipelines in permafrost regions Energy Week '96: American Society of Mechanical Engineers and American Petroleum Institute Energy Week Conference and Exhibition, Houston, TX (United States), 21 Jan.-2 Feb. 1996, pp. 111-113 (1996) ISBN 0964873184

Major improvements in the TAPS stability monitoring system occurred with the successful development of the curvature pig, developed by Nowsco Pipeline Services. The curvature or geopig uses gyros, accelemmeters, and ultrasonic transducers to perform inertial geometry and pipe deformation surveys. The geopig has completed three full length (800 miles) surveys and one partial (215 miles) survey of TAPS. Alyeska has evaluated the results of two runs and is satisfied that the geopig is the best method for monitoring TAPS.

62202 Hamasaki, Y.; Ide, T. Fabrication of multi-layer eddy current micro sensors for non- destructive inspection of small diameter pipes Proceedings of the 8th IEEE Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS 95), Amsterdam (Netherlands), 29 Jan.-2 Feb. 1995. pp. 232-237. IEEE (1995) 1SBN 0780325036

To improve the reliability of gas supplying installations, the non- destructive inspection of gas pipes is required. Eddy current sensors are usually used. We report in the present work on the fabrication of the small-scale sensors using photolithography and electroplating techniques. The fabrication process of micro sensors of 3 mm x 3 mmx 80 I.tm in dimensions and composed of 4 layers of micro planar micro spiral coils of 10 x 10 Hmsup(2) copper line has been performed.

62132 Gunarathne, G.P.P.; Keatch, R.W. Novel techniques for monitoring and enhancing dissolution of mineral deposits in petroleum pipelines Ultrasonics, Vol. 34, Nos. 2-5, pp. 411-419 (1996)

Problems of conventional ultrasonic techniques with respect to detection of scales in petroleum pipelines are analysed. The development of mathematical models to extract the characteristic features from ultrasonic scans for detecting the type and the extent of deposits are described. These features are compared with stored data to identify the deposits and assess their growth. This aids performance optimization of the remedial scale dissolver and preventative scale inhibitor treatments. The process of de-scaling is further enhanced by ultrasonic irradiation and methods for monitoring the dissolution in real-time are proposed.

62109 Culhertson, D.L. Use of intelligent pigs to detect stress corrosion cracking in gas pipelines Corrosion '96, Proceedings of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) Conference, Houston, TX (United States), 24-29 Mar. 1996. p. 7, Paper 35. NACE International (1996)

To ensure the integrity and serviceability of gas pipelines, operators periodically utilize intelligent pigging. This inspection technique has proven to be a cost effective approach for determining the condition of operating pipelines. Recent advancements in intelligent pigging technology are now aiding the pipeline industry in the detection of stress corrosion cracking.

62092 Nikiforova, Z.S. Quality in non-destructive testing: problems and ways of resolution in the Republic of Belarus Insight, Vol. 38, No. 9, pp. 653-655 (Sep. 1996)

Non-destructive testing has become a stable practice for the assessment of product quality and the prediction of the technical state of in- service equipment for, predominately, products and objects where safety is critical. The secure technical state of aircraft, railway transport, gas- and oil pipelines, installation of chemical plants, facilities in energy and communication, provide our normal life. As distinct from other testing methods, NDT may be used at all stages of production.

62090 Bettoli, R.; lacovoni, A.; Holden, D. Indian products pipelines gets SCADA system Oil and Gas Journal, Vol. 94, No. 40, pp. 45-49 (30 Sep. 1996)

A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system that,

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handles approximately 400 control sequences along with leak detection and batch management, has been installed in an Indian products pipeline. It consists of I 0 station control centers (SCC) and one master control center (MCC) located along the pipeline.

62057 Attwood, P.A.; Van Gelder, K.; Charnley, C.D. Corrosion in wet gas systems Corrosion '96: National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) Conference, Denver, CO (United States), 24-29 Mar. 1996, p. 20, Paper 32 ( l~J6)

The failure of a pipeline has highlighted the limitations that both intelligent surveys and ultrasonic testing (UT) inspection can have for the detection of internal grooving type corrosion. These limitations are presented, together with the inspection, testing and assessment program that was subsequently introduced to evaluate the condition of other associated production facilities operating under similar conditions.

62051 Miller, S.D. Mechanical integri ty and[ NDE Annual Exhibition and Conference for Environment, Health and Safety in the Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries, Houston, TX (United States), 30 Jan.-I Feb. 1996. 291 pp. (1996)

Many codes and regulations have been formulated to address the issue of process piping and pressure vessel inspections. OSHA 1910.1190 (j) also contains requirements for maintaining the mechanical integrity of an operating system through inspections and tests and correction of deficiencies discovered. Case histories presented in this paper detail various approaches to fitness-for-service analyses applied to defects found in the field and specific nondestructive examination (NDE) techniques used to tighten input to the analyses.

61836 Second in ternat ional symposium on the mechanical integrity of process piping: proceedings Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on the Mechanical Integrity of Process Piping, Houston, TX (United States) 30 J a n . - 1 Feb. 1996), 420 pp. Edited by J.R. Sims, J.E. AIler, C. Becht, J.T. Reynolds, WJ . Salot, B.J. Sanders and S.P. Springer. ISBN 1576980014 (i 996)

The mechanical integrity of process piping continues to be a major concern for companies in the petroleum refining, chemical, and other process industries. According to a 1993 report, 41% of the 170 largest industry losses in the hydrocarbon process industry resulted from failures of piping systems. This volume contains 30 papers divided into the following topical sections: Design, specifications, and erection; Materials of construction; Inspection and monitoring; Risk and reliability; Regulations and codes; and Fabrication, repair, and modification.

61835 Decker, J.R.; Riwrs, N. Thickness measurement of mechanical integrity Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on the Mechanical Integrity of Process Piping, Houston, TX (United States) 30 Jan. - 1 Feb. 1996), pp. 191-203. I:~ited by J.R. Sims, J.E. Allcr, C. Becht, J.T. Reynolds, W.J. SaloL B.J. Sanders and S.P. Springer. ISBN 1576980014 (1996)

This paper describes the importance of establishing thickness measurement location (TNE) criteria. It also seeks to quantify the frequency of inspections and review the method for establishing techniques to ensure reliability and repeatability of inspections at TMLs using qualified inspectors. Also discussed is tie most useful way to document the results of an inspection and how to effectively maintain consistency in the mechanical integrity program. It review,,~ different methods of inspection and uses lessons learned from in- service experience with numerous mechanical projects in the petrochemical industry. The importance of qualified inspectors, quality inspection, electronics data acquisition and electronic data storage will be discussed.

61813 Nechaev, Y.A.; Pi/in, B.P. Experience with using acoustic emission diagnostics in oil processing and petrochemical plants Technical Diagnostics and Nondestructive Testing, Vol. 6, No. i, pp. 39-56. Oan.-Feb. 1994)

The All-Russian Scientific Research and Design Technological Institute of Petrochemical Equipment has been carrying out acoustic emission diagnostics in petrochemical plants. The laboratory was supplied with transducers for inspection on the hot (up to +540sup(o)C) surface and the Monsanto-PAC diagnostic programme with appropriate technical facilities. In addition, the institute has purchased the double set of Vulcan-8SM equipment manufactures by the AVT Company (England).

61770 Daaland, A. The FSM method for monitor ing process pipelines offshore Insight, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 434-439. (Jun. 1996)

The demand for corrosion monitoring systems in the oil industry is increasing. Oil companies these days are focusing on regularity, security and maintenance as areas that are important to develop. Monitoring systems are of great importance in this respect. For monitoring corrosion, corrosion probes are widely used at present. Probes monitor indirectly the corrosion attack. This means that probes am not measuring where it actually corrodes. The Field Signature Method (FSM) eliminates this problem to some extent. FSM measures in a predetermined area where corrosion attacks are likely to occur.

61619 Otteren, A.; Midtgaard, O. In terna l inspection of flexible riser on the Troll B platform insight, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 440-443. (Jun. 1996)

The integrity of the flexible pipes is vital for maintaining a stable oil production. Effective methods for monitoring and inspection are necessary tools for condition assessment. The basis for all inspection planning is the 'Regulations relating to pipeline systems in the petroleum activities' given by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate 30.04.90. Based on these regulations, Hydro has developed a strategy for condition assessment of flexible pipes.

60574 Aynhinder, A.; Taksa, B.; Dalton, P. Nonlinear analysis method can improve pipeline design Oil and Gas Journal, Vol. 94, No. 13, pp. 76-81 (25 Mar. 1996)

A nonlinear engineering method for analyzing pipe stress criteria has been developed and can be used in common spreadsheet software for pipeline design. Designs based on this method can enhance the operational reliability of pipeline systems because their designs can more accurately determine actual pipe stress and strain.

60397 Koenig, M.J.; Bubenik, T.A.; Nestleroth, J.B. GRI pipeline simulation facility stress corrosion cracking defect set. Topical report , June 1992.January 1993 Battelle, Columbus, Ohio (United States), PB95-270757/GAR, 108pp. (Apr. 1995)

The stress corrosion crack (SCC) defect set was assembled to provide a sample of real SCC defects for use by researchers and inspection vendors. The defect set consists of 30-inch-diameter pipeline removed from transmission service due to SCC defects. The SCC defect set should be instrumental in developing an in-line-inspection tool for detection and sizing of cracks and for continually improving the gas industry's enviable safety record.

59481 McNulty, G.R. Use of PLS remote-controlled camera probes and PLS pipe crawling robots to examine live na tura l gas dis t r ibut ion piping Nondestructive Evaluation of Aging Utilities, Oakland, California (United States), 6-7 Jun. 1995. pp. 185-188. Edited by W.G. Reuter. SPIE Voi. 2454 (1995) ISBN 0-8194-1807-2

PLS international introduces its technology to visually examine the internal condition of in-service low pressure distribution piping. The PLS 3000* Enhanced Pipeline Inspection System has the capability to visually examine 3" to 8" cast iron, steel and plastic in-service piping to distances to 1000 linear feet through a sealed removable access fitting. PLS proprietary Pipe Crawling Robots are capable of examining 8" to 60" diameter piping to 20(0 linear feet through sealed accesses from a single excavation. A summary of benefits to distribution companies by employing this technology is detailed. Actual color videotape and videophotographs are presented as documentation.

59091 Newton, K.; Martin, R. A new ultrasonic tool for downhole corrosion moni tor ing AEA Petroleum Services, Harwell (UK), AEA-APS-0323, l lpp. (1992)

Advances in ultrasonic technology, high temperature techniques and remote processing power are enabling a new generation of inspection tolls to be developed. This paper describes a particular new ultrasonic caliper system developed by AEA Petroleum Services (APS) with the aim of providing improved information about the condition of production tubulars. The system is designed to provide enhanced surface area coverage compared to typical mechanical finger calipers, and to provide a direct measure of remaining wall thickness. The new tool will operate in deviated wells and has the potential for modification to inspect small diameter pipes in topside and other plant.

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