Indian Act Colonialism - A Century of Dishonour

8/10/2019 Indian Act Colonialism - A Century of Dishonour

1/11

INDIAN ACT COLONIALISM: A CENTURY OF DISHONOUR, 1869-1969John Milloy

In!o"#$ion: Coloni%li&' - C%n%"%(& N%ion%l D#y)

In 186*, +ih h %&&%. o/ h 0!ii&h No!h A'!i$% A$, C%n%"i%n& .%n h !o$&& o/ n%ion#il"in.) O2! h n3 /+ y%!&, n+ !o2in$& '!." 4 M%nio%, 0!ii&h Col#'i%, 5!in$ E"+%!"I&l%n" 4 %n" C%n%"% $%', y 18*, % n%ion /!o' &% o &%) A h &%' i', y +%y o/ h! l.%lin&!#'n&, h /"!%l .o2!n'n +%& 7#i" o /#n$ion %& %n i'!i%l o+!) S$ion 91: o/ h0)N)A A$ %&&i.n" o i h !&on&iiliy /o! %ll In"i%n& %n" l%n"& !&!2" /o! In"i%n&; 4 % !&on&iiliyh% h%" n $%!!i" y h I'!i%l .o2!n'n /o! h !2io#& $n#!y) Th R#!(& L%n" O!"! inCo#n$il !%n&/!!" h 2%& H#"&on(& 0%y !!io!i& o C%n%"%(& 3$l#&i2 i !&", in %!, on %n

I'!i%l oli$y h!i%.) Th#& +hil h /i!& In"i%n A$ "%!" &i.ni/i$%nly /!o' &o' l'n& o/ %&0!ii&h oli$y, i '%in%in" oh!&) Th /o#n"%ion o/ 0!ii&h oli$y +%& h hi&o!i$ 5!o$l%'%ion o/ 1*6)Th !in$il& i l%i" "o+n +ih !&$ o l%n" %n" i& inh!n !&$ /o! h n%ion%l; $h%!%$! o/ Fi!&N%ion& /o!'" h $o! o/ 0!ii&h-In"i%n !l%ion& %n" !-'!." in h l% 19*?& %& h %&lin o/C%n%"i%n-Fi!& N%ion& !l%ion&) C!%inly, h /#n"%'n%l $h%!%$!i&i$& o/ h $on'o!%!y!l%ion&hi '%n% /!o' i: h !$o.niion o/ Ao!i.in%l !i.h&, h C%n%"i%n !%y &y&' %n", o/$o#!&, h !&i&n $o#! $%&& .%!" o $l%!i/yin. h n%#! o/ h 3i&in. !i.h&; '""" in h!%!i%" Con&i#ion o/ 198 - % $on&i#ion +hi$h &$i/i$%lly !$o.ni=& h $onin#in. 3i&n$ %n"&i.ni/i$%n$ o/ h 5!o$l%'%ion %n" i& !in$il&)

Ho+2!, h $n!%liy .i2n o h 5!o$l%'%ion in h 198 Con&i#ion, %n" i& !&$ /o! Ao!i.in%l!i.h&, i& only % !l%i2ly !$n /%#! o/ C%n%"%(& hi&o!y) Fo! 'o& o/ h% hi&o!y, /!o' 1869 /o!+%!",h 5!o$l%'%ion(& !in$il& +! %l!n%ly i.no!", 2iol%" o!, 'o! o/n h%n no, %li" +ih %n

y o &!2in. /i!& n%ion%l %n" only in$i"n%lly Ao!i.in%l & in!&&) In h 5!o$l%'%ion(& l%$, h!l%ion&hi +n C%n%"% %n" Fi!& N%ion& +%& &h%" y oh! in/l#n$&, 'o! y $#l#!%l; /o!$&!%h! h%n l.%l !in$il&) Tho& /o!$/#l "!'in%n& +! !i2% !o!y o+n!&hi %n" h !ho!i$o/ E'i! - h +hi'%n(& #!"n); To.h!, hy +! h !i'%!y '%!@!& o/ 18 h %n" 19 h $n#!y0!ii&h $i2ili=%ion> %n" in C%n%"%, hy +! h /o!'%i2 l'n& o/ /"!%l In"i%n oli$y - % oli$y +ih% /i3", #n+%2!in. .o%l, % C%n%"i%n 2!&ion o/ h #!"n); A& C%n%"%(& /i!& 5!i' Mini&!, J)A)M%$"on%l", in/o!'" 5%!li%'n, i +%& h n%ion(& "#y o "o %+%y +ih h !i%l &y&' %n" %&&i'il%h In"i%n ol& in %ll !&$& o h inh%i%n& o/ h Do'inion); ii l

A&&i'il%ion $%' h n"#!in.


2/11

%'n"'n&, $%' C%n%"%(& $on&i#ion%l &!#$#! in 186*) Th I'!i%l C!o+n .%2 +%y o hF"!%l, h $oloni& $%' !o2in$& %n" h &l/-.o2!nin. Fi!& N%ion& !'%in", /o! % !i/ !io",% hi!" o!"! o/ .o2!n'n)

Th $o!n!&on o/ h% o!"! +%& h !$o.niion o/ In"i%n l%n" n#! +ihin %n o2!-%!$hin. C!o+n&o2!i.ny> h !$o.niion, in /%$, o/ %n Ao!i.in%l !i.h o l%n", h% +o#l" , h!%/!, %lin%l onlyo h C!o+n y #!$h%&) Thi& /%$ o/ h 5!o$l%'%ion, h C%n%"i%n .o2!n'n '%in%in") A/!Con/"!%ion, n.oi%" #!$h%&&, !%i& %&" on 5!o$l%'%ion !o$"#!&, !/%$" h $!%iono/ !o2in$& in h !%i!i& %n" n%ion%l 3%n&ion ino h no!h) Only in h $%& o/ 0!ii&h Col#'i%(&n!%n$ ino h /"!%ion in 18*1 +%& hi& C%n%"% &y&'; %%n"on" in h /%$ o/ h %!.#'n yh !o2in$ h% !%i& +! no n$&&%!y /o! h %$i/i$%ion o/ Fi!& N%ion&) 2

S%n"in. %$@ /!o' !%y hi&o!y % h% oin %n" &$%nnin. h n3 on h#n"!" y%!& o/ !%y-'%@in.!2%l& &o' #n"!lyin. n%ion+i" $o''on%lii&) A %!n +%& &> n%ion%l !i%l ho'l%n"&,!&!2&, +! !$o.ni=" %n" hi! o#n"%!i& '%!@" o#) Fo! h&, h C!o+n h%" h "#y o!o2i", in h +o!"& o/ h 5!o$l%'%ion, 5!o$ion; &o h% !i%l n%ion& &ho#l" no 'ol&" o!"i!"; 2i in hi! n h

I'!i%l In"i%n D%!'n $%' h C%n%"i%n In"i%n D%!'n) An" %& h%" n h $%& +ih$oloni%l .o2!n'n&, hi! C%n%"i%n !o2in$i%l $$&&o!& +! .i2n nih! %#ho!iy o2!, no! %ny!&on&iiliy o, In"i%n ol&, $o''#nii& o! l%n") Fi!& N%ion& +! %n 3$l#&i2 F"!%l!&on&iiliy 4 o! &o i +%& %&'" .n!%lly #nil h i& +%& $o'li$%" in h l% 19?& yC%n%"i%n $ii=n&hi l.i&l%ion, In"i%n #!%ni=%ion %n" %'n"'n& o h In"i%n A$ in 191)

No 2!y i'o!%n l'n o/ h 5!o$l%'%ion(& .o2!n%n$ &y&' +%& $%!!i" /o!+%!", ho+2!, inoh o&-Con/"!%ion !io") Mo& no%ly, Fi!& N%ion&( &l/-.o2!n'n, +%& &%$!i/i$" oM%$"on%l"(& !o$l%i'" %&&i'il%i2 "#y) Thi& !%"i$%l $oloni=in. .! +%& no in %ny +%y % l.%l o!$on&i#ion%l !7#i!'n o/ h !%n&/! o/ h !&on&iiliy /o! In"i%n A//%i!& /!o' h I'!i%l o hF"!%l .o2!n'n) R%h! h !oo $%#& o/ h% "!%'%i$ &hi/ l%y in h $on&7#n$& o/ %n I'!i%l&o$i%l oli$y /o! Fi!& N%ion& h% h%" n "2lo" in h /in%l h! "$%"& /o! Con/"!%ion - %oli$y o/ $i2ili=%ion

Th Mo2 /!o' Ci2ili=%ion o A&&i'il%ion

In 18?, h Coloni%l O//i$ in Lon"on %"o" h &l" #!o& o/ .!%"#%lly !$l%i'in. h' h!i&G /!o' % &% o/ %!%!i&' %n" o/ in!o"#$in. %'on.& h' h in"#&!io#& %n" %$/#l h%i& o/li/); 3ii Th!%/!, h In"i%n D%!'n, 'i&&ion%!i& %n" &l/-.o2!nin. Fi!& N%ion& $oo!%" in %!o%" $o''#niy "2lo'n !o.!%' $!%in., in h &o#h!n &$ion o/ h Uni" C%n%"%&, %n#'! o/ &l'n &i&, h in/!%&!#$#! o/ $i2ili=%ion; 4 2ill%.& +ih "%y &$hool&, $h#!$h&,E#!o%n ho#&& %n" lo#.h" / il"&) Fo! % !io", % l%&, !'%nn &l/.o2!nin., &l/-//i$in$o''#nii& on h %&i& o/ %.!i$#l#! %n" E#!o%n "#$%ion +! h $o''on .o%l)


3/11

Th hi&o!y o/ hi& oli$y o/ $i2ili=%ion, h &h% i +%& .i2n in h h! "$%"& %/! 18? y lo$%l$i2ili=!&, 'i&&ion%!i& %n" In"i%n %.n&, %n" hi! $!ii7# o/ i& !o.!&&, h%" % /#n"%'n%l i'%$ onh $onn %n" &!#$#! o/ /##! C%n%"i%n oli$y) T+o $!ii$%l i&& '!.") Ci2ili=!&, on h %&i& o/oli$y !2i+& in h %!ly 18?& %n" h 'i"-18?&, /o#n" h% &l" $o''#nii& +! &ill in h%l/-$i2ili="; &% - hi! $o'l !%n&/o!'%ion y % .li''!in. %n" "i&%n &%!@); 3iii Thy $%'$on2in$" h% /#!h! "2lo'n +o#l" !%li=" only y h "#$%ion o/ $hil"!n %n" hi!&7#n n/!%n$hi&'n ino $oloni%l &o$iy) Th 5!o2in$ o/ h Uni" C%n%"%& oli.in.ly on"h .% o $oloni%l $ii=n&hi; y h A$ o En$o#!%. h !%"#%l Ci2ili=%ion o/ h In"i%n T!i& inh 5!o2in$, 18*) 3i2 Th A$ !o2i"" h% %ny In"i%n


4/11

In"i%n A//%i!&,; 33ii in"i$%" i& ""i$%ion o %&&i'il%ion) Th "%il& o/ h A$ $on/i!'" h%) I& +o'o& i'o!%n /%#!& +! n/!%n$hi&'n %n", h @y !o2i&ion, .i2in. $o''#nii& h n/i& o/'#ni$i%l .o2!n'n); 33iii Thi& '%n h% h A$ %oli&h" !%"iion%l /o!'& o/ .o2!n'n %n"!l%$" h' +ih % '%l-only l$i2 &y&' l%!.ly #n"! h $on!ol o/ h lo$%l In"i%n %.n) Th#&Chi/& %n" Co#n$illo!& +! o &!2 % h l%! o/ h C!o+n) Thy $o#l" , !'o2" y h.o2!no! /o! "i&hon&y, in'!%n$ o! i''o!%liy); 33i2 No only +o#l" h In"i%n D%!'n $on!olh in&i#ion %n" !&onnl o/ $o#n$il # h o+!& o/ h $o#n$il o '%@ l%+& /o! $o''#nii& +!li'i" o $h % ".! h% hy +! no lon.! in %ny '%nin./#l +%y &l/-.o2!nin.) Th 1869 A$%llo+" $o#n$il& o '%@ y-l%+& /o!: h $%! o/ #li$ h%lh,; h o&!2%n$ o/ o!"! %n" "$o!#'%n" #li$ %&&'li&,; h !!&&ion o/ in'!%n$ %n" !o/li.%$y,; h !2nion o/ !&%&& y$%l,; h '%inn%n$ o/ !o%"& !i".&, "i$h& %n" /n$&,; h $on&!#$ion o/ &$hool ho#&&,$o#n$il ho#&& %n" oh! #li$ #il"in.&; %n" h &%li&h'n o/ o#n"& %n" h %oin'n o/o#n"-@!&); 332 Con!ol o/ '%ny l'n& o/ h !&!2 4 l%n", !&o#!$& %n" /in%n$ /o! 3%'l

4 %&&" ino h h%n"& o/ h D%!'n)

0# h A$ +n /#!h!, /o! 2n in h& n%!!o+ % /#n"%'n%l "#%li&' +%& l%n" % h $o! o/ C%n%"i%n/"!%li&') T+o %h& +! l%i" o# %n" '%in%in" #n7#&ionin.ly #nil %/! h S$on" o!l" %!:on /o! non-Ao!i.in%l C%n%"i%n& o/ /#ll %!i$i%ion in h %//%i!& o/ hi! $o''#niy, !o2in$ %n" n%ion%n" on /o! Fi!& N%ion& ol &!i" o/ h o+! o/ &l/-"!'in%ion, &%!%" /!o' !o2in$i%l%n" n%ion%l li/ %n" 3i&in. in $o''#nii& +ho& $oloni=%ion +%& !o/o#n" %n" i''#%l) 5olii$i%n&%n" $i2il &!2%n& %li@ &i/i" o h !&i&n$ o/ h %&&i'il%i2 .o%l) ih h %&&%. o/ h 18*6

A$, h Mini&!, D%2i" L%i!", "$l%!" h% h D%!'n no+ h%" h '%n& o !%! hi' h

In"i%nG /o! % hi.h! l2l o/ $i2ili=%ion y n$o#!%.in. hi' o %&' h !i2il.& %n" !&on&iilii& o//#ll $ii=n&hi); 333i On h ? h %nni2!&%!y o/ h% A$, h D#y Mini&!, D#n$%n C%'ll S$o,ol" % Ho#& Co''i h% i &ho#l" h%2 no "o#& %& o h $onin#in. %!o!i%n&& o/ h% oli$y)Fo! hi& %! h h%" no Kinnion o/ $h%n.in. h +ll-&%li&h" oli$y o/ "%lin. +ih In"i%n& %n" In"i%n

A//%i!& in hi& $o#n!y); In"", I +%n o . !i" o/ h In"i%n !ol',; h!/o! o#! o


5/11

h 186?&, !i%l n%ion&, #nli@ #$ %n" h M%!ii'&, +! no n$&&%!y /o! Con/"!%ion, %n"h#& in h n+ n%ion%l &$h' hy +! .i2n no !oo' o $!% !2i%li=" $#l#!& in % 'o"!n$on3 ho#.h h "o'inion !o2in$i%l &!#$#! o/ Con/"!%ion .%2 $#l#!%l .#%!%n& o oh!&) Thn+ n%ion(& hi$& o/ $oo!%i2 /"!%li&' %n" $#l#!%l ol!%n$ i.no!" h') In &&n$, Fi!&n%ion& +! l/ o# o/ Con/"!%ion, 2n ho#.h hi! !&!2& %n" #n$"" ho'l%n"& $%' %!o/ h n%ion%l &%) Th In"i%n A$& o/ h !-S$on" o!l" %! !io" %llo+" h% Fi!& N%ion&ol $o#l"


6/11

#ni& o/ '#ni$i%l %"'ini&!%ion) Th!%/!, h in"i2i"#%l(& &%#& +%& i" o h %n" on i& !&!2!%h! h%n o !%"iion%l, !i%l $oll$i2&) Th#& i/ %n In"i%n +o'%n '%!!i" %n In"i%n o/ %noh! %n",&h &h%ll $%& o % ''! o/ h %n" o +hi$h &h /o!'!ly lon.", %n" $o' % ''! o/h %n" o/ +hi$h h! h#&%n" i& % ''!); 3li An" 'n(& !o!y !i.h& %n" !i2il.& +!!&!i$" o hi! o+n !&!2) In"i%n& %'in. o li2 on % !&!2 o +hi$h hy +! no %%$h" yhi! &%#& +!, li@ +hi !&%&&!&,


7/11

3$%ion& o/ n/i& %n" &!2i$ "li2!y o Fi!& N%ion& on %! +ih ho& /o! nonAo!i.in%l ol)Thi& +%& % $on&i"!%l $h%lln. /o! h &%!% %h Fi!& N%ion& h%" n # on h%" !o#.h h'o % &o!!o+/#l "&in%ion) Th Mini&!, E) F%i!$lo#.h, h!&l/, %"'i" KI '#& !''!" hi&D%!'n /%$" % 2!y .!%2 !ol' +hi$h h!%n" h !2i2%l o/ h In"i%n&) A h% i' h%lh,"#$%ion, ho#&in. %n" $o''#niy &%n"%!"& +! &o /%! lo+ 'ini'#' &%n"%!"& h% % '%


8/11

.#n y h 0!%n$h on +h% in h 19*?& +o#l" $o' @no+n %& $#l#!%lly %!o!i% $#!!i$#l#' /o!#& in !&i"ni%l &$hool&) 3li3 Th& n+ oli$y inii%i2& +o#l", h D%!'n %&&!" in +o!"& h%%%!" %n %' o $# i& +ih i& o+n !%$i& %&, n%l h In"i%n ))) o %@ hi& l%$ %& %nIn"i%n +ih oh! $ii=n& o/ h $o#n!y); l

Th in.!%ion oli$y +%& 'o! h%n % &!%.y o "%l +ih o2!y> i !o#.h % !!i&in. $h%n. in h&!#$#! o/ $oloni%li&' in2ol2in. Do'inionB5!o2in$i%lBFi!& N%ion !l%ion&) Thi& +%& h!%l"" y %$on&i"!%l !2i&ion in h F"!%l .o2!n'n(& #n"!&%n"in. o/ S$ion 91) F!o' % li/ in i&3$l#&i2, o2!-!i"in. %#ho!iy, h /"!%l .o2!n'n 'o2" o on o/ % &h%!" /"!%lB!o2in$i%l!&on&iiliy /o! In"i%n&,; ho#.h no /o! l%n" !&!2" /o! In"i%n&); Th D%!'n(& %&&i'il%i2'%n"% !'%in" h &%' - o %&&i& In"i%n& o %@ hi! l%$& in h '%in &!%' o/ C%n%"i%n li/%& /#lly %!i$i%in. ''!& o/ &o$iy; li # no+, %& !%& o/ #!%ni=%ion $li'", i +%& %!.#" h%hi& '#& % $o-o!%i2 2n#! +ih h !o2in$&) An" h% o h% n", on o/ h &&ni%l&, i/ hi&o


9/11

lo$%l &$hool o%!"&, /%$in. !i&in. $o&& o %$$o''o"% %y oo' $hil"!n, +l$o'" h $%i%l $o&$on!i#ion h /"!%l .o2!n'n +%& +illin. o '%@ in 3$h%n. /o! l%$& /o! Fi!& N%ion& #il&)On%!io +%& o#&%n"in. in i& +illin.n&& o !o2i" &!2i$& on %n" o//-!&!2 in '%ny &$o!&) An" inh M%!ii'&, oo, /"!%l $o& &h%!in. o/ !o2in$i%l !&on&iilii& '%" &o' &%$ /o! $oo!%ion+ih In"i%n A//%i!&) In oh!


10/11

No&i Con&i#ion A$, 198, S 5%! II &) ) 1 !/!n$in. h 3i&in. %o!i.in%l %n" !%y !i.h& o/ h%o!i.in%l ol& o/ C%n%"% %! h!y !$o.ni=" %n" %//i!'"); An" 5%! I, &) ) % %ny !i.h& o!/!"o'& h% h%2 n !$o.ni=" y h Roy%l 5!o$l%'%ion o/ O$o! *, 1*6)ii A& 7#o" in M) Mon.o'!y, Th Si3 N%ion& %n" h M%$"on%l" F!%n$hi&,; On%!io Hi&o!y *, 1196)iii Th Roy%l 5!o$l%'%ion, O$o! *, 1*6; I) y %n" A) L#&&i! "&), A& Lon. %& h S#n Shin&%n" h %! Flo+&,%n$o#2!: U)0)C) 5!&& 198, 9-*)i2 Mon.o'!y, Th Si3 N%ion& %n" h M%$"on%l" F!%n$hi&);2 Fo! % "i&$#&&ion o/ h #nion n.oi%ion& %n" h !


11/11

3li S%#& o/ C%n%"%, 9 i$) $)18, 18*6) &) ), ")3lii S%#& o/ C%n%"%, 9 i$) $)18, 18*6, &11-1)3liii NAC, R 1? C1?98, ol)69, Fil ?1B9-1, ) E) F%i!$lo#.h o D!) ) John&on, 1 O$o! 1993li2 Fo! %n 3$lln "i&$#&&ion o/ Fi!& N%ion&( o#l%ion "yn%'i$& in hi& !io" &: M)J) No!!i&,Con'o!%!y D'o.!%hy %n" Ao!i.in%l 5ol& in C%n%"%,; D)A Lon. %n" O)5) Di$@%&on "&i&ion& o/ h H%!, C%n%"i%n Ao!i.in%l I&&) To!ono: H%!$o#! 0!%$ ???)3l2 All o/ hi& '%!i%l +%& #li&h" in In"i%n Con"iion&: A S#!2y, D%!'n o/ In"i%n %n" No!h!nD2lo'n, 198?)3l2i In"i%n Con"iion&: A S#!2y)3l2ii In"i%n %n" No!h!n A//%i!& C%n%"% INACG Fil E6*-18- ol) n%' o'i"G )) %l),

Ao!i.in%l Ri.h& Co%liion o h Hono#!%l To' Si""on, A#.#& 199) Thi& /il i& %! o/ h $lo&"INAC $oll$ion %n" h#& i& !/!n$ i& h! %'n"" o $on/o!' o 5!i2%$y A$ !&!i$ion& #n"! +hi$hi +%& o%in")3l2iii NAC, R 1? C1?98, ol)69, Fil ?1B9-1, ) E) F%i!$lo#.h o D!) ) John&on, 1 O$o!1993li3 Fo! in/o!'%ion on $#!!i$#l#' &: INAC, L) Fo!i!, M'o!%n"#' ) 6 J%n#%!y, 191 Fil 6-1-1,ol)1l NAC, R 1?, ol) 8*6, Fil 1B1---1, R.ion%l S$hool In&$o!& Con/!n$, 1- No2'!,196) S !'%!@& y Col) H) Jon&)li NAC C1?98, ol) 69, Fil 1B9-1 *) Col) H) Jon& o M!& H)A T%non, 5!&i"n S%l'%.#n"i Cl#

To!ono A!il 196lii NAC, C1?98, ol) 69, Fil 1B9-1 *) Col) H) Jon& o M!& H)A T%non, 5!&i"n S%l'%.#n"i Cl#To!ono A!il 196 liii NAC, R 1? C1?98, ol) 69 Fil 1B9-1 )) D!%/ 'i&&ion o $%in %n"%.!'n +ih !o2in$& il" KAli$%ion %n" E3n&ion o/ l/%! S!2i$& o In"i%n& K M%y 199)li2 NAC, R 1?, C18?9, ol) 86, Fil 1B-1, 1 J) 5i$@!&.ill o h Hon) F)C) 0%ll, 8 A!il, 19)l2 NAC, R 1?, C18?9, ol) 86, Fil 1B-1, 1 J) 5i$@!&.ill o h Hon) F)C) 0%ll, 8 A!il, 19)

11

Documents

Indian Act Colonialism - A Century of Dishonour