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Indian Act 1892

Congress (organization who establishes a law) passed resolutions demanding the enlargement of

Legislative Councils and introduction of the system of elections. These demands were emphasized

by the early nationalists during a session in Indian National Congress. The Indian Council Act of1892 gave the Indians an opportunity to participate in the legislative process.

Russo-Japanese War 1905

This war encouraged all Asian powers that they could unite and overthrew the strong European

superpowers. This was an alarm for European nations that the Asian could rebel anytime and

overthrew the European countries.

The partition of Bengal 1905

The decision to affect thePartition of Bengalwas announced in July 1905 by theViceroy of

India,Lord Curzon. Hindus of Bengal complained that the division will make them a minority in wholeof the country while on the other hand, Muslims were happy about this decision. Some Hindus of

India protested because it was a part of their company and so was a source of income which would

stop after the division.

The all India Muslim League 1906

Muslims refused to obey the laws passed by the Indian national Congress. This was what they

thought discrimination because they were also the part of the country.The leagues main aim was to

advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India. With the establishment of All India

Muslim League with its headquarters at Lucknow, it elected Sir Aga Khan as its first President.

Morley Minto Reforms 1909

In AD 1909, the British announced the Indian Councils Act, popularly known as the Morley-Minto

Reforms. The reforms were named after Lord Morley, the Secretary of State for India and Lord

Minto, the Indian Viceroy. The right of separate electorate was given to the Muslims from which the

Muslims were pleased. But because of this reason Hindus angered and this is the reason of later

dispute between both of them.

World War I 1914-1918

The Indian Army during World War I contributed largely. One million Indian soldiers served overseas, of

whom 62,000 died and another 67,000 were wounded. In total 74,187 Indian soldiers died during the war.

In World War I the Indian Army fought against the German Empire in German East Africa and on

the Western Front. Indian soldiers were also sent to Egypt and nearly 700,000 served in Mesopotamia.

The reunification of Bengal 1911

Bengal was reunited in 1911 in an effort to both appease the Bengali sentiment and have easier

administration but it caused resentment among the Bengali Muslims who benefited from the partition and

the resentment lasted until the end of the British rule which ended in 1947 with the partition of Bengal.

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Lucknow Pact

In 1916, Lucknow Pact was an agreement made by Indian Congress and Muslim League led by

Mohammad Ali Jinnah. It stated:

The India Council must be abolished.

The salaries of the Secretary of State for Indian Affairs should be paid by the British government

and not from Indian funds.

Of the two Under Secretaries, one should be Indian.

The executive should be separated from the judiciary.

The number of Muslims in the provincial legislatures would be laid down province by province.

The Khilafat Movement:

The Khilafat Movement was organized by the Ali brothers- Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali in protestagainst the injustices done to Turkey after the First World War. Turkey was important to the Indian

Muslims as the Sultan of Turkey was also the Caliph. The Khilafat leaders put pressure upon the British

government to give better treatment to Turkey. Gandhi happily accepted this agreement in order to build

better relationships with Muslims. This whole movement collapsed when Ataturk overthrew the caliph and

make Turkey into a republic.

Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

In 1921, TheMontagu-Chelmsford Reformswere reforms introduced by the British Government in

India to introduce self-governing institutions gradually to India. The reforms take their name from Edwin

Samuel Montagu, the

Secretary of State for Indiaduring the World War I and

Lord Chelmsford, Viceroy of

India between 1916 and 1921.

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