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19

jk"Vh; jktuhfrd nyfiNysikBksaesa vkiusizfrfufkRo osQ rjhdksa vkSj pquko iz.kkyh osQ ckjsesai losaQxsA

19.1jktuhfrd nyksadk vFkZ vkSj Hkwfedk

ekuo tkfr usviusvki dks lewg vkSj blls cM+s:iksaesalaxfBr fd;k gSA jktuhfrd ny ,sls ghekuo laxBuksaessals,d gSA vkkqfud ;qx esa vkn'kZ ljdkj dksfdlh u fdlh izfrfukkRed laLFkk osQek;e lspyk;k tkrk gSA lHkh izfrfukkRed ljdkjksavkSj laLFkkvksaosQ fy, jktuhfrd nyksadk gksukvko';d gSA

jktuhfrd ny yksxksadh ,d laxfBr laLFkk gSftuosQ ns'k dh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ lEcak esaloZekU;flkar vkSj y{; gksrsgSaA jktuhfrd nyksa dk eq[; mn~ns'; jktuhfrd lkk dksizkIr djuk vkSj mlscuk, j[kuk gksrk gSA ljdkj pykusokys jktuhfrd ny dks 'kkld ny dgrsgSaA ,d la;qDr(feyh&tqyh) ljdkj esa,d ls vfkd 'kkld ny gkss ldrsgSaA foi{k esacSBusokys vkSj 'kkld nyosQ dk;ksZadh vkerkSj ij vFkok fof'k"V eqn~nksaij vkykspuk ,oafo'ys"k.k djusokys jktuhfrd ny

dks foi{kh ny dgrsgSaA ,d jktuhfrd ny esafuEufyf[kr vko';d fo'ks"krk,a gksuh pkfg,%i) ;g vkSipkfjd lnL;rk okyh yksxksa dh ,d laxfBr laLFkk gksuh pkfg,Aii) bldh Li"V uhfr;ka vkSj dk;Ze gksus pkfg,Aiii) blosQ lnL;ksa dksblosQ flkarkas] uhfr;ksavkSj dk;Zeksalslger gksuk pkfg,Aiv) bldk y{; yksdrkaf=kd rjhosQ lslkk izkIr djuk gksuk pkfg,Av) bldk Li"V vkSj Lohdk;Z usr`Ro gksuk pkfg,Avi) bldks foLr`r eqn~nksavkSj O;kid ljdkjh {ks=kksa ij ;ku osQfUnzr djuk pkfg,A

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ikBxr iz'u19.1

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,

(d) jktuhfrd ny yksxks adh ,d laxfBr laLFkk gS ftldk eq[; mn~ns'; ------------------------------- gSA(lkk dks izkIr djuk vkSj cuk, j[kuk@ljdkj dk nokc Mkyuk)

([k) fdlh jktuhfrd ny osQ lnL; loZekU;] y{;ksavkSj n'kZu ls ---------------------------- gksrs gSaA

(lger@ vlger)

(x) ny ------------------------- vkSj ljdkj osQ chp ,d dM+h dk dke djrsgaSA (ukxfjdksa@laLFkkvksa)

19.2nyh; O;oLFkk osQ izdkj

Hkkjr esacgqnyh; O;oLFkk gSA Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esavusd jk"Vh; vkSj {ks=kh; nyksa dk izHkqRo gSA ,slsns'k Hkh gSa tgka ,d nyh; O;oLFkk vFkok f}nyh; O;oLFkk gSA iwoZlksfo;r la?k vkSj ;qxksLykfo;k esa,d nyh; O;oLFkk FkhA blh izdkj phu esa ,d nyh; O;oLFkk gSA igysteZuh esaHkh osQoy ,dnyukth ikVhZ Fkh vkSj bVyh esaHkh ,slk gh Fkk tgkadh ,dek=k ikVhZdks iQkflLV ikVhZ osQ uke lstkuk tkrk FkkA f}nyh; O;oLFkk esanks eq[; jktuhfrd ny gksrsgSaA baXyS.M] la;qDr jkT; vejhdk]vkLVsfy;k vkSj U;wthyS.M esaf}nyh; O;oLFkk gSA ogkavU; ny gksldrsgSaijarq mudh Hkwfedk izk;%ux.; gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,_ baXyS.M esanks eq[; ny yscj ikVhZrFkk dUtosZfVo ikVhZ gSaA vejhdkesankseq[; ny fjifCydu ikVhZvkSj MsekssfVd ikVhZgSaA Hkkjr dh rjg tkiku] izQkal] teZuh vkSjfLoVtjyS.M esa cgqnyh; O;oLFkk gSA

ikBxr iz'u19.2

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,

(d) iw oZlksfo;r la?k esa -------------------------------- O;oLFkk FkhA

(,d nyh;@cgqnyh;)

([k) teZuh esa------------------------- O;oLFkk gSA (f}nyh;@ cgqnyh;)

(x) baXyS.M dh nksizeq[k ikfVZ;ka------------------------------ikVhZgSA (dUtosZfVo vkSj yscj@fjifCydu vkSjMsekssfVd)

19.3 Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk dk fodkl

Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk osQ fodkl dk izkjEHk 1885 esa,d jktuhfrd eap osQ :i esa Hkkjrh; jk"Vh;dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ls gksrk gSA Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ izR;qRrj osQ:i esa rFkk fczfV'k 'kklu ls Lora=krk izkIr djus osQ fy, dh xbZFkhA

Lora=krk osQ ckn yksdrkaf=kd lafokku viukus osQ lkFk 1952 esa lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfkdkj ijvkkkfjr izFke vke pqukoksaosQ nf"Vxr ,d ubZnyh; O;oLFkk mHkjh gqbZA fiNys ikB esavkiuslkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfkdkj osQ fo"k; esa foLrkj ls i

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jk"Vh; jktuhfrd ny

igyh fLFkfr dks,d ny osQ izHkqRo dk nkSj dgk tkrk gSD;ksafd osQUnzvkSj jkT;ksaesaosQoy (1956&59esa osQjy dk viokn NksM+dj) dkaxzsl ny dk 'kklu jgk gSA nwljh fLFkfr (1967&75) esa Hkkjr us

cgqnyh; O;oLFkk osQ mn~Hko dksns[kkA 1967 osQ fokku lHkk pqukoksaesadkaxzsl vkB jkT;ksa esaijkftrgqbZA bu jkT;ksaesaigyh ckj xSj dkaxzslh nyksausla;qDr ljdkj cukbZA 1969 esadkaxzsl (vks) rFkk dkaxzsl(,u) osQ :i esafo?kVu gqvkA ijarq1971 osQ e;kofk pquko thrus osQ ckn dkaxzsl ,d ckj fiQj,d izeq[k rkdr cu xbZA rc vkikr dky (1975&77) dk ;qx vk;k ftlsHkkjrh; yksdra=k dkloZlkkoknh ;qx dgk tkrk gSA

vkikr dky gVusosQ lkFk gh dkaxzsl dk izHkqRo Hkh lekIr gks x;kA 1977 osQ vke pqukoksa esa dkaxzsldksturk ikVhZus ijkftr fd;kA dbZjktuhfrd nyksaosQ foy; osQ iQyLo:i turk ikVhZ vfLrRoesa vkbZ FkhA ysfdu 1980 osQ vke pqukoksa osQ ckn dkaxzsl iqu% lRrk esa ykSV vkbZ vkSj 1989 rd lRrkesacuh jghA

turk ikVhZ%eksjkjth nslkbZosQ usr`Ro okyh dkaxzsl (vks)] pj.k flag osQ usr`Ro okys yksdny]txthou jke osQ usr`Ro okysdkaxzsl iQkj Mseksslh] tktZiQukZaMhl osQ usr`Ro esalektokfn;ksavkSj,y- osQ- vMokuh osQ usr`Ro okys tula?k osQ foy; ls mHkj dj vkbZA

1989 osQ pqukoksa esaus'kuy izaQV usHkktik vkSj oke nyksaosQ lg;ksx ls ljdkj cukbZ ijarq;snksuksanyviuk dk;Zdky iwjk ughadj ik;s vkSj nlohayksdlHkk osQ fy, ebZ&twu 1991 esa pquko djok, x,Adkaxzsl us fiQj lsosQUnzesaljdkj cukbZA 1996 osQ vke pqukoksa esa Hkktik lclscM+h ikVhZosQ :i esa

mHkj dj vkbZvkSj mlsosQUnzesaljdkj cukusdk volj feykA pwafd ;g fukkZfjr le; esaviuk cgqerfl ugha dj ldh blfy, blsR;kxi=k nsuk iM+kA dkaxzsl vkSj Hkkjrh; dE;qfuLV ikVhZ(ekDlZoknh)osQ ckgjh leFkZu osQ vkkkj ij cuh 13 nykasdh la;qDr ekspkZljdkj Hkh viuk dk;Zdky iwjk ugha

dj ikbZA ;|fi 1998 osQ pqukoksaosQ ckn Hkktik osQ usr`Ro esacuh la;qDr ljdkj dks 1999 osQ pqukoksaus nksckjk ljdkj cukus dk volj iznku fd;k ftlus cgqnyh; xBucaku jk"Vh; turkaf=kd xBcaku(,u-Mh-,-) osQ :i esa viuk dk;Zdky iwjk fd;kA

2004 osQ 14osavke pqukoksaesadkaxzsl lclscM+sny osQ :i esamHkj dj vkbZvkSj osQUnz esa oke ekspsZosQ leFkZu ls xBca/u dh ljdkj cukbZA 1989 esa izkjEHk gq, Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk dk nkSj vHkhHkh py jgk gSvkSj bls feyhtqyh vFkok xBca/u dh jktuhfr dk nkSj dgk tkrk gSA dksbZHkh nybl nkSj esaviusne ij osQUnzesa ljdkj cukusesaliQy ughagqvk gSA

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jktuhfr foKku

ikBxr iz'u19.3

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,

(d) Hkkjrh; nyh; O;oLFkk esa 1952 ls 67 rd osQ nkSj oQks----------------------------- dgk tkrk gSA([k) 1975 ls1977 rd osQ le; dks----------------------------- ;qx dgk tkrk gSA(x) 1977 ls1980 rd turk ikVhZdh ljdkj dks------------------------- dk nkSj dgk tkrk gSA(?k) ,u- Mh- ,- ljdkj -------------------------------------- nyksaosQ xBcaku dh ljdkj FkhA

19.4jk"Vh; ny vkSj {ks=kh; ny

Hkkjr esa nksizdkj osQ ny gSa& jk"Vh; ny vkSj {ks=kh; nyA jk"Vh; ny osgSa ftudk izk;% iwjsns'k esaizHkko gSA ;g vko';d ughagSfd jk"Vh; ny lHkh jkT;ksaesa leku :i ls 'kfDr'kkyh gksaA fdlh nyoQkspquko vk;ksx ,d fuf'pr lw=k osQ vkkkj ij jk"Vh; ny dh ekU;rk iznku djrk gSA ,slsjktuhfrdny dksftlusfiNysvke pqukoksaesaMkys x, oqQy oSk erksa osQ 6 izfr'kr lsvfkd er de ls depkj jkT;ksa esa izkIr fd, gksa mls jk"Vh; ny dk ntkZiznku fd;k tkrk gSAjk"Vh; nyksadh la[;k cnyrh jgh gSA o"kZ2006 esaHkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsl] Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ] Hkkjrh;dE;qfu"V ikVhZ (ekDlZoknh)] Hkkjrh; dE;qfu"V ikVhZ] cgqtu lekt ikVhZvkSj jk"Voknh dkaxzsl ikVhZjk"Vh; ny FksAbu jk"Vh; nyksaosQ vfrfjDr Hkkjr esaoqQN vU; ny Hkh gSaftudk jk"Vh; Lrj ij izHkko ughagSA mudh

xfrfofk;ka vkSj izHkko fo'ks"k jkT;ksa vFkok {ks=kksard lhfer gSaA dHkh&dHkh ;s ny fdlh fo'ks"k {ks=kdh ekaxksadksmBkus osQ fy, cuk, tkrs gSaA ;sny u rksdetksj gSvkSj u gh vYithoh gSaA dHkh&dHkhrks ;s vius {ks=k esacgqr 'kfDr'kkyh fl gksrs gSaA bUgsa {ks=kh; nydgk tkrk gSA rfeyukMqesa,-vkbZ-,-Mh-,e-osQ- rFkk Mh-,e-osQ-] vkUkzizns'k esarsyqxqns'ke] iatkc esavdkyh ny] tEew vkSj d'ehj esaus'kuy dkaizsQl] >kj[k.M esa >kj[k.M eqfDr ekspkZ] vklke esa vle x.k ifj"kn] egkjk"V esajk"Voknhdkaxzsl ikVhZvkSj f'ko lsuk izeq[k {ks=kh; ny gSaA {ks=kh; nyksaosQ ckjsesa vki vxysikB esa i

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jk"Vh; jktuhfrd ny

19.5 Hkkjr esa izeq[k jk"Vh; ny

1. Hkkjrh; jk"Vh; dkaxzsltSlk fd vki igysi

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jktuhfr foKku

3.lkE;oknh nyHkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny (lh-ih-vkbZ-) vkSj Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh ny (ekDlZoknh) nkslkE;oknh ny gSaAdkaxzsl osQ ckn lkE;oknh ny gh lcls iqjkuk jktuhfrd ny gSA lkE;oknh vkanksyu 1920 osQ n'kdosQ izkjEHk esa'kq: gqvk vkSj 1925 esalkE;oknh ny dh LFkkiuk gksxbZA lkE;okfn;ksausjk"Vh; vkanksyuesaHkkx fy;k] ;|fi vkerkSj ij muosQ dkaxzsl osQ lkFk xaHkhj erHksn FksA lkE;okfn;ksadk ekuuk Fkk fdyksx vkfFkZd :i lsleku gksuspkfg, vkSj lekt dksxjhc vkSj vehj esa oxhZo`Qr ughafd;k tkukpkfg,A etnwjksa] fdlkuksarFkk vU; esgurd'k yksxksa dkstkslekt esamRiknd dk;ZdjrsgSa] mfprekU;rk vkSj 'kfDr feyuh pkfg,Aiwjs usg: ;qx esa lkE;oknh ny gh eq[; foi{kh ny FkkA izFke yksd lHkk esamuosQ 26 lnL; FksA nwljhvkSj rhljh yksd lHkk esamuosQ e'k% 27 vkSj 29 lnL; FksA 1957 esa lh-ih-vkbZ- (Hkkjrh; lkE;oknh

ny) dksosQjy esaiw.kZcgqer izkIr gqvk vkSj mlusHkkjr osQ fdlh ,d jkT; esaigyh lkE;oknh ljdkjcukbZA 60 osQ n'kd osQ izkjEHk esa fo'ks"k :i ls1962 esaHkkjr ij phuh vke.k osQ ckn Hkkjrh;lkE;oknh ny osQ lnL;ksa esaxaHkhj erHksn iSnk gq,A ifj.kke Lo:i ikVhZnksHkkxksa esacaV xbZA lh-ih-vkbZ- lsvyx gksus okyksaus1964 esa lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e) dk xBu fd;kA lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e) dk eq[;leFkZu vkkkj if'peh caxky] osQjy vkSj f=kiqjk esaosQfUnzr gS ;|fi blus vkakzizns'k] vklke] iatkc]bR;kfn esaviuh mifLFkfr ntZdjkbZgSA lh-ih-vkbZ- osQ izHkko{ks=k vkakz izns'k] vklke] fcgkj] ef.kiqj]mM+hlk] ikaMhpsjh vkSj iatkc bR;kfn esagSaA blosQ vfrfjDr lh-ih-vkbZ- osQjy vkSj if'peh caxky esaokeekspkZxBcaku dk lnL; jgh gSA 2004 osQ yksd lHkk pqukoksaosQ ckn lh-ih-vkbZ- vkSj lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e)nksuksagh dkaxzsl xBcaku dh ljdkj osQ leFkZd jgsgSaA osla;qDr izxfr'khy xBcaku dh ljdkj dksckgj ls leFkZu nsjgsgSaA

4.cgqtu lekt ikVhZ

cgqtu lekt ikVhZ(c-l-ik-)dks1996 esajk"Vh; ny dk ntkZizkIr gqvkA clik fiNM+h tkfr;ksa] oafprlewgksavkSj vYila[;dksaosQ fgrksa dh ckr djrh gSA clik dk fo'okl gS fd bl cgqla[;d lektdksmQaph tkfr;ksa osQ 'kks"k.k ls eqDr djokuk pkfg, vkSj mudksviuh ljdkj cukuh pkfg,A clik dkizHkko {ks=k mkj izns'k] e; izns'k] iatkc vkfn esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 1995 vkSj 1997 esaclik mkjizns'k esaxBcaku ljdkjksaesaHkkxhnkj FkhA ysfdu 2007 esaigyh ckj bl ny uscgqer izkIr dj mkjizns'k esaviuh ljdkj cukbZgSA

vkius D;k lh[kkbl ikB esavkiusHkkjr easjktuhfrd nyksa osQ ckjsesatkukA jktuhfrd ny osQ vFkZosQ lkFk&lkFk vkiusHkkjr esayksdra=k dkscuk, j[kusesabu nyksadh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esai

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jk"Vh; jktuhfrd ny

ikBxr iz'u19.6

fjDr LFkku Hkfj,

(d) 1984 osQ vke pqukoksa esaHkktik dksyksd lHkk esa----------------- lhVsaizkIr gqbZA (2] 3] 4)

([k) lh-ih-vkbZ- usviuh igyh ljdkj --------------------------------- jkT; esacukbZA (if'peh caxky@osQjy@vkakzizns'k) (x) clik dk izHkko {ks=k-----------------------------esans[kk tk ldrk gSA (mRrj izns'k@vkakzizns'k@if'pehcaxky)

ikBkar iz'u

1. jktuhfrd ny dh vko';d fo'ks"krk,a fyf[k,A

2. Hkkjr osQ fdUgha nksizeq[k jk"Vh; jktuhfrd nyksadh ppkZ dhft,A

ikBxr iz'uksaosQ mkj

19.1

(d) lRrk dksizkIr djuk vkSj cuk, j[kuk

([k) lger

(x) ukxfjdksa

19.2

(d) ,d nyh;

([k) cgq nyh;

(x) dUtosZfVo vkSj yscj19.3

(d) ,d nyh; izHkqRo dk nkSj

([k) lRrkoknh

(x) xBcUku jktuhfr

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jktuhfr foKku

(?k) 13 (rsjg)

19.4

(d) pkj ([k) jk"Vh;

(x) {ks=kh;

(?k) {ks=kh;

19.5

(d) 1885

(x) tulkkkj.k

(?k) 1975

19.6

(d) 2

(x) osQjy

(?k) mkj izns'k

ikBkar iz'uksaosQ fy, laosQr1. [k.M19.3ns[ksa

2. [k.M19.5ns[ksa

ge viuh thou 'kSyh esaoSQls lq/kj djsa\

vkb,] fd'kksjksadksizHkkfor djusokyseqn~nksa ij fopkj djsaA

viusdksle>sa vkSj csgrj eglwl djsaA viusvki esafo'okl j[ksavkSj viuh rkdrvkSj detksfj;ksadksle>saA vkRe&lEeku dh Hkkouk vko';d gSA

thou osQ izfr ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k j[ksaA lq[kn u gksusij Hkh vuqHkoksalslh[kusdksrRij jgsaAdfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksaesaleL;k dk dkj.k igpkusarFkk csgrjhu lek/ku