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Indian Air force

Ensign of the Indian Air Force

Founded October 8, 1932Country IndiaSize 170,000 personnel

1,550 aircraftPart of Indian Armed ForcesHeadquarters New Delhi, IndiaMotto नभः $पश' दी*तम Sanskrit: Nabha

Sparsham Deeptam"Touch the Sky with Glory"[1]

Colour Navy blue, sky blue and white Commanders

Chief of theAir Staff

Air Chief Marshal PradeepVasant Naik

InsigniaCrest

Roundel

Fin flash

Aircraft flownAttack SEPECAT Jaguar, MiG-21,

MiG-27Electronicwarfare

IAI Phalcon

Fighter Su-30 MKI, Dassault Mirage2000, MiG-29,

Helicopter Dhruv, Chetak, Cheetah, Mi-8/Mi-17, Mi-26, Mi-25/35

Reconnaissance Gulfstream IVTrainer HPT-32 Deepak,HAL

Kiran,HAL HJT-36 Sitara andthe BAE Hawk .

Transport Il-76 MD, An-32, HS-748,Boeing 707, Boeing 737 and C-130J.

Indian Air ForceFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Indian Airforce)

The Indian Air Force (IAF; Devanāgarī: भारतीय वाय12ना, Bhartiya Vāyu Senā) is the air arm of the armedforces of India. Its primary responsibility is to secureIndian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during aconflict. It was officially established on October 8, 1932as an auxiliary air force of the Indian Empire and theprefix Royal was added in 1945 in recognition of itsservices during the World War II. After India achievedindependence from the United Kingdom in 1947, theRoyal Indian Air Force served the Union of India, withthe prefix being dropped when India became a republicin 1950.

Since independence, the IAF has been involved in fourwars with neighboring Pakistan and one with thePeople's Republic of China. Other major operationsundertaken by the IAF include Operation Vijay,Operation Meghdoot and Operation Cactus. Apart fromconflicts, the IAF has been an active participant inUnited Nations peacekeeping missions.

The President of India serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the IAF. The Chief of Air Staff, an Air ChiefMarshal (ACM), is a four star commander andcommands the Air Force. There is never more than oneserving ACM at any given time in the IAF. One officerhas been conferred the rank of Marshal of the Air Force,a 5-star rank and the officer serves as the ceremonialchief.

With strength of approximately 170,000 personnel and1,550 aircraft in active service, the Indian Air Force isthe world's fourth largest.[2][3] In recent years, the IAFhas undertaken an ambitious expansion andmodernisation program to replace its aging Soviet-erafighter jets. Among the various expansion plans is theMRCA program under which the IAF plans to induct126 fighter jets at a cost of US$12 billion.

Contents1 Mission2 History3 Structure of the IAF

3.1 Commands and structure3.2 Bases3.3 Wings3.4 Squadrons

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Indian Air Force

Nabha Sparsham Deeptam"Touch the Sky with Glory"

Headquarters

New Delhi

History and traditions

History of the Indian Air Force(established October 8, 1932)

Personnel

Marshal of the Indian Air ForceChief of the Air StaffIndian Air Force ranks and insignia

Aircraft

Aircraft of the Indian Air ForceOne of the first aircraft of the Indian

4 IAF personnel4.1 Officers4.2 Airmen4.3 Garud Commando Force4.4 Non Combatants Enrolled andcivilians

5 Land-Based Air Defence6 Aircraft inventory

6.1 Fighter and multi-role combat aircraft6.2 Strike, attack and close supportaircraft6.3 Airborne Early Warning aircraft6.4 Transport aircraft6.5 Training aircraft6.6 Helicopters6.7 Unmanned aerial vehicles

7 Ongoing expansion7.1 Future aircraft

7.1.1 Confirmed sales7.1.2 Under procurement7.1.3 Under development

7.2 Aerospace Command7.3 Surface to Air Missile Systems7.4 Surface to Surface Missiles7.5 Air to Surface Missiles

8 See also9 Footnotes10 References11 External links

MissionThe IAF's mission is defined by the Armed Forces Act of 1947,Constitution of India and the Air Force Act of 1950, in the aerialbattlespace, as: Defence of India and every part thereof includingpreparation for defence and all such acts as may be conducive intimes of war to its prosecution and after its termination to effectivedemobilisation.[4] Moreover, the air force, along with the otherbranches of the Indian armed forces, can assist local and stategovernments; if assistance is sought by such government duringnatural disasters and for maintaining internal security.

HistoryMain article: History of the Indian Air Force

The Indian Air Force wasestablished as an auxiliary airforce[5] of the RAF with theenactment of the Indian AirForce Act of 1932 on October8 that year.[6][7] On April 1,1933, the IAF commissionedits first squadron, No.1Squadron, with four Westland

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Installations

Bases

One of the first aircraft of the IndianAir Force.

HAL HF-24 Marut, the firstindigenous fighter jet to enter service

with the Indian Air Force.

Squadron, with four WestlandWapiti biplanes and fiveIndian pilots. The Indian pilots

were led by Flight Lieutenant (later Air Vice Marshal) CecilBouchier.[8] Until 1938, No. 1 Squadron remained the only squadron of the IAF, though two more flightswere added.[8] During the Second World War, the Air Force had grown to seven squadrons in 1943 and tonine squadrons in 1945.[8] In recognition of the crucial role played by the IAF, King George VI conferred itthe prefix Royal in 1945.[7][9] Indian National Army youth cadets were trained by Imperial Japanese ArmyAir Force Academy in 1944.[10]

After Indian independence in 1947, Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) was bifurcated. Three of the tenoperational squadrons and facilities located within the borders of Pakistan were transferred to RoyalPakistan Air Force.[11]

In 1947, when a conflict broke out over the control of erstwhile principality of Jammu & Kashmir, theMaharaja of the state decided to accede India in order to receive military help.[12] The day after instrumentof accession was signed, the RIAF was called upon to mobilise armed troops into the war-zone.[12] This ledto the eruption of full scale war between India and Pakistan without a formal declaration.[13] During thewar, the RIAF did not engage Pakistan Air Force in air-to-air combat; however, it did provide effectivetransport and close air support to the Indian troops.[14] When India became a Republic in 1950, the Royaltitle was dropped to become the Indian Air Force.[7]

In 1960, when Belgium's 75-year colonial rule of the Congo ended abruptly, widespread violence andrebellion engulfed the nation.[15] IAF aircraft arrived in Congo to support United Nations Operation in theCongo and started undertaking operational missions in November.[16] The unit remained there until 1966,when the UN mission ended.[16]

During the Sino-Indian War of 1962, India's military planners failed to deploy and effectively use the IAFagainst the invading Chinese forces.[17] Three years after the Sino-Indian conflict, in 1965, India went towar with Pakistan again over Kashmir. Learning from the experiences of the Sino-Indian war, Indiadecided to use its air force extensively during the war. This was the first time the IAF actively engaged anenemy air force.[18] However, instead of providing close air support to the Indian Army,[19] the IAF carriedout independent raids against Pakistani Air Force (PAF) bases.[20] These bases were situated deep insidePakistani territory, making IAF fighters vulnerable to anti-aircraft fire.[21] During the course of the conflict,the PAF enjoyed qualitative superiority over the IAF because most of the jets in IAF's fleet were of WorldWar II vintage. Despite this, the IAF was able to prevent the PAF from gaining air superiority over conflictzones.[22] By the time the conflict had ended, Pakistan claimed to have shot down 113 IAF aircraft whilethe Indians claimed that 73 PAF aircraft were downed.[23] More than 60% of IAF's air combat losses tookplace during the disastrous battles over Kalaikunda and Pathankot; where most of the losses were on theground.[24]

After the 1965 war, the IAF underwent a series of changes. In 1966,the Para Commandos regiment was created.[25] With an intention ofincreasing its logistics supply and rescue operations ability, the IAFinducted 72 Avro 748s which were built by Hindustan Aeronautics(HAL) under license from Avro.[26] India started to lay more stresson indigenous manufacture of fighter aircraft. HAL HF-24 Marut,designed by the famed German aerospace engineer Kurt Tank,[27]

were inducted into the air force. HAL also started working on a newimproved version of the Folland Gnat, known as HAL Ajeet. At thesame time, the IAF also started inducting Mach 2 capable Soviet MiG-21 and Sukhoi Su-7 fighters.

By late 1971, another war between India and Pakistan seemed inevitable because of the intensification of

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the independence movement in erstwhile East Pakistan.[28] On November 22, 1971, 10 days before the startof a full-scale war, four Pakistani Air Force (PAF) F-86 Sabre jets attacked Indian and Mukti Bahinipositions near the international border. Three of the four PAF Sabres were shot down by IAF's FollandGnats.[29] On December 3, India formally declared war against Pakistan following massive preemptivestrikes by the PAF against Indian Air Force installations in Srinagar, Ambala, Sirsa, Halwara and Jodhpur.However the plan failed as the IAF had anticipated such a move and no major losses were suffered.[30] TheIndian Air Force was quick to respond to Pakistani air strikes, following which the PAF carried out mostlydefensive sorties.[31] Within the first two weeks, the IAF had carried out almost 2,000 sorties over EastPakistan and also provided close air support to the advancing Indian Army.[32] IAF also assisted the IndianNavy in its operations against the Pakistani Navy and Maritime Security Agency in the Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea. On the western front, the IAF destroyed more than 29 Pakistani tanks, 40 APCs and a railwaytrain during the Battle of Longewala.[33] The IAF undertook strategic bombing of West Pakistan by carringout raids on oil installations in Karachi, the Mangla Dam and a gas plant in Sindh.[34] Similar strategy wasalso deployed in East Pakistan and as the IAF achieved complete air superiority on the eastern front, theordnance factories, runways, and other vital areas of East Pakistan were severely damaged.[35] By the timePakistani forces surrendered, the IAF claimed that 94 PAF aircraft, including 54 F-86 Sabres.[36] The IAFhad flown over 6,000 sorties[32] on both East and West fronts; including sorties by transport aircraft andhelicopters.[32] Towards the end of the war, IAF's transport planes dropped leaflets over Dhaka urging thePakistani forces to surrender, demoralising Pakistani troops in East Pakistan.[37]

In 1984, India launched Operation Meghdoot to capture the Siachen Glacier in the contested Kashmirregion.[38] IAF's Mi-8, Chetak and Cheetah helicopters airlifted hundreds of Indian troops to Siachen.[39]

Launched on April 13, 1984, this military operation was unique because of Siachen's inhospitable terrainand climate. The military action was successful, given the fact that under a previous agreement, neitherPakistan nor India had stationed any personnel in the area. The Indian forces, facing no opposition, tookcontrol over most of the heights on the glacier.[40]

On May 20, 1999, the Indian Air Force was called in to provide close air support to the Indian Army at theheight of the ongoing Kargil conflict.[41] Because of Kashmir's high altitude and rigid terrain, the IAFinitially expressed its reservations to deploy the slow-moving Mil Mi-8/17 helicopters which had a serviceceiling of 10,000 feet.[42] These concerns materialised when the Pakistani forces shot down an IAF Mi-8helicopter and two fighter jets, MiG-21 and MiG-27, that had reportedly strayed into Pakistan'sairspace.[43] After the initial setbacks, the IAF deployed the Mirage 2000 which not only had better defenseequipment compared to the MiGs, but also gave IAF the ability to carry out aerial raids at night. TheMirages successfully targeted enemy camps and logistic bases in Kargil and within days, their supply lineswere severely disrupted.[44] The IAF also deployed its radars and the MiG-29 fighter jets in vast numbersto keep check on Pakistani military movements across the border.[45] The MiG-29s were also usedextensively to provide fighter escort to the Mirage 2000. At the height of the conflict, the IAF wasconducting over forty sorties daily over the Kargil region.[46] The IAF's operations in Kargil not onlyboosted the morale of the Indian Army, but also paved the way for the early recapture of Muntho Dhaloand Tiger Hill.[47] By July 26, the Indian forces had successfully liberated Kargil from Pakistani forces andIslamist militants.[48] On August 10, 1999, IAF MiG-21s intercepted a Pakistan Navy Breguet Atlanticwhich was flying over the disputed region of Sir Creek. The aircraft was shot down killing all 16 PakistaniNavy personnel on board.[49] India claimed that the Atlantic was on a mission to gather information on IAFair defence,[50] a charge emphatically rejected by Pakistan which argued that the unarmed aircraft was on atraining mission.[51]

Since late 1990s, the Indian Air Force has been modernising its fleet to counter challenges in the newcentury. The fleet size of the IAF has decreased during this period because of the retirement of olderaircraft. Still, India maintains the fourth largest air force.[52] As new aircraft enter service and numbersrecover, the IAF plans to have a fleet of 42 squadrons.[53]

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USAF F-16 at Kalaikunda AFSduring Cope India 2006. IAF Mig27s can be seen in the background.

Structure of the IAFThe President of India is the Supreme Commander of all Indian armed forces and by virtue of that fact isthe notional Commander of the Air Force. India's Ministry of Defence under the Defence Minister overseesthe Air Force, by way of direct civilian leadership.[54] The Prime Minister and the National SecurityCouncil provide indirect leadership by shaping government security policy. A Chief of the Air Staff withthe rank of Air Chief Marshal commands Air Headquarters and provides military leadership. He is assistedby six officers: a Vice Chief of the Air Staff, a Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, the Air Officer in Charge ofAdministration, the Air Officer in Charge of Personnel, the Air Officer in Charge of Maintenance, and theInspector General of Flight Safety.[55] In January 2002, the government conferred the rank of Marshal ofthe Air Force on Arjan Singh making him the first and only Five Star rank officer with the Indian Air Forceand ceremonial chief of the air force.[56]

Commands and structure

The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functional commands. Each Command isheaded by an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief with the rank of Air Marshal. The purpose of anoperational command is to conduct military operations using aircraft within its area of responsibility,whereas the responsibility of functional commands is to maintain combat readiness. Aside from theTraining Command at Bangalore, the center for primary flight training is located at the Air Force Academyin Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, followed by operational training at various other schools. Advanced officertraining for command positions is also conducted at the Defence Services Staff College; specialisedadvanced flight training schools are located at Bidar, Karnataka, and Hakimpet, Andhra Pradesh (also thelocation for helicopter training). Technical schools are found at a number of other locations.

Operational Commands

Central Air Command (CAC), headquartered atAllahabad, Uttar PradeshEastern Air Command (EAC), headquartered atShillong, MeghalayaSouthern Air Command (SAC), headquartered atThiruvananthapuram, KeralaSouth Western Air Command (SWAC),headquartered at Gandhinagar, GujaratWestern Air Command (WAC), headquarteredat Subroto Park, New Delhi

Functional Commands

Training Command (TC), headquarteredat Bangalore, KarnatakaMaintenance Command (MC),headquartered at Nagpur, Maharashtra

Bases

Main article: List of Indian Air Force bases

The IAF operates over sixty air bases, with more being built orplanned.[57] Western Air Command is the largest Air Command. Itoperates sixteen air bases from Punjab to Uttar Pradesh. Eastern AirCommand operates fifteen Air bases in Eastern and North-easternIndia. Central Air Command operates seven Air Bases in MadhyaPradesh and surrounding states of central India. Southern AirCommand, a strategically important Air command, in line withIndia's latest doctrine of protecting the vital shipping routes. Itoperates nine Air bases in Southern India and two in the Andamanand Nicobar Islands. South Western Air Command is the front lineof defence against Pakistan, this important Command operatestwelve air bases in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. India also operates the Farkhor Air Base inTajikistan

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IAF engineers conduct post-flightmaintenance on Su-30 MKI fighters

following a Red Flag mission inNevada.

Wings

A Wing is a formation intermediate between a Command and a Squadron. It generally consists of two orthree IAF Squadrons and Helicopter Units, along with Forward Base Support Units (FBSU). FBSUs do nothave or host any Squadrons or Helicopter units but act as transit airbases for routine operations. In times ofwar, they can become fully fledged air bases playing host to various Squadrons. In all, about 47 Wings and19 FBSUs make up the IAF.[58][59]

Squadrons

Squadrons are the field units and formations attached to staticlocations. Thus, a Flying Squadron is a sub-unit of an air forcestation which carries out the primary task of the IAF. All fightersquadrons are headed by a Commanding Officer with the rank ofWing Commander. Some Transport squadrons and Helicopter Unitsare headed by a Commanding Officer with the rank of GroupCaptain.

Within this formation structure, IAF has several service branches forday-to-day operations. They are:[60]

Flying Branch

Flying

Technical Branch

EngineeringLogistics

Ground Branch

AdministrationAccountsEducationMedical & DentalMeteorological

IAF personnel

The IAF has a strength of 170,000 personnel. Its rank structure is based on that of the Royal Air Force.[2]

The highest rank attainable in the IAF is Marshal of the Indian Air Force, conferred by the President ofIndia after exceptional service during wartime. MIAF Arjan Singh is the only officer to have achieved thisrank. The head of the Indian Air Force is the Chief of the Air Staff, who holds the rank of Air ChiefMarshal. The current Chief of the Air Staff is Air Chief Marshal P.V.Naik, appointed on May 1, 2009,following the retirement of Air Chief Marshal Fali Homi Major.[61]

Officers

Anyone holding Indian citizenship can apply to be an officer in the Air Force as long as they satisfy theeligibility criteria. There are four entry points to become an officer. Male applicants, who are between theages of 16½ and 19 and have passed high school graduation, can apply at the Intermediate level.[62] Menand women applicants, who have graduated from college (three year course) and are between the ages of18 and 28, can apply at the Graduate level entry.[63] Graduates of engineering colleges can apply at theEngineer level if they are between the ages of 18 and 28 years. The age limit for the flying and groundduty branch is 23 years of age and for technical branch is 28 years of age.[64] After completing a master'sdegree, men and women between the ages of 18 and 28 years can apply at the Post Graduate level. Postgraduate applicants do not qualify for the flying branch. For the technical branch the age limit is 28 yearsand for the ground duty branch it is 25.[65] At the time of application, all applicants must be single.[66] TheIAF selects candidates for officer training from these applicants. After completion of training, candidate arecommissioned as Flying Officers.

Ranks of the Indian Air Force- Officer Ranks

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A Squadron Leader leading the IAFAirmen during a guard of honor

ceremony at the Rashtrapati Bhavan.

Shoulder

Sleeve

RankMarshal

ofthe AirForce¹

Air ChiefMarshal

AirMarshal

Air ViceMarshal

AirCommodore

GroupCaptain

WingCommander

SquadronLeader

FlightLieutenant

FlyingOfficer

PilotOfficer2

¹ Honorary/War time rank.2 Rank no longer exist.

Airmen

The duty of an airman in the Indian Air Force is to make sure thatall the air and ground operations run smoothly. From operating AirDefence systems to fitting missiles, they are involved in all activitiesof an air base and give support to various technical and non-technical jobs.[67]

The recruitment of personnel below officer rank is conductedthrough All India Selection Tests and Recruitment Rallies. All IndiaSelection Tests are conducted among 14 Airmen Selection Centres(ASCs) located all over India. These centres are under the directfunctional control of Central Airmen Selection Board (CASB), withadministrative control and support by respective commands. The roleof CASB is to carry out selection and enrolment of airmen from theAirmen Selection Centers for their respective commands.[67]

Candidates initially take a written test at the time of application. Those passing the written test undergo aphysical fitness test, an interview conducted in English, and medical examination. Candidates for trainingare selected from individuals passing the battery of tests, on the basis of their performance. Uponcompletion of training, an individual becomes an Airman.[67]

Some MWOs and WOs are granted honorary commission in the last year of their service as an honoraryFlying Officer or Flight Lieutenant before retiring from the service.[67]

Ranks of the Indian Air Force - Enlisted Ranks

Junior Commissioned Officer Enlisted

Shoulder

Arm

Sleeve

RankMaster

WarrantOfficer

WarrantOfficer

JuniorWarrantOfficer

Sergeant Corporal LeadingAircraftsman Aircraftsman

Garud Commando Force

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An SA-16 Gimlet on display

Main article: Garud Commando Force

The Garud Commando Force is the Special Forces unit of the Indian Air Force. It was formed in September2004 and has a strength of approximately 1500 personnel. The unit derives its name from Garuda, a divinebird-like creature of Hindu Mythology, but more commonly the word for eagle in Sanskrit.

Garud is tasked with the protection of critical Air Force bases and installations; search and rescue duringpeace and hostilities and disaster relief during calamities.[68] Presently, the GARUDs are deployed inCongo as part of the UN peace keeping operations.

Non Combatants Enrolled and civilians

Non Combatants Enrolled ( NCs(E)) were established in British India as personal assistants to the officerclass, and are equivalent to the orderly or sahayak of the Indian Army.

Almost all the commands have some percentage of civilian strength which are central governmentemployees. These are regular ranks which are prevalent in ministries. They are usually not posted outsidetheir stations and are employed in administrative and technical work. More than 250 different designationsexist.

Land-Based Air Defence

Isayev SA-3 Goa:[69][70] The Indian Air Force is consideringupgrading its Pechora SA-3 missiles with Polish help whilst itwaits for the Akash. According to Janes Missiles and Rockets(December 2005), the IAF would like to conduct the Newa-SCM upgrade package upgrade to 20 S-125M Pechora-CCsystems, using primarily the Tatra 8x8 chassis, which islicence-built in India. Installation on specially adapted heavyequipment trailers or Tatra 8x8 vehicles was studied at therequest of the Indian Air Force. It incorporates a new ZNO-Xdigital transmitter/receiver block developed by the Przemyslowy Instytut Telekomunikacji (PIT) toreplace the original magnetron-based hardware. The unit uses digital technology, including digitalfrequency synthesis, and has automatic built-in test facilities. While the ZNO-X is an expensiveupgrade, it significantly improves system performance. Most of the upgrade work would be done inIndia, although the core elements of the upgrade would be delivered from Poland.Pechora SAM willbe phased out by 2012.[71] As of 2009, no firm SA-3 upgrade program has been signed for.SA-8 Gecko[69][70]

SA-10 Grumble/S-300[72]. Reportedly 6 batteries were purchased in August 1995SA-16 Gimlet - MANPAD[73]

Aircraft inventoryMain article: List of aircraft of the Indian Air Force

The Indian Air Force has a strength of over 1,550 (combat and non-combat) aircraft.[2] Most are ofSoviet/Russian origin. The Air Force also operates some aircraft from Britain and France. HindustanAeronautics Limited produces some of the Russian and British aircraft in India under licence. The exactnumber of aircraft in service with the Indian Air Force cannot be determined with precision from opensources. Various reliable sources provide notably divergent estimates for a variety of high-visibilityaircraft.[74]

Fighter and multi-role combat aircraft

These aircraft are primarily for air defence and air superioritypurposes. However, most of them have significant strike and close

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IAF Su-30 MKI

Indian Air Force Mirage 2000H.

IAF Jaguar

purposes. However, most of them have significant strike and closeair support capabilities. The Sukhoi Su-30MKI is the IAF's prime airsuperiority fighter. The Su-30K variant was first acquired in 1996.That year, the IAF signed a US$1.6 billion contract with Russia forthe supply of 50 Su-30MKIs and the technology transfer and licenseto manufacture 140 Su-30MKIs by Hindustan AeronauticsLimited.[75] The two-seat, multi-role fighter has a maximum speedof 2500 km/h (Mach 2.35) and a service ceiling of 20,000 meters.With one mid-air refueling, it can travel as far as 8000 km, making ita suitable platform to deliver strategic weapons.[76] .In 2007, theIAF spent US$700 million to upgrade its remaining 10 Su-30Ks and 8 SU-30MKs to MKI Std variant[77]

and signed a contract for the supply of 40 additional MKIs with Russia.[78][79]

The MiG-29 (NATO: Fulcrum) is the IAF's dedicated air superiority fighter.[76] It has a top speed of2,445 km/h (Mach 2.3) and is armed with a 30 mm cannon along with R-60 & R-27 R missiles. The IAFbegan deploying MiG-29s in 1984, becoming the second air force to do so.[80]. Since their induction, theIAF's MiG-29s have undergone a series of upgrades including more efficient and powerful radar (Zhuk-ME), weapons system, and engines.[81]

Mirage 2000s, capable of flying at 2,500 km/h (Mach 2.35), are theIAF's premier multirole fighter jet. These aircraft can carry a widerange of weaponry including two 30 mm integral cannon, two MatraSuper 530D medium-range missiles, two R550 Magic close combatmissiles and various ground attack munitions.[82]

Since 1963, over 450 MiG-21 combat aircraft have served in theIAF.[83][84] Most of these MiGs have been upgraded sinceinduction. In 1996, India signed a US$300 million deal with Russiato upgrade 125 MiG-21 Bis,[85] and a multi-million dollar deal wasawarded to Israel's Elta for upgrading the avionics of the MiGs.[86]

Because of their frequent crashes, the MiG-21s have been dubbed flying coffins by the media.[87] As of2007, about 250 MiG-21s remain in service with the Indian Air Force and are planned to be replaced bythe indigenously built HAL Tejas starting 2010. IAF has had problems in aircraft maintenance with manycrashes in recent years.[88] During the 2005-09 period, 32 MiG series fighters in service with the IAFcrashed, resulting in the death of five pilots.[89]

Strike, attack and close support aircraft

Squadrons of Jaguar (known as the Shamsher in Indian service) andMiG-27 aircraft serve as the IAF's primary ground attack force.[76]

The twin-engine Jaguar IB, with a top speed of Mach 1.6, is capableof carrying nuclear weapons. The IAF has 100 Jaguar IS and 8maritime strike Jaguar IM aircraft. The single-seat MiG-27 carriesone GSh-6-30 six-barreled 30 mm cannon, 4000 kg of general-purpose ordnance, SPPU-22 and SPPU-6 gun pods, and variousguided air-to-surface missiles. In January 2009, India successfullycompleted the upgrade programs on the Air Force's MiG-27 groundattack variants.[90] DRDO carried out the avionics upgrades on thefighter aircraft. In the upgraded MiG-27s, the avionics system is built around a modular mission computertermed Core Avionics Computer (CAC). The upgraded ground attack fighters are equipped with InertialNavigation and Global Positioning System (INGPS) providing accurate navigation during aircraftsorties.[90] To provide more accuracy to the aircraft's weapon systems, accurate ranging sensors such asLaser Designator Pod (LDP) and Laser Ranger and Marked Target Seeker (LRMTS) have been integratedin it also.[90] To improve situational awareness of the pilot during air combat, a digital map generator hasbeen integrated along with a digital video recording system, which helps in mission analysis and debrief

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Il-78 landing at Lajes, Portugal

HAL HJT-36 Sitara

been integrated along with a digital video recording system, which helps in mission analysis and debriefsupport.[90]

Airborne Early Warning aircraft

In 2004, the IAF ordered 3 IAI Phalcon Airborne Early Warning radar system from Israel AerospaceIndustries,[91] which is considered to be the most advanced AEW&C system in the world.[92] The air forcewill use 3 newly acquired Ilyushin Il-76 Phalcons as the platform for this radar. In May 2008, India appearsto have ordered an additional three Phalcon radar-equipped IL-76s from Israel,[93] pushing up the value ofthe deal from US$1.1 to 1.5 billion. An Indian defense delegation headed by Defense Secretary VijaySingh, visited Israel in November 2008 to discuss the purchase of the planes and missiles from IsraelAerospace Industries (IAI). It has been reported that India has placed a follow-up order for 3 more Phalconradar equipped IL-76 from Israel at a cost of $1.5 billion, pushing the total number to be acquired up to6.[93] The first Phalcons arrived in India on May 25, 2009 and are expected to be commissioned intoservice by 2010.[94] IAF Air Chief said that it would take a year and a half to get each and every combatplane in IAF to link with Phalcon.

Transport aircraft

The IAF operates 25 Ilyushin Il-76s for military transport dutiessuch as heavy lift at all operational levels. The Il-76 MD is astrategic air-lifter with a payload of 95,000 lb and a range of over5,000 km (2,700 nm; 3,100 statute miles). In 2003, the IAF orderd 6IL-78MKI aircraft from Uzbekistan[95] and are fitted with aerialrefueling pods from Israel.[96] India took delivery of the tankers in2004.[97]

IAF has a fleet of 64 Avro 748 which has a payload of 5,136 kg(11,323 lb) and has a range of 1,715 km (926 nm; 1,066 mi). The airforce also operates a fleet of 94 twin-engined turboprop Antonov

An-32 and 73 Dornier Do 228 utility aircraft. In an effort to infuse fresh life into its transport fleet, theIndian Air Force will begin an upgrade programme for its Antonov An-32s and Dornier Do 228s in2009.[98]

Training aircraft

The HPT-32 Deepak is IAF's basic flight training aircraft forcadets.[99] Developed during the late 1970s, it has been in servicewith the IAF since 1984.[100]

The IAF uses the HAL HJT-16 Kiran mk.I for intermediate flighttraining of cadets, while the HJT-16 Kiran mk.II provides Stage IIflight training.[101][102] In 2004, the IAF placed an order for 66BAE Hawk Mk 132 Advanced Jet Trainers in a deal worth over 1billion GBP. Deliveries began in November, 2007 and induction inFebruary, 2008. Pilot instructors and engineers were trained in the UK, and the aircraft is scheduled toreplace the mk.II. HAL is developing the HJT-36 Sitara to replace the Kiran mk.I.

Helicopters

An important objective of the IAF is to support ground troops byproviding air cover and by transporting men and essentialcommodities across the battlefield. For this purpose the Air Forcemaintains a fleet of helicopters. Helicopters in service with the IAFare:

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HAL Dhruv

Production line of Hawk 132 atHAL's facility in Bangalore, India

are:

Light Utility

HAL DhruvHAL ChetakHALCheetah

MediumUtility

Mi-8Mi-17

Heavylift

Mi-26

Attack

Mi-25/35

Unmanned aerial vehicles

The primary role of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is to provide aerial surveillance and reconnaissance.The IAF operates IAI Malat built Searcher II and Heron UAVs.[103][104] Israel Aircraft Industries andAeronautical Development Establishment (ADE). India's leading unmanned aerial vehicle research agencyare also jointly developing three new UAVs.

UAVs can also be used as a pilot-less target aircraft. HAL Lakshya, indigenously developed pilotlesstarget aircraft, was inducted into the IAF in July 2005.[105] Another UAV, the HAL Nishant RemotePiloted Vehicle (RPV) has also been developed, with an endurance of over 3 hours.[106] The UAV can beused to carry out ground attacks and aerial surveillance.

Ongoing expansion

Future aircraft

As of 2008, the Indian Air Force plans to induct 126 multi-rolecombat aircraft (with an option for an additional 74 aircraft), 280Su-30MKI air superiority fighters (Ordered at cost of US$8.4billion, 120 are already in service with the IAF), 220 HAL Tejas, 47SEPECAT Jaguar combat aircraft. Additionally, the Indian AirForce has signed contracts for 66 BAE Hawk Mk.132 trainers(deliveries underway) , 80+40 combat helicopters, 3 new LongRange UAVs, 6 mid-air refueling planes, 225+ HJT-36 SitaraIntermediate Jet Trainer aircraft and some additional medium-rangetransport aircraft.

The Indian Air Force began the upgradation of its MiG-29 fleet in2007.[107] India awarded Russia a US$965 million contract toupgrade its multi-role MiG-29 into MiG-29SMT warplanes, onMonday March 10, 2008. According to the deal, Russia will re-armthe twin-engined MiG-29s with air-to-air missiles, and the upgradedMiGs will feature increased fuel capacity and state-of-the-artavionics.

Confirmed sales

In early 2008, the IAF signed a deal to acquire 6 C-130J Super Hercules, modified for special missionroles, for US$1.06 billion.[108] Lockheed Martin is expected to deliver the planes in 2011.[109][110] InDecember 2008, India and Russia inked a deal for the supply of 80 Mi-17V-5 (also known as Mi-171)medium lift helicopters at a cost of US$1.2 billion. The two countries had earlier negotiated a price of $650million, but early in 2008 Russia asked for a revision of the contract price. Russia is expected to deliver theMi-171 to the IAF in 2010.[111][112] The deal also envisages a US$405 million "offset" obligation byRussia. The new choppers, which have an 18,000 ft operational ceiling, will replace 50 Mi-8s currently inservice with the IAF, some of which are over 35 years old, and boost IAF's capability to support high-altitude posts in Siachen and Ladakh sectors. The helicopter will come with the circuitry and hard points to

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The six competing MRCA aircraft. (L-R): Rafale,Typhoon, F-16C/D, F/A-18E/F, JAS 39 Gripen

and MiG-35. (Note: Not an official logo)

HAL Tejas

altitude posts in Siachen and Ladakh sectors. The helicopter will come with the circuitry and hard points tocarry weapons.

Under procurement

Further information: Indian MRCA Competition

Because of delays in inducting the indigenous HALTejas,[113] the IAF issued an Request of Intent (RoI) forthe procurement of 126 multi-role combat aircraft toreplace around 250 Cold War-era MiG-21 it operates.Contenders for the $10 Billion contract are the MiG-35from Mikoyan of Russia, the Rafale from DassaultAviation of France, the Eurofighter Typhoon, JAS 39Gripen from Saab of Sweden, the F-16IN fromLockheed Martin and F/A-18E/F Super Hornet fromBoeing.[114]

In May 2009, the IAF picked Airbus A330 multi-role tanker transport (MRTT) over Russia's Ilyushin Il-78as the future tanker for the air force. The deal is worth approximately US$1 billion.[115]

On May 26, 2009, the Indian Ministry of Defense invited bids for 22 combat helicopters and 15 heavy-lifthelicopters in a deal worth US$2 billion. Companies which have expressed their interest in the tenderinclude — Russia's Kamov and Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant, Europe's AgustaWestland and Eurocopterand United States' Bell Helicopter and Boeing.[116][117] Boeing submitted its initial bid on Oct 23, 2009offering the AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopter and the CH-47F Chinook heavy-lift, twin-rotorhelicopters.[118]

On June 15, 2009, the IAF announced that it was interested in purchasing about 10 C-17 Globemaster IIItactical military transport aircraft. The IAF will be sending a proposal to the Indian Defense Ministry toacquire these aircraft through US Government's Foreign Military Sales (FMS) route.[119]

A tender for supply of 317 light helicopters will be floated by Ministry of Defence combining therequirements of Indian Air force (125) and Indian Army (197). Unnamed government official stated thatLetters of Interest (LOI) have been sent to Kamov, Bell, Augusta Westland and Eurocopter. In February2008, Bell withdrew from the race, citing differences in offset clause with the Government of India.[120]

HAL has also recently joined the race with its Light Observation Helicopter (LOH). Although it is still onthe drawing board, HAL officials seem to be confident to deliver in time.[121]

Under development

HAL initiated the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) programme in1983 to develop a replacement aircraft for IAF's ageing MiG-21.After development during the 80s and 90s the first flight occurred in2001. The aircraft has since been christened HAL Tejas. The IAFplans to induct 220 Tejas aircraft. It has ordered 28 limitedproduction aircraft.[122] These aircraft are expected to enter servicein 2010.

In October 2007, India and Russia signed a pact to develop a FifthGeneration Fighter Aircraft.[123] The Indian version will be a two-seater, air superiority fighter.[124]

Another agreement was signed between India's Hindustan Aeronautics and Russia's United AircraftCorporation (UAC) in December 2008 which detailed the joint development and production theaircraft.[125] Work on the program will start by mid-2009 and the program is expected to be completed by2017.[126] During this period, these companies will form a joint-venture for the development of aMultirole Transport Aircraft, which will replace the IAF's ageing fleet of Antonov An-32s. Both HAL

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Multirole Transport Aircraft, which will replace the IAF's ageing fleet of Antonov An-32s. Both HALand UAC will invest US$300 million each on the program.[127]

HAL has also started design work on Medium Combat Aircraft (MCA) is a twin-engined 5th generationstealth multirole fighter. It will complement the HAL Tejas and the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA in the Indian AirForce. The main purpose of this aircraft is to replace the aging SEPECAT Jaguar & MiG-27.

In 2004, Defence Research and Development Organisation revived the Airavat Project, which was India'sfirst attempt in developing an indigenous AEW aircraft.[128] A $210 million deal signed with Brazil'sEmbraer in 2008 for the supply of three Embraer EMB-145 regional jets.[129] India has sent a request forproposal to six vendors for the supply of Active Array Antenna Unit (AAAU) and various other sub-systems. These vendors include Israel's Elta, the European consortium EADS, France's Thales, Sweden'sSAAB Erikson and the United State's Raytheon and Northrop Grumman.

HAL has developed HAL HJT-36 Sitara for the IAF which carried out its maiden test flight in 2003.These aircraft are scheduled to replace the aging HJT-16 Kiran mk.I as intermediate jet trainer. Thecompany is developing an Light Combat Helicopter for the IAF based on HAL Dhruv. It is being designedto fit into an anti-infantry and anti-armour role and will be capable to operate from altitudes an 6,500metre.[130] First flight of HAL LCH (Light Combat Helicopter) is expected in Feb 2010.[131]

Aerospace Command

Main article: Integrated Space Cell

The IAF is setting up an aerospace command. This command will leverage space technology includingsatellites. The command will be utilised by all the three services of the Indian armed forces and also forcivilian purposes by ISRO.[132][133] On October 22, 2001, ISRO launched the Technology ExperimentSatellite (TES). Its onboard 1-metre resolution camera was the testbed for Indian space based imageryintelligence.[134] ISRO launched follow-up military satellite CARTOSAT-2A on 28 April, 2008.[135] Itcarries a panchromatic camera (PAN) with a resolution less than 1-metre but lacks night time and cloudyweather observation capability.[136] ISRO launched a sophisticated radar-imaging satellite on 20 April 2009called RISAT-2.[137] It is capable of imaging in all-weather conditions and has a resolution of onemetre.[138] ISRO has denied that the spacecraft is spy satellite;[139] however, experts believe that thesatellite will allow India's security agencies to monitor military activities and movements of suspectedterrorists in neighboring countries[138] as well as enable the IAF to carry out precise strikes against targetslike terrorist training camps.[140]

Surface to Air Missile Systems

Barak SAM - India and Israel have agreed to expand their missile development cooperation with alonger-range version of their extended-range Barak ship defense system for the Indian AirForce.[141]

Trishul(Trident): Development of Trishul is complete. It has met the IAF requirements during itsvarious developmental flight trials. DRDO is presently in dialogue with IAF for possibleinduction.[142] Frontier India reports that Indian Air force is considering to induct small quantity tomeet partial requirement of LLQRM (Low Level Quick Reaction Missile) System.[143]. However itis not known if IAF has placed a formal order of Trishul SAM System.

SPYDER (Surface-to-air PYthon and DERby): In June 2007, India signed a $250 million to purchaseSPYDER mobile air defense missiles from Israel.[144] The two countries signed an additional $4billion deal for the joint-development of a medium range surface-to-air missiles.[145] However, theprocurement of SPYDER missiles was delayed because of an ongoing investigation against IsraelAerospace Industries and RAFAEL by Indian intelligence agencies for its alleged kickbacks in theBarak-I deal with the Indian Navy.[146] In August 2008, a $2.5 billion deal was signed by India andIsrael to develop an advanced version of the SPYDER.[147]

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Akash missile.

Maitri LLQRM (Low Level Quick Reaction Missile): DRDO is intalks with MBDA to develop Maitri LLQRM for Army, Air forceand Navy. Sources said that DRDL is preparing feasibility reportand is awaiting formal clearance from defenceministry.[148][149][150]

Akash: Indian Air force has approved the induction of AkashMissile System and had initiated the process of inducting thesystem. Akash has successfully demonstrated its performancethrough number of flight tests.[143][151] DRDO and IAF jointlybegan a ten day intensive trial of Akash on December 13, 2007

aimed at making IAF familiar with the system.[152]

IAF currently operates two squadrons of Akash. It is happy with the missile and is in the process ofacquiring more squadrons for deployment in the North East.[153]

Surface to Surface Missiles

Prithvi II: 250 km Prithvi-II Ballistic Missile is under IAF service which could be used to targetairfields, command and control centers etc.[154][155]

Air to Surface Missiles

DRDO- NPO Mashinostroeyenia Brahmos- Air launched version under Development

See alsoIndian Armed ForcesList of aircraft of the Indian Air ForceIndia in World War IISurya Kiran, Indian Air Force aerobatic teamSarang, Indian Air Force Helicopter formation display teamIndian Naval Air Arm

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Air Headquarters. http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=132. Retrieved 2009-04-07.2. ^ a b c Cordesman & Kleiber 2006, p. 243. ^ "Strength of the IAF" (http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=13) . Official Website. Webmaster IAF

- Air Headquarters. http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=13. Retrieved 2009-07-10.4. ^ Air Force Act, 1950 (http://indiacode.nic.in/rspaging.asp?tfnm=195045) . Ministry of Law & Justice.

http://indiacode.nic.in/rspaging.asp?tfnm=195045.5. ^ "CLAUSE 4.—(Relations between Royal Air Force and Indian Air Force, and attachment of personnel.)"

(http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1933/apr/03/clause-4-relations-between-royal-air) . HC Deb 03April 1933 vol 276 cc1473-501. HANSARD 1803–2005.http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1933/apr/03/clause-4-relations-between-royal-air. Retrieved 2009-04-08.

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7. ^ a b c Bedi, Sanjeev (Summer 2008). "Strategic Role of Air Power"(http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf) . Air Power Journal (Center forAir Power Studies) 3 (2): 27–45. http://www.aerospaceindia.org/Journals/Summer%202008/Sanjeev%20Bedi.pdf.Retrieved 2009-04-08.

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79. ^ "The strength" (http://armedforces.nic.in/airforce/afstren.htm) . Official Website. Webmaster IAF - AirHeadquarters. http://armedforces.nic.in/airforce/afstren.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-07.

80. ^ "MiG-29 Baaz" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/baaz.htm) . GlobalSecurity.org.http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/baaz.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

81. ^ Chatterjee, Saikat (March 7, 2008). "India, Russia Sign $960 Million Mig-29 Contract, Times Reports"(http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ajLJQbhkUXa4) . Bloomberg.com.http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=ajLJQbhkUXa4. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

82. ^ "Mirage 2000 (Dassault-Breguet)" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/mirage-2000-specs.htm). GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/mirage-2000-specs.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

83. ^ "Combat Aircraft of the IAF: 1933 - Present" (http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Combat.html) .Bharat Rakshak. http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Misc/Combat.html. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

84. ^ Tipnis, Anil Y.. "My Fair Lady - The MiG-21" (http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Info/Aircraft/MiG-Tipnis.html) . http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Info/Aircraft/MiG-Tipnis.html. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

85. ^ Shukla, Vinay (August 5). "Russia raising extra funds to meet IAF MiG-21 upgrade target"(http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=158136) . Outlook Publishing (India) Private Limited.http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=158136. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

86. ^ "Editorial: Budding Israel-India relationship bad for Pakistan" (http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/print.asp?page=2003\05\21\story_21-5-2003_pg3_1) . Daily Times. May 21, 2003. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/print.asp?page=2003\05\21\story_21-5-2003_pg3_1. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

87. ^ "India in talks with France to purchase second-hand Mirage jets: diplomat"(http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/india/2006/india-061008-irna02.htm) . Islamic Republic NewsAgency. October 7, 2006. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/india/2006/india-061008-irna02.htm.Retrieved 2009-04-22.

88. ^ "Crash Rate" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/another-mig21-goes-down-6th-crash-in-six-months/478422/). www.indianexpress.com. 2009-06-19. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/another-mig21-goes-down-6th-crash-in-six-months/478422/. Retrieved 2009-06-19.

89. ^ "32 MiGs crashed in last five years: Antony" (http://www.thehindu.com/holnus/002200907291532.htm) . TheHindu. 2009-07-29. http://www.thehindu.com/holnus/002200907291532.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-30.

90. ^ a b c d "MiG-27 Bahadur" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/bahadur.htm) . GlobalSecurity.org.http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/bahadur.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

91. ^ Dutta, Sujan (May 17 , 2008). "Israel lags on Phalcon delivery"(http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080517/jsp/nation/story_9283362.jsp) . The Telegraph.http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080517/jsp/nation/story_9283362.jsp. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

92. ^ "IAI Phalcon 707" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/phalcon.htm) . GlobalSecurity.org.http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/phalcon.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

93. ^ a b Govindasamy, Siva (April 21 , 2008). "India eyes additional Phalcon airborne early warning systems"(http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/04/21/223074/india-eyes-additional-phalcon-airborne-early-warning.html) . Flightglobal.com. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/04/21/223074/india-eyes-additional-phalcon-airborne-early-warning.html. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

94. ^ "PHALCON" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/IAFs-first-AWACS-arrives-from-Israel/articleshow/4575710.cms) . Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/IAFs-first-AWACS-arrives-from-Israel/articleshow/4575710.cms. Retrieved 2009-05-29.

95. ^ "In-flight refuellers boost India's strike capabilities"(http://www.siliconindia.com/shownews/Inflight_refuellers_boost_Indias_strike_capabilities___-nid-18753.html) .

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96. ^ Mukherjee, Amit (September 29, 2004). "IAF to get 5th IL-78 refueller soon"(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/IAF_to_get_5th_IL-78_refueller_soon/articleshow/msid-867031,curpg-2.cms) . Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/IAF_to_get_5th_IL-78_refueller_soon/articleshow/msid-867031,curpg-2.cms. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

97. ^ Kopp, Carlo. "The PLA-AF's Aerial Refuelling Programs" (http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Tanker-Programs.html) . Air Power Australia. http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Tanker-Programs.html. Retrieved2009-04-22.

98. ^ Raghuvanshi, Vivek (October 14, 2008). "India to Upgrade An-32 Transport Aircraft"(http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3770221) . Defence News. http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3770221. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

99. ^ "HAL HPT-32 Deepak" (http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Trainers/Deepak/) . BharatRakshak. http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Trainers/Deepak/. Retrieved 2009-04-23.

100. ^ "HPT-32 Deepak Trainer" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/hpt-32.htm) . GlobalSecurity.org.http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/hpt-32.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-23.

101. ^ "HAL HJT-16 Kiran Mk.1/1A" (http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Trainers/Kiran1/) . BharatRakshak. http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Trainers/Kiran1/. Retrieved 2009-04-23.

102. ^ "HAL HJT-16 Kiran Mk.II" (http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Trainers/Kiran2/) . BharatRakshak. http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Images/Current/Trainers/Kiran2/. Retrieved 2009-04-23.

103. ^ "Searcher Mk II Delivered To India" (http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/aircraft/uav/searcher2/Searcher2.html) . israeli-weapons.com. http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/aircraft/uav/searcher2/Searcher2.html. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

104. ^ "Heron MALE System — Medium Altitude Long Endurance UAV" (http://www.defense-update.com/products/h/Heron-UAV.htm) . defense-update.com. http://www.defense-update.com/products/h/Heron-UAV.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

105. ^ "Press Information Bureau" (http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=30907&kwd=) . Government of India.http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=30907&kwd=. Retrieved 2009-04-22.

106. ^ "Nishant RPV" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/nishant.htm) . GlobalSecurity.org.http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/nishant.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-23.

107. ^ "ACM FH Major: IAF strengthening India's standing in international arenanews" (http://www.domain-b.com/aero/June/2007/20070602_strengthening.htm) . domain-b.com. June 2, 2007. http://www.domain-b.com/aero/June/2007/20070602_strengthening.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

108. ^ "Lockheed Martin at Aero India 2009 February 11-15, 2009"(http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aeronautics/aeroindia/index.html) . Lockheed Martin Corporation.http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aeronautics/aeroindia/index.html. Retrieved August 2, 2009.

109. ^ "India signs deal to buy six C-130 planes from US" (http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C02%5C07%5Cstory_7-2-2008_pg4_13) . http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C02%5C07%5Cstory_7-2-2008_pg4_13. "India has agreed to buy six Lockheed Martin Corp C-130J military transport planes in a breakthrough deal with the United States worth about $1 billion that opens adoor to closer strategic ties, US officials said on Tuesday. India and the US signed an agreement on January 31,for Lockheed to start delivering the four-engine Super Hercules turboprop aircraft in 2011, said Bruce Lemkin,who handles US Air Force international affairs."

110. ^ "India okays C-130Js, restarts utility helicopter tender"(http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/02/04/221222/india-okays-c-130js-restarts-utility-helicopter-tender.html) . http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/02/04/221222/india-okays-c-130js-restarts-utility-helicopter-tender.html. "Plans to re-equip the Indian armed forces are moving ahead, with government approval topurchase six Lockheed Martin C-130Js and a fresh tender for utility helicopters. The $1 billion C-130 contractwill be the biggest defence deal between India and the USA if confirmed, as expected, during US defensesecretary Robert Gates' visit to New Delhi in March. Deliveries should start three years after the contract issigned."

111. ^ "Russia’s Mi-17 to Land in India" (http://www.kommersant.com/p689118/r_500/Russia%E2%80%99s_Mi-17_to_Land_in_India/) . Kommersant. July 11, 2006.http://www.kommersant.com/p689118/r_500/Russia%E2%80%99s_Mi-17_to_Land_in_India/. Retrieved 2009-04-23.

112. ^ "Russia to deliver first Mi-171 helicopter to India in 2010" (http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090211/120086244.html) .RIA Novosti. February 11, 2009. http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090211/120086244.html. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

113. ^ Iype, George (September 24, 2001). "Lifting of US curbs to benefit LCA project"(http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/sep/24lca.htm) . Rediff. http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/sep/24lca.htm.Retrieved 2009-04-24.

114. ^ "Indian Government to put Air Force 126 M-MRCA deal of fast track" (http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2566) . India Defence. March 10, 2006. http://www.india-defence.com/reports/2566.

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Retrieved 2009-04-24.115. ^ "India to buy Airbus MRTT tanker in a $1 billion deal" (http://www.defpro.com/news/details/7643/) . Defence

Professionals GmbH. May 26, 2009. http://www.defpro.com/news/details/7643/. Retrieved 2009-07-09.116. ^ Luthra, Nitin (May 28, 2009). "India Fighter-Jet Deal Moves Ahead"

(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124341126785657703.html?ru=MKTW#mod=MKTW) . The Wall Street Journal.Dow Jones & Company. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124341126785657703.html?ru=MKTW#mod=MKTW.Retrieved 2009-07-09.

117. ^ "India floats tender for combat, heavy lift helicopters" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India-floats-tender-for-combat-heavy-lift-helicopters/articleshow/4582859.cms) . The Times of India. May 27, 2009.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India-floats-tender-for-combat-heavy-lift-helicopters/articleshow/4582859.cms. Retrieved 2009-07-11.

118. ^ http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125628675685503485.html119. ^ "Indian Air Force to buy 10 C-17 Globemaster III heavy-lift transport aircraft"

(http://www.defpro.com/news/details/8048/) . Defence Professionals GmbH. June 14, 2009.http://www.defpro.com/news/details/8048/. Retrieved 2009-07-09.

120. ^ "Indian Air Force to revamp choppers wing" (http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1229287) . MSN India: PTI. February 6, 2008. http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1229287. Retrieved 2009-07-10.

121. ^ "HAL to bid for Army helicopters" (http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022051511400.htm) . TheHindu. February 20, 2008. http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022051511400.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-11.

122. ^ "Tejas LCA test-fires its first missile" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tejas_LCA_test-fires_its_first_missile/articleshow/2491511.cms) . The Times of India. 2007-10-26.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Tejas_LCA_test-fires_its_first_missile/articleshow/2491511.cms. Retrieved2009-06-08.

123. ^ Pubby, Manu (October 12, 2007). "India, Russia to ink pact for developing fighters"(http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-russia-to-ink-pact-for-developing-fighters/227412/) . The IndianExpress. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-russia-to-ink-pact-for-developing-fighters/227412/. Retrieved2009-08-01.

124. ^ "Russia To Develop Two Versions Of 5th-Generation Fighter"(http://en.rian.ru/world/20080929/117251004.html) . RIA Novosti. September 29, 2008.http://en.rian.ru/world/20080929/117251004.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01.

125. ^ "HAL, Russia's UAC ink pact on 5th generation fighter aircraft"(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/HAL_Russias_UAC_ink_pact_on_5th_generation_fighter_aircraft/articleshow/3880762.cms) . The Times of India. December 23, 2008.http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/HAL_Russias_UAC_ink_pact_on_5th_generation_fighter_aircraft/articleshow/3880762.cms. Retrieved 2009-08-01.

126. ^ Govindasamy, Siva (February 5, 2009). "India and Russia aim to fly joint fifth-generation fighter by 2017"(http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/05/322126/india-and-russia-aim-to-fly-joint-fifth-generation-fighter-by.html) . Flight International. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/05/322126/india-and-russia-aim-to-fly-joint-fifth-generation-fighter-by.html. Retrieved 2009-08-01.

127. ^ "Russia, India may form military transport planes JV in 2-3 months"(http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090212/120098967.html) . RIA Novosti. February 12, 2009.http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090212/120098967.html. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

128. ^ "Cabinet panel nod for `Airawat' project"(http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/10/stories/2004091004881100.htm) . The Hindu. September 10, 2004.http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/10/stories/2004091004881100.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

129. ^ "Brazilian jets to serve as eye in the sky for IAF"(http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/20/stories/2008042059851000.htm) . The Hindu. April 20, 2008.http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/20/stories/2008042059851000.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-02.

130. ^ "Light Combat Helicopter (LCH)Specifications" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/lch-specs.htm) . GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/lch-specs.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-26.

131. ^ "Light Combat Helicopter (LCH)" (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/lch.htm) .GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/lch.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-26.

132. ^ "India in aerospace defence plan" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6307875.stm) . BBC. January 28, 2007.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6307875.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

133. ^ "India Begins Work On Space Weapons Command"(http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Begins_Work_On_Space_Weapons_Command.html) . SpaceDaily. April12, 2006. http://www.spacewar.com/reports/India_Begins_Work_On_Space_Weapons_Command.html. Retrieved2009-04-24.

134. ^ "India's spy satellite boost" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1679321.stm) . BBC. November 27, 2001.http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1679321.stm. Retrieved 2009-07-31.

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135. ^ "ISRO arm may get more satellite launch contracts"(http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/01/23/stories/2008012350332800.htm) . The Hindu Business Line.January 23, 2008. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/01/23/stories/2008012350332800.htm. Retrieved2009-04-24.

136. ^ "CARTOSAT-2A" (http://www.isro.org/pslv-c9/cartosat2a.htm) . ISRO. http://www.isro.org/pslv-c9/cartosat2a.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-31.

137. ^ "India launches radar-imaging satellite"(http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/04/20/india.satellite/index.html) . CNN. April 20, 2008.http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/04/20/india.satellite/index.html. Retrieved 2009-07-31.

138. ^ a b Herman, Steve (April 20, 2008). "India Launches High-Tech Imaging Satellite"(http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2009-04/2009-04-20-voa13.cfm?CFID=264321146&CFTOKEN=89382867&jsessionid=8830364952f39bcb7dcb118473f48396c7a4) . Voice ofAmerica. http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2009-04/2009-04-20-voa13.cfm?CFID=264321146&CFTOKEN=89382867&jsessionid=8830364952f39bcb7dcb118473f48396c7a4. Retrieved2009-07-31.

139. ^ "RISAT-2 not a spy satellite: ISRO chief" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ISRO-launches-spy-satellite-RISAT-2/articleshow/4422951.cms) . Times of India. April 20, 2008. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ISRO-launches-spy-satellite-RISAT-2/articleshow/4422951.cms. Retrieved 2009-07-31.

140. ^ "Satellite to enhance Indian air force: chief"(http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hp3PgsMas-bKh0qcrkKP6klq7FOg) . AFP. February 12,2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hp3PgsMas-bKh0qcrkKP6klq7FOg. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

141. ^ "India, Israel To Co-Develop Advanced Barak Ship Defense Missile System" (http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3416) . August 7, 2007. http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3416. Retrieved July 5, 2009.

142. ^ "Trishul Missile Project Completed at the Cost of Rs. 275 Crore" (http://www.india-defence.com/reports-2701) .India Defence. November 29, 2006. http://www.india-defence.com/reports-2701. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

143. ^ a b "IAF initiates process for inducting Akash and Trishul SAM’s" (http://frontierindia.net/mod-inconsistent-on-akash-sam-induction-announcements) . Frontier India. May 3, 2007. http://frontierindia.net/mod-inconsistent-on-akash-sam-induction-announcements. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

144. ^ RAFAEL to supply defense systems to India for $4 billion(http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3415203,00.html)

145. ^ Indo-Israeli air defence project gets green light (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2199201,prtpage-1.cms)

146. ^ IAF to add teeth with Israeli missile system(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/IAF_to_add_teeth_with_Israeli_missile_system/articleshow/3374511.cms)

147. ^ Israel rushes to India's defense (http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KD02Df02.html)148. ^ "DRDO to develop quick reaction missile, Maitri, with MBDAnews" (http://www.domain-

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149. ^ "DRDO, MBDA to Jointly Develop Maitri Quick Reaction Missile" (http://www.india-defence.com/reports-2946) . India Defence. March 19, 2007. http://www.india-defence.com/reports-2946. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

150. ^ "Low-Level Quick Reaction Missile system (LLQRM)"(http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/llqrm.htm) . GlobalSecurity.org.http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/llqrm.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

151. ^ "IAF to induct Akash missile" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/iaf-to-induct-akash-missile/254738/) . IndianExpress. December 26, 2007. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/iaf-to-induct-akash-missile/254738/. Retrieved2009-04-24.

152. ^ "Akash missiles test fired" (http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_akash-missiles-test-fired_1140356) . DiligentMedia Corporation. December 19, 2007. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_akash-missiles-test-fired_1140356.Retrieved 2009-04-24.

153. ^ http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?667753154. ^ Kumar, Arvind; Vannoni, Michael (2004). Ballistic Missile Proliferation in Southern Asia

(http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/cmc-papers/sand2004-0317.pdf) . Sandia National Laboratories. pp. 60. SAND 2004-0317. http://www.cmc.sandia.gov/cmc-papers/sand2004-0317.pdf.

155. ^ "Prithvi" (http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/missile/prithvi.htm) . Federation of American Scientists.http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/missile/prithvi.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-24.

ReferencesAjithkumar, M.P. (2006). India-Pakistan relations: the story of a fractured fraternity(http://books.google.com/books?id=mrnVSrgUkggC) . Gyan Books. ISBN 9788178354934.

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http://books.google.com/books?id=mrnVSrgUkggC.Bammi, Y.M. (2002). Kargil 1999, impregnable conquered (http://books.google.com/books?id=FWVuAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1) . Gorkha Publishers. xxviii, 558, 65, 8 p. LCCN 2003-305922(http://lccn.loc.gov/2003305922) . http://books.google.com/books?id=FWVuAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1.Bajwa, Kuldip Singh (2005). The Dynamics of Soldiering (http://books.google.com/books?id=rwgEjeQ018sC) . Har-Anand Publications. 292. ISBN 9788124109403.http://books.google.com/books?id=rwgEjeQ018sC.Barua, Pradeep (2005). The State at War in South Asia (http://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&client=firefox-a) . University of Nebraska Press. xvi; 437. ISBN9780803213449. http://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&client=firefox-a.Boyne, Walter J.; Fopp, Michael (2002). Air Warfare: An International Encyclopedia(http://books.google.com/books?id=FW_50wm8VnMC) (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. xvi; 437. ISBN9781576073452. http://books.google.com/books?id=FW_50wm8VnMC.Chadha, Vivek (2005). Low intensity conflicts in India (http://books.google.com/books?id=ApzUuLiO0jYC) (Illustrated ed.). SAGE. 513. ISBN 9780761933250.http://books.google.com/books?id=ApzUuLiO0jYC.Coggins, Ed (2000). Wings That Stay on (http://books.google.com/books?id=MG5wioBJyK0C&client=firefox-a) (Illustrated ed.). Turner Publishing Company. iii; 244. ISBN9781563115684. http://books.google.com/books?id=MG5wioBJyK0C&client=firefox-a.Cordesman, Anthony H.; Kleiber, Martin (2006). The Asian Conventional Military Balance in 2006:Overview of major Asian Powers(http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/060626_asia_balance_powers.pdf) . Center for Strategic &International Studies. 48. http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/060626_asia_balance_powers.pdf.Dixit, Jyotindra Nath (2002). India-Pakistan in War & Peace (http://books.google.com/books?id=XnzRttnqExUC&client=firefox-a) . Routledge. 501. ISBN 9780415304726.http://books.google.com/books?id=XnzRttnqExUC&client=firefox-a.Europa Publications (2005). Far East and Australasia 2003 (http://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC) . Europa Publications. 1538. ISBN 9781857431339.http://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC.Ganguly, Sumit; Kapur, S. Paul (2008). Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia(http://books.google.com/books?id=fAgIdEtTYQgC) (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. Xii; 251.ISBN 9780415440493. http://books.google.com/books?id=fAgIdEtTYQgC.Gupta, Amit (1997). Building an arsenal: the evolution of regional power force structures(http://books.google.com/books?id=illLSaObgL0C&client=firefox-a) (Illustrated ed.). GreenwoodPublishing Group. xi; 217. ISBN 9780275957872. http://books.google.com/books?id=illLSaObgL0C&client=firefox-a.Ives, Jack D. (2004). Himalayan perceptions: Environmental change and the well-being of mountainpeoples (http://books.google.com/books?id=q516Lo4OBwwC) (Illustrated ed.). Routledge. xxi; 271.ISBN 9780415317986. http://books.google.com/books?id=q516Lo4OBwwC.International Institute for Strategic Studies (2002). The Military Balance 2002/2003 (Map ed.).International Institute for Strategic Studies. ISBN 9780198516729.Jones, Aubrey (1985). Britain's economy: the roots of stagnation (http://books.google.com/books?id=kjk8AAAAIAAJ) (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521308168.http://books.google.com/books?id=kjk8AAAAIAAJ.Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm (http://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C) (2, illustrated, revised ed.). Yale University Press. 328. ISBN 9780300101478.http://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C.Kainikara, Sanu (2007). Red Air: Politics in Russian Air Power (http://books.google.com/books?id=DKSUKwBk5wIC) . Universal Publishers. ISBN 9781581129830.http://books.google.com/books?id=DKSUKwBk5wIC.Kapur, S. Paul (2007). Dangerous deterrent: nuclear weapons proliferation and conflict in South Asia(http://books.google.com/books?id=6Qbovlt-eZ4C) (Annotated ed.). Stanford University Press. 280.ISBN 9780804755498. http://books.google.com/books?id=6Qbovlt-eZ4C.Karthikeyan, K.R.; Gupta; Sendilkumar, R.; Jaganathan, D. (2008). A Textbook of AgriculturalExtension Management (http://books.google.com/books?id=Vza8kSHGS90C) . Atlantic Publishers &Distributors. v; 192. ISBN 9788126908813. http://books.google.com/books?id=Vza8kSHGS90C.Khan, J.A. (2004). Air Power and Challenges to IAF (http://books.google.com/books?id=Na-V9H0dbrgC&client=firefox-a) . APH Publishing. xxxii; 361. ISBN 9788176485937.http://books.google.com/books?id=Na-V9H0dbrgC&client=firefox-a.

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External linksOfficial website of The Indian Air Force (http://indianairforce.nic.in/)Indian Air Force on bharat-rakshak.com (http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/)Global Security article on Indo-Pakistani Wars(http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/indo-pak_1965.htm)

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