INDIAN DEFENCE - Aram IAS Academy

FORMERLY TIMES IAS ACADEMY

INDIAN DEFENCE

PART - I

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Indian Armed forces are among the most powerful in the world. Fifth most powerful to be

precise. The armed forces include three professional services-Indian Army, Indian Air Force

and Indian Navy. The Indian Armed forces are supported by Indian Coast Guard, paramilitary

organisations and other allied forces.

The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the forces. Coming under the Ministry of

Defence, the Indian military forces have active 1.4 million personnel serving. Additionally, it is

the world's largest volunteer army

1947 was the year India got independence. It was also the year when the subcontinent was

bifurcated into two independent nations-India and Pakistan. Bifurcation was not only made on

the territorial lines but also in terms of resources. Accordingly, the forces were divided too, in

terms of personnel, ships, divisions and aircrafts.

In January 1949, KM Cariappa became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief. In 1954, Air

Marshal Subroto Mukherjee became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Air

Force. And in the same year, Vice Admiral Ram Dass Katari became the first Chief of Naval Staff.

One of the first conflicts Indian Armed forces had to face was just after independence, the

Indo-Pakistan war of 1947-48. This war was fought over the then princely state of Jammu and

Kashmir. The war ended with a ceasefire being declared on December 31, 1948. It concluded

with 65% of the territory under Indian control and rest under Pakistan's.

Apart from 1947 Indo-Pakistan war, the two countries engaged in conflicts on multiple

occasions-1965, 1971 and 1999.

In 1961, tensions rose between India and Portugal over the territory of Goa under the Portugal

occupancy. This conflict was popularly known as Operation Vijay. The operation lasted for 36

hours, post which the Portugal forces retracted from Goan territory, after over 450 years of

colonial rule.

Indo-Pakistan war of 1947-48

Evolution of Defence Forces in India since Independence:

India and Portugal-1961:

The Sino-India war of 1962 was between India

and China. The conflict over the Himalayan

border was the main reason behind the war,

however, tensions were growing since the time

India started hosting Tibetan refugees. On

November 21, China extended the unilateral

ceasefire.

Sino-India war of 1962

Aram.Academy.IAS aramias_academy aram_ias_academy aimcivilservices aramiasacademy.com

In 1971 war between India and Pakistan happened

during the l iberation in East Pakistan (now

Bangladesh). The war lasted for 13 days and ended with

Pakistani signing the Instrument of Surrender. On

December 16, 1971, East Pakistan was formed into

Bangladesh.

The Kargil conflict of 1999 was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan in Kargil district of

Kashmir. The infiltration of Pakistani troops into the Indian side of the LoC resulted in the

conflict. The conflict lasted for over two months. Conclusively, Pakistan withdrew its forces and

July 26 since then has been celebrated as the Kargil Vijay Diwas every year.

The Indian Armed Forces, apart from defending the borders, are also involved in various

nation-building operations. Its contribution during natural calamities is of prime significance.

In recent time, Indian Armed Forces have worked with the state machinery to help during

Kerala floods of 2018, Cyclone Fani in Odisha and the Assam floods, among many others.

Indian Armed Forces have also been active participators in the UN peacekeeping missions. So

far, India has participated in over 40 peacekeeping missions and has contributed about 2 lakh

troops. In 2014, India became the third-largest troop contributor.

International military exercises are an extension of military training for partner countries and

a significant military diplomacy tool. Since 2012, the Indian armed forces have engaged more

than 20 countries in international military exercises

Introduction

Training of and with military personnel of partner countries has a dual impact:

In capacity building in the partner country;

In generating an understanding between two militaries in terms of

professionalism, procedures and processes, and the military ethos.

Bangladesh war of 1971

The Kargil conflict of 1999

Humanitarian Measures

International Military Exercises

The Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 was followed by Operation Gibraltar launched by Pakistan into

Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian retaliated and this war saw the engagement of the largest

tank battle since World War II. The war lasted for 17 days and resulted in casualties on both

sides. The United Nations intervened and the Tashkent Declaration was signed.

Indo-Pakistan war of 1965


Sharing of military training aspects through international military exercises is one of the most

effective confidence-building measures (CBMs) between partners. It helps in understanding

the intent and perspectives of participants and normally gives a boost to bilateral ties.

For military alliance partners, joint military exercises are an operational necessity to ensure

interoperability of operational, communication related, logistical as well as procedural

aspects. Failure to achieve synergy in these aspects would result in suboptimal operational

execution.

However, for countries like India which are not part of any military alliance, the objective of

international military exercises is not only to learn from the best operational practices of

others but also to gain from their maintenance, logistical and administrative experiences.

Exposure to technological advances, associated problems and varied operational

environment management assists all participants in enhancing their individual capabilities

and helps in charting a future course of action based on realistic appraisal.

Besides operational objectives, international military exercises are designed to

institutionalise a framework for quick and efficient HADR missions.

Joint military exercises provide the necessary impetus to such an understanding and play a

pivotal role in efficient aid disbursement in the provision of humanitarian assistance and

conduct of disaster relief (HADR) situations. Operation Maitri is a good example of efficient

support provided by the Indian armed forces to Nepal in the aftermath of the earthquake that

struck the country in April 2015.

Due to these reasons, a large number of structured military exercises are planned and

executed in various regions of the world every year.

According to the Annual Reports of the Ministry of Defence (MoD), Government of India, from

2011–12 to 2015–16, the Indian armed forces have been engaging a number of countries

through regular international military exercises in India and abroad

The Indian Army has expanded the engagement envelope for international exercises focused

on various domains of warfare that are decided mutually with the partner countries. The

Indian Navy regularly exercises with various foreign navies at both at bilateral and multilateral

levels in three participative formats: passage exercises (PASSEX); occasional exercises; and

institutionalised exercises

Institutionalised exercises are conducted on regular basis with partner countries in areas of

maritime interest, with the scope and content progressively enhanced for traditional and non-

traditional maritime challenges.13 Exercise Malabar (with the US since 1992); Exercise

Thammar-al-Tayyib, renamed as Exercise Naseem-al-Bahr in 2007 (with Oman since 1993);

SIMBEX (with Singapore since 1994); Exercise Varuna (with France since 2001) etc., all into this

category

Necessity of joint military exercises

Necessity of joint military exercises


The Indian Air Force (IAF) has come a long way after its first international exercise with

participation of fighter aircraft, Exercise Garuda-I with France, in India in 2003. Other exercises

in various formats have also been conducted since then.

The location, time, scale and nature of participants, and stated objectives of an international

military exercise can be selected to send a signal to a common adversary.

The Indian policy of engagement with neighbours indicates 55 per cent share for Asian

countries in international military exercises. Africa's share, at just 4 per cent, is considerably

lower than its strategic significance.

the largest engagement is by the Indian Army .The probable reason for this is the multiple roles

that being the largest of the three services, the army needs to play in the prevailing

environment in counter-insurgency/terrorist operations, special operations and disaster

relief. A large number of international military exercises, in fact, are focused on these

themes.15 The navy, owing to its nature, has been involved in international port calls and anti-

piracy operations, and as it continuously operates in international waters it needs to

coordinate and synchronise operations with the other players there.

The number of participants in a military exercise should be decided based on the following:

objectives that are sought to be achieved, the level(s) of engagement, equipment profile,

language and common interests. Bilateral exercises result in greater interaction between the

participants and a focused approach for the achievement of objectives. However, multilateral

exercises allow for simultaneous engagement with multiple countries, thus making the

process more efficient

Strategically, international military exercises assist in forging a bond between participating

nations and enhance the level of cooperation between them.

This cooperation in military affairs has the potential to expand to other arenas, especially

related to technology, human resources, training, education and the economy.

Mutual benefits from this expansion lead to greater synergy and a cohesive policy formulation.

International defence cooperation is an imperative for building our capabilities to deal with

how we envisage our current and emerging role in the international arena.

International military exercises are, thus, efficient tools to engage partnering nations and

enhance existing relationships. These exercises actively support military diplomacy along with

other aspects such as military training, port calls, delegation visits, and combat equipment

support.

Besides projecting Indian capabilities and enabling doctrinal learning, such exercises assist in

benchmarking our capabilities against international standards.

Selection of Location and Participant

Benefits of Military Exercises


INDIAN MISSILES

Brahmos is named on the rivers Brahmaputra and

Moskva.

BrahMos is a joint venture India and Russia.

It is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile

capable of being launched from submarines,

warships, fighter jets or land and has a strike range of

nearly 300 kilometres.

It is a two-stage (solid propellant engine in the first stage and liquid ramjet in second) air to

surface missile with a flight range of around 300 km

However, India's entry into the the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) has extended

the range of the BRAHMOS missile to reach 450 km-600km, a shade above its current MTCR

capped range of 300 km

Brahmos is one of the fastest cruise missile currently operationally deployed with speed of

Mach 2.8, which is 3 times more than the speed of sound.

It operates on the "Fire and Forgets" principle

It can be launched from land, air, and sea and multi capability missile with pinpoint accuracy

ASTRA is the first indigenously developed Beyond

Visual Range (BVR) air-to-air missile

Speed of missile system is 5,555 km per hour or 4.5

mach

Special Feature includes Electronic Counter-Countermeasures or ECCM , option to choose

between “Lock-on Before Launch – LOBL” and “Lock-on After Launch – LOAL, It uses an inertial

guidance system with an active radar seeker with a homing range of 25 km and is extremely

effective in a multi-target scenario.

Astra has been integrated with Indian Air Force's Sukhoi Su-30MKI and will be integrated with

Dassault Mirage 2000, HAL Tejas and Mikoyan MiG-29 in the future

Range: over 70 km

Brahmos Supersonic Cruise Missile:

Astra Missile:


Short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile – Prithvi

Intermediate-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile – Agni

Short-range low-level surface-to-air missile – Trishul

Medium-range surface-to-air missile – Akash

Third generation anti-tank missile – Nag

The missiles developed under Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme are:

Prithvi I was one of the first missiles developed under

Government of India's IGMDP.

Launched in February 1988

Prithvi I is a single-stage, liquid-fuelled missile

Prithvi is a tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic

missile (SRBM) developed by DRDO of India under the

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program

It has a range of 150 km and a mounting capability of 1000 kg.

It was inducted into the Indian Army in 1994.

Agni Missiles I to V

Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme:

Prithvi I Missile:


An intermediate-range ballistic missile, the Agni-II was first test fired on April 11, 1999.

The surface-to-surface missile has a range of 2000 to 2500 km and can carry conventional or

nuclear warheads.

Agni III is an intermediate-range ballistic missile developed as the successor to the Agni II.

It is an improvement over its previous iteration, and has a range of 3,500-5,000 km, making it

capable of engaging targets deep inside neighbouring countries.

It was inducted in to the armed forces in June 2011, enhancing its strike capability.

Carrying forward the success of its predecessor, the Agni III was developed to strike targets

within a similar range but with a significantly shorter flight time of 20 minutes.

The Agni IV, which has a two-phase propulsion system is designed to carry a 1,000 kg payload.

Two stage missile powered by solid propellant.

Can fire from a road mobile launcher.

Range is more than 3,500 km.

Equipped with indigenously developed ring laser gyro and composite rocket motor.

Agni is India's first inter-continental ballistic missile (ICBM), with high road mobility, fast-

reaction ability and a strike range of over 5,000 km.

Three-stage solid fueled, indigenous Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM).

Capable of carrying 1.5 tonnes of nuclear warheads.

After induction in the military, India will join an exclusive club of countries like the US, Russia,

China, France, and Britain which have intercontinental ballistic missile capability.

Canister launches missile system for operational flexibility.

A nuclear-capable ballistic missile, Agni 1 is the first of the five missile Agni series launched in

1983 by the Defence Research and Development Organisation.

Single stage, solid fuel, Medium Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM).

Using solid propulsion booster and a liquid propulsion upper stage.

It has a range of 700 km.

Agni I Missile:

Agni II Missile:

Agni III Missile:

Agni IV Missile:

Agni V Missile:


Akash is a medium-range, theatre defense,

surface-to-air missile having a range of 27-

30km developed by the Defence Research

and Development Organisation and

produced by Bharat Dynamics Limited for

Missile Systems and Bharat Electronics for

other radars, control centres in India.

The missile system can target aircraft up to

30 km away, at altitudes up to 18,000 m.

It has multi-target engagement capability

and is in operational service with the Indian

Army and the Indian Air Force.

Nag is a third-generation hit-to-kill “fire-and-forget”

anti-tank missile that was first tested in 1990.

The two-stage solid propellant weapon uses the lock-

on before launch system where the target is identified

and designated before the weapon is launched.

It is being developed by India's Defence Research and

Development Organisation under the Integrated

Guided Missile Development Program and is

manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited.

Developed indigenously as an anti-armour weapon

employing sensor fusion technologies for flight

guidance.

HELINA (Helicopter Launched NAG) is the air-to-

surface version of the NAG integrated into Dhruv

Helicopters.

Trishul is a short-range surface-to-air missile

equipped with electronic measures against

all known aircraft jammers.

It has a range of 9 km and is used as anti-sea

skimmer from ships against low-flying

attacks.

Akash Missile:

Nag Anti-tank Missile:

Trishul Missile:


Prithvi III is the naval-version missile with a range of 350 km.

A two-stage surface-to-surface missile,

Prithvi III was first tested in 2000.

The successful test of the Sagarika marks an inflection point in India's military history.

It forms the crucial third leg of India's nuclear deterrent vis-à-vis its submarine-launched

ballistic missile (SLBM) capability.

The K-15 Sagarika, which has a range of 750 km, was successfully tested in February 2008, and

was subsequently integrated with India's nuclear-powered Arihant class submarine.

Dhanush is a liquid propelled sea-based missile that

was envisaged as a short-range version of the Prithvi

II ballistic missile.

Naval version of Prithvi II.

It has a range of 350 km and is capable of carrying

nuclear warheads. It was successfully test-fired

from a naval warship in March 2011, and carries

forward the legacy of the K-15 Sagarika.

It was initially conceived as a surface-to-surface

ballistic missile (SSM) variant of the K-15 Sagarika,

that can be stored in underground silos for extended

periods and launched using gas canisters as a

trigger.

The nuclear capability of the missile enhances

India's second strike capability reduces the

dependence on the K-15 ballistic missile which was

built with significant Russian assistance.

Prithvi III Missile:

K-15 Sagarika

Dhanush:

Shaurya:


Nirbhay is a subsonic cruise missile which is

ancillary to the BrahMos range.

It uses a terrain-following navigation system to

reach up to 1,000 km.

Nirbhay is capable of being launched from multiple

platforms on land, sea, and air.

A terrain hugging, stealth missile capable of

delivering 24 different types of warheads depending

on mission requirements.

Prahaar is a surface-to-surface missile with a range

of 150 km that was successfully tested for the first

time in July 2011.

Primary objective is to bridge the gap between the

unguided Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher and

the guided Prithvi missile variants.

Stated to be a unique missile, the Prahaarboasts of

high maneuverability, acceleration and accuracy.

Primarily a battlefield support system for the Army,

the missile can be fired from a road mobile

launchers and is extremely mobile in battle

situations owing to its lighter build.

The rocket system was named after Pinaka, the bow of Lord Shiva.

It was successfully flight-tested from the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur off the Odisha

coast.

It is an Artillery Missile System developed by DRDO and capable of striking up to a range of 75

kilometres with high precision.

There are two versions: Pinaka MK-I (40 km range) and MK-II (75 km range).

Nirbhay subsonic cruise missile

Prahaar:

Pinaka Missile System:


Barak 8 Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (LRSAM) Air and Missile Defence Systems to ships of

the Indian Navy which in Hebrew language means Lightning.

The missile system has been jointly developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI), India's

DRDO.

The Barak-8 LRSAM system is an operational Air and Missile Defence (AMD) system used by

Israel's navy as well as by India's navy, air and land forces.

The system provides broad aerial and point defence against a wide range of threats to the

marine arena from the air, sea or land.

Barak-8 incorporates a state-of-the-art phased array multi-mission radar, two-way data link,

and a flexible command and control system, enabling users to simultaneously engage multiple

targets day and night and in all weather conditions

It has the ability to hit targets within radii of 70 km to 90 km.

The missile is designed to defend against any type of airborne threat including aircraft,

helicopters, anti-ship missiles, and UAVs as well as cruise missiles and combat jets.

Both maritime and land-based versions of the system exist.

Barak-8 Missile


DRDO has successfully test-fired indigenously developed Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air

missiles (QRSAM) from a test range off the Odisha coast.

It is intermediate-range, nuclear-capable submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) with

3,500-km range.

It is developed by DRDO and will be inducted to Arihant-class submarines.

It has been developed to replace the 'Akash' missile defence system, and has 360-degree

coverage.

It uses solid fuel propellant

Strike range of 25-30 km with capability of hitting multiple targets.

It is an all-weather, all-terrain surface-to-air missile equipped with electronic counter

measures against jamming by aircraft radars.

Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air missiles (QRSAM)

K-4 Missile


DEFENCEE X E R C I S E

India Japan

United States

India Thailand

Association of

Southeast Asian

Nations (ASEAN)

and United States

S.No.Name of the

Exercise

Countries

InvolvedTheme/Area of Interest

Cycle of

Exercise

Forces

Involved

Place of the

Exercise

1Indo–Thai CORPAT

(28th edition)

India

ThailandImplementation of UNCLOS Biannual Naval Exercise

2Samudra

Laksamana

India

MalaysiaInteroperability of Navies Naval Exercise

3Singapore

India Thailand

Strengthen relations,

maritime interoperabilityNaval ExerciseSITMEX-19 Annual

Port Blair,

Andaman and

Nicobar

4

5

6

India-Japan-

US naval cooperation

Counter-terrorism

operation

Counter-terrorism

operation

Naval Exercise

Army Exercise

Naval Exercise

Malabar Exercise

23rd edition

MAITREE-2019

ASEAN-US

Maritime Exercise

(1st Exercise)

Annual

Annual

Annual

Tokyo, Japan

Umroi

Meghalaya

Sattahip Naval

Base in Thailand


S.No.Name of the

Exercise

Countries


Cycle of

Exercise

Forces

Involved

Place of the

Exercise

7GARUDA VI

(6th edition)

Indian and

FrenchInteroperability Air Exercise

8 Shakti-2019 India and France Counter Terrorism operations Army Exercise

9

Indian Army,

Navy, Air Force

and Coast Guard

Joint Services

Exercise

Danx- 19 Defence

of Andaman &

Nicobar Islands 2019

(second edition)

Mont de Marsan

in France

Biennial Rajasthan

10

11

EX EASTERN

BRIDGE-V

Naseem Al-Bahr

India and Oman

India and Oman

Air Exercise

Naval Exercise

Air Force

Base Masirah,

Oman

Goa

12

13

AL Nagah India and Oman Army Exercise

Nomadic

Elephant 2019

India and

Mongolia

Counter insurgency &

Counter terrorismArmy Exercise



S.No.Name of the

Exercise

Countries


Cycle of

Exercise

Forces

Involved

Place of the

Exercise

14 Ex Ekuverin – 19India and

MaldivesInteroperability Army Exercise

15 Tiger Triumph India and USHumanitarian Assistance

and Disaster Relief

Joint Service

Exercise

Pune,

Maharashtra

Biennial

16

17

SAMPRITI-IX

Counter-Terrorism

Table-Top

Exercise (CT-TTX)

MILAN 2020

(11th Edition)

India and

Bangladesh

(U.S., India,

Japan and

Australia)

Multilateral

Naval Exercise

Humanitarian Assistance

and Disaster Relief

Counter-Terrorism Exercise

Synergy across the seas

Army Exercise

Army Exercise

Naval Exercise

Umroi,

Meghalaya

Umroi,

Meghalaya

Visakhapatnam

18

19

Yudh Abhyas

2019Indian and US Annual Army Exercise



S.No.Name of the

Exercise

Countries


Cycle of

Exercise

Forces

Involved

Place of the

Exercise

20 TSENTR 2019Russia, China,

India, Kazakhstan,

Kyrgyzstan,

Tajikistan, Pakistan

and Uzbekistan

Interoperability Army ExercisePune,

Maharashtra

21 Surya Kiran- XIV India - NepalHumanitarian Assistance

and Disaster ReliefArmy ExerciseAnnual

22

23

Mitra Shakti-VII

SLINEX 2019

India - Sri Lanka

India - Sri Lanka

Counter-insurgency

& counter-terrorismArmy Exercise

Naval Exercise

Nepal

24

25

Za'ir-Al-Bahr

Dustlik-2019

India and Qatar

India and

Uzbekistan

Naval Exercise

Army Exercise

Cooperation and

enhance interoperability

Cooperation and

enhance interoperability

Chirchiq Training

Area, Uzbekistan



S.No.Name of the

Exercise

Countries


Cycle of

Exercise

Forces

Involved

Place of the

Exercise

26Hand in Hand

8th editionIndia and China Counter terrorism

27 Indra India and UKBase Defence and

Force Protection

Tri Service

Exercise

28

29

Indradhanush - V

Ajeya Warrior

2020

India and

Bangladesh

India and

United Kingdom


and Disaster ReliefAir Exercise India

Umroi,

Meghalaya

30

31

IndSpaceEx

Vajra Prahar

India

India and USA

Space Warfare

Exercise

Special Forces

Army Exercise

Counter terrorism

32 IMBAXIndia and

MyanmarStrengthening Relations Army Exercise



S.No.Name of the

Exercise

Countries


Cycle of

Exercise

Forces

Involved

Place of the

Exercise

33Ex HARIMAU

SHAKTI 2018

India and

MalaysiaCounter terrorism

34 Garuda ShaktiIndia and

Indonesia

35

36

VINBAX

Dharma Guardian

India and

Vietnam

India and Japan

Training for peace

keeping operation

To increase Interoperability

Hulu Langat,

Malaysia

37

38

Ex PRABAL

DOSTYK

Ex LAMITIYE

India and

Kazakhstan

India and

Seychelles

Army Exercise

Army Exercise

Army Exercise

Army Exercise

Army Exercise

Army Exercise

39Ex BOLD

KURUKSHETRA

Annual

Annual

Army ExerciseIndia and

Singapore



S.No.Name of the

Exercise

Countries


Cycle of

Exercise

Forces

Involved

Place of the

Exercise

40 Ex KHANJARIndia and

Kyrgyzstan

41 KONKANIndia and

United Kingdom

42

43

Sahyog HOP TAC

IND-INDO

CORPAT

India and

Vietnam

India and

Indonesia

44

45

SIMBEX

IMCOR

Indian and

Singapore

India and

Myanmar

Army Exercise

Naval Exercise

Naval Exercise

Naval Exercise

Naval Exercise

Naval Exercise

46 Ex AVIAINDRA

Biannual

BiannualIndia and Russia

Coordinated Patrol Annual

Air Force

Exercise



S.No.Name of the

Exercise

Countries


Cycle of

Exercise

Forces

Involved

Place of the

Exercise

47 SIAM BHARATIndia and

Thailand

48 Ex Desert Eagle India and UAE

49

50

Ex INDRADHANUSH

Ex RED FLAG

India and

Vietnam

India and USA

51

52

Force 18

Ex AUSTRA HIND

ASEAN +

India and

Australia

Army Exercise

Army Exercise

53 Ex KHAN QUESTIndia and

Mongolia


and Disaster Relief

Air Force

Exercise

Air Force

Exercise

Air Force

Exercise

Air Force

Exercise

Army Exercise



S.No.Name of the

Exercise

Countries


Cycle of

Exercise

Forces

Involved

Place of the

Exercise

54

57

Ex Agni Warrior

MILEX

India and

Singapore

BIMSTEC

Countires

55 IMBEXIndia and

Myanmar

56 RIMPAC

Multilateral

Exercise

administered

by the

United States

Navy's

Indo-Pacific

Command

Army Exercise

Naval Exercise


and Disaster Relief

Counter Terrorism

Honolulu,

Hawaii

Thailand

Biannual

Annual58 Ex COBRA GOLDMultilateral

Exercise



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FORMERLY TIMES IAS ACADEMY


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INDIAN DEFENCE - Aram IAS Academy