DRINKING WATERSUPPLY

AND SANITATIONPROGRAMMES

ININDIA

ROYAL NETHERLANDS EMBASSYNEW DELHI

1990

INDO-DUTCH CO-OPERATION INDRINKING WATER SUPPLYAND SANITATION PROGRAMMESIN INDIA- Andhra Pradesh- Gujarat- Karnataka- Kerala- Uttar Pradesh

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ContentsIntroductionThe PolicyAndhra PradeshGujaratKeralaUttar PradeshKarnatakaFinancial Overview

Page No.

156

1014182225

INTRODUCTIONAt the commencement of the InternationalDrinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade(1981-1990), it was estimated that 395 millionpeople or about 58.7% of India's total popula-tion were without safe water supplies - 362million in the rural areas and 33 million in theurban. In sanitation, the problem was evenmore grim in that 629 million people or 94% ofthe country's population were without anadequate and sanitary means of excreta dis-posal-521 million (or practically the entire popu-lation) in the rural areas, and 108 million or73% of the urban population.

At the beginning of the Decade, the country setitself the target of providing the entire urbanand rural population with safe water supply. Itproposed to provide hygienic methods of dis-posal of human waste to 80% of the urbanpopulation and 25% of the rural population by1991.

A mid-Decade review of the IDWSSD pro-gramme in India, made in October 1985 re-vealed that by the end of 1985 only 277.55million people (or about 40.5% of the totalpopulation) would have been provided withwater supply, and an estimated 42.83 million(Approx.6.3% of the total population) wouldhave been provided with adequate sanitationfacilities.

Globally, the World Health Organization hadestimated at the commencement of the IDWSSDthat vpproximately 3000 million people all overthe world would have to be provided with safedrinking water supplies and hygienic methodsof waste disposal.

A mid-Decade review of the global status of theprogramme indicated that, at best, only 20 to25% of the target will be met by the end of 1990.

An analysis of the situation revealed that theoriginal targets were over-ambitious and would

have to be scaled down to more realistic levels.

It was also discovered that many of the originalassumptions had proved to be over-optimistic.Some of these assumptions were:

- that the provision of drinking water facili-ties would inspire interest in the local popu-lations in the better use and maintenance ofthe systems;

- that local authorities were adequatelyequipped to maintain the systems in properorder;

- that local authorities had the necessary fi-nancial resources to ensure the on-goingmaintenance of the systems;

- that the provision of safe drinking waterwould automatically lead to an improve-ment in the health of the people.

Access to safe drinking water and adequatesanitation facilities are basic human needsindispensable to health and the ability to work.Water borne diseases are the leading cause ofmortality and morbidity in developing coun-tries. According to the WHO more than 80% ofall diseases in developing countries are waterrelated.

The Netherlands Government has recognizedthe importance of providing safe drinking waterand adequate sanitation facilities to the peoplein developing countries. It has actively pro-moted projects, and has participated with sev-eral Governments to ensure the supply of po-table water and hygienic systems of wastedisposal for people of the poorer sections ofdeveloping countries.

The Netherlands Government is firmly com-mitted to continue its programme of support tothis sector. Currently, approximately 10% of

the Development Cooperation Budget (or aboutDfl. 150 million annually) is being allocated tothe provision of drinking water and sanitationfacilities.

INDO-DUTCH BILATERAL COOPERATION

Indo-Dutch cooperation in the rural drinkingwater supply and sanitation sector dates backto 1978. This cooperation has developed rap-idly to cover projects in the States of AndhraPradesh, Gujarat, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh.In March 1989 agreement was reached to ex-tend this cooperation to the State of Kama-taka.

The average annual contribution of the Neth-erlands to this Sector is approximately 20 millionGuilders (about Rs.18 crore), and constitutesapproximately 10% of the total annual bilat-eral cooperation allocation for India.

The emphasis in the Indo-Dutch project is onan integrated approach to rural drinking watersupply and sanitation. In effect this means thatin addition to identification of sources, testingcapacity and water quality, construction ofheadworks and distribution networks, con-struction of water treatment plants, construc-tion of latrines and other technical works, thereis also an intensive and systematic effort toinvolve the local communities, specially thewomen, in every aspect of project planning,designing, implementation and maintenance.Intensive health and hygiene education pro-grammes both at community and school levelsare intended to bring about improvements inpersonal and social practices which will con-tribute to the improvement of the health statusof the people. Programmes of income genera-tion for women constitute an important com-ponent of the projects.

A significant characteristic of the projects isthat all the materials required are purchasedin India out of Dutch funds.

The implementing agencies are the appropri-

ate departments of the respective State Gov-ernments, which, in turn send regular prog-ress reports to the Government of India. Thesereports, including the statements of expenses,are transmitted to the Royal NetherlandsEmbassy for reimbursement to the Govern-ment of India.

A significant feature of the bilateral coopera-tion is the system of "pre-financing" whichfacilitates the start up of projects without im-posing a strain on the financial resources of theimplementing agencies.

A Water Programme Coordinator is stationedin the Embassy in New Delhi by the Govern-ment of the Netherlands to interact with theGovernment of India, the State Governmentsand the implementing agencies in respect ofthe projects in this Sector. He is responsible forfacilitating the achievement of the overall ob-jectives of the programme as agreed to bilater-ally, and for identifying new projects. He coor-dinates the support services to the implement-ing agencies such as the biannual Review andSupport Missions, training of engineers, evalu-ations, and workshops on common problemssuch as desalination, defluoridation slow sandfiltration etc.

The Netherlands Government fields half-yearlyReview and Support Missions to AndhraPradesh, Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh. TheseMissions review the on-going progress of theprojects and identify areas in special need ofadditional support. They offer technical adviceas well as assistance in project monitoring,management and training.

In Kerala, a Netherlands Technical LiaisonOfficer has been appointed to assist the KeralaWater Authority with project design, technicalsupervision of implementation, quality controlof materials and adherence to agreed norms toensure cost effectiveness of the projects. Toassist with the non-technical, socio-economicaspects of project implementation, the Nether-lands Government supports two Socio-Eco-

nomic Units and a Coordinating Office in Kerala.The Danish International Development. Agency,DANIDA, participates in the support to theSocio-Economic Units and the CoordinatingOffice. These SEUs promote community par-ticipation in project planning and implementa-tion, health and hygiene education, 'training oflocal people for operation and maintenanceand cost recovery.

The technical and management support serv-ices provided by the Netherlands Governmenthave been widely appreciated by the imple-menting agencies and the State Governments.A recent evaluation of the performance of these

support services revealed that the quality ofthe technical, management and organizationalsupport can be enhanced by making themavailable as close as possible to the implemen-tation level on a day-to-day basis. Accordingly,the Netherlands Government has decided toset up State level Project Support Units (to becalled NAPSUs) to provide the implementingagencies with assistance in project manage-ment, monitoring, performance evaluation,organizational development and training. Theseservices will be provided using indigenousexpertise.

This brochure provides a broad over-view ofthe projects being implemented in the States ofAndhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Uttar Pradeshand of the project to be implemented in Kama-taka.

This brochure is meant only to provide a general over-view of the Indo-Dutch cooperation in the rural drinking water supply and sanitationsector. While every effort has been made to verify the information, noclaim is made to accuracy in every respect.

The financial figures provided refer to original cost estimates and do notnecessarily reflect revised estimates or variations in the exchange rates at the time ofactual disbursement.

THE POLICYThe basic thrust ofNethaw^s development policyis to consider the drinking water supply and sanita-tion sector as one of the means of improving theliving conditions and the health of the people:specifically, to fulfill one of the basic needs of thedisadvantaged sections of the population, particu-larly, though not exclusively, in the rural areas.

Consistent with this basic thrust, some of theguidelines which have been formulated for theselection of projects are:

* Focus on population groups most in needof assistance. Priority will be given to thepoor in rural (and semi-urban) areas wherethe drinking water supply and sanitationconditions do not meet even the localminimum health standards.

* Improving the health of the people will bethe primary objective of the projects.Therefore, sanitation, health educationand other health related components willreceive due emphasis.

* Community participation from the earli-est stages of designing of the projects, aswell as during implementation and op-eration will be insisted upon. Emphasiswill be on the participation of women,who are the primary users of the facili-ties; and who are the major influence indetermining the attitudes and practicesin the community.

* Long term viability of the projects has tobe ensured. This will be done by:

- enhancing local project managementcapacity;

- adopting locally available, appropriatetechnology;

- training local people in the proper use ofthe facilities;

- training local people to maintain theequipment;

- organizational development of theimplementing agencies;

- promoting community organization;

- education and motivation forcommunity participation.

In order to reach as many people as pos-sible, the lowest investment and mainte-nance cost per capita will be criteria forselecting the technology to be applied,and for the selection of locations.

To ensure sustainability of the projects,users have to accept responsibility for therecurring expenses on operation andmaintenance.

To conserve scarce water resources, andto keep costs to a minimum, consumersmay have to accept relatively low, buteconomically feasible supply standards andsimple technologies.

Inter-sectoral coordination is essential tomaximize the benefits of the projects. Thesupply of potable water or the provision oflatrines will not be considered as ends inthemselves; nor will they be provided inisolation from other factors impinging onthe development of the local communi-ties.

ANDHRA PRADESH

VIZIANAGARAM; SRIKAKULAM

HYDERABAD

INALGONDA

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ANDHRA PRADESH

ANDHRA PRADESH

Implementing Agency: Panchayati Raj Engineering Department

The Netherlands Assisted Programme in AndhraPradesh focuses on rural drinking water supply tovillages where the existing sources are contami-nated with fluorides beyond acceptable limits.

In the early 1970s, the Government of AJP. preparedan inventory of 171 villages in which the water wasfluoride affected. Subsequently, it was found thatthere were other villages which were also affectedwith fluoride concentrations much above the ac-ceptable 1.5ppm limit. These villages were mainlyin the districts of:

PrakasamGunturKrishnaKurnoolNalgondaKarimnagar

125 villages21 villages

6 villages2 villages

14 villages3 villages

The design population of these 171 villages wasestimated to be 718,000.

The Government of Andhra Pradesh had for-mulated a project proposal to supply potabledrinking water to these villages. The estimatedcost of the project was Rs.144.10 million.

The Netherlands Government provided finan-cial assistance amounting to Rs.151.52 millionto cover the 171 villages and an additional 30villages to be covered by the comprehensivescheme for 81 villages with headworks at DarsL

FIRST PHASE (AP I: 1978-1985)

The first phase of the project, implementedbetween 1978 and 198S, comprised 4 compre-

hensive schemes and 50 individual schemes, cover-ing 201 villages in 6 districts.

Comprehensive Schemes

Prakasam District

1. Darsi and 110 villages

2. Chandravaram and 24 villages

3. Kurichedu and 5 villages

Krishna District

4. Adiviravulapadu and 5 villages.

Individual Schemes

Prakasam DistrictIndividual Schemes to 12 villages

Guntur DistrictIndividual Schemes to 21 villages

Nalgonda DistrictIndividual schemes to 14 villages

Karimnagar DistrictIndividual schemes to 3 villages

Kurnool DistrictIndividual schemes to 2 villages

SECOND PHASE (AP II: 1987-1991)

In a new project, which is expected to be imple-mented during the period 1987 to 1991, afurther 234 villages are planned to be coveredwith potable drinking water supplies and sani-tation facilities. The total project (AP I and APH) will now cover 435 villages in 8 districts in

Andhia Pradesh:

District

GunturKarimnagarKrishnaKumoolMahboobnagarMedakNalgondaPrakasam

8 Dist

Phase IVillages

21362-

14155

201

Phase IIVillages

--

643664-

70

234

TotalVillages

21J 3

666366414

225

435

The total cost of phase I which was originallyestimated at Rs.144.10 million rose to Rs. 182.55million.

The cost of Phase II, covering 234 villages isestimated at Rs.336.42 million.

The total estimated investment in the drink-ing water and sanitation sector in AndhraPradesh is Rs.538 million.

Project Strategy

The project is divided into several componentparts: water supply, sanitation, health educa-tion, income generation activities, water qual-ity control and coordination and support serv-ices.

While the main implementing agency is thePanchayati Raj Engineering Department

(PRED) of the State Government, some of thecomponents of the programme are being im-plemented by semi-government bodies such asthe Andhra Pradesh Dairy Development Co-operative Federation, and some non-govern-mental agencies.

The distribution of financial inputs among thecomponents is:

Water supplySanitationHealth educationIncome generationWater qualitymonitoringBaseline SurveyN.AP. office

Rs. 471.49 millionRs. 26.67 millionRs. 6.30 millionRs. 18.53 million

Rs. 6.43 millionRs. .67 millionRs. 3.49 million

Rs. 533.58 million

In order to monitor the overall performance ofthe project and to ensure effective coordina-tion among the participating agencies a Statelevel apex steering committee has been set upunder the chairmanship of the Chief Secretaryto the Government of A i \

A Small Projects Support Office, called theNAP (Netherlands Assisted Projects) Officehas been set up in Hyderabad to provide day-to-day support and advice in the implementa-tion of the projects. The NAP office facilitatesinter-departmentalcommunicationsas well as servesto coordinate the activities of the non-governmentalagencies which are participants in the projects. Italso facilitates liaison with the Royal NetherlandsEmbassy in New Delhi

GUJARAT.

JUNAGADH <%..::f \ BHAVNAGAR

10

GUJARAT

Implementing Agency: Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board

The Netherlands Bilateral Assistance to Gujaratstarted in 1978 with a proposal for the "San-talpur Regional Water Supply Scheme" in theBanaskantha District of North Gujarat. Thescheme to supply water to 72 villages coveredby the Santalpur project was expected to becompleted by March/April 1986, at an esti-mated cost of Rs.87.335 million for the firststage of the project The second phase wasplanned to be undertaken in 1993 at a furtherestimated cost of Rs.2.815 million.

In February 1985, eight new proposals forrural water supply projects were submitted forthe consideration of the Government of theNetherlands. The total estimated cost of all theprojects was Rs. 590,026,150.

After making an appraisal of all the proposals,the Government of the Netherlands agreed tosupport the following projects:

Santalpur RegionalWater Supply Scheme

(Rs.tn million)

Rs. 99.500

Santalpur Extension (II) Rs. 94.800

Sami-Harij Water Rs. 225.100Supply Scheme

Lathi-Liliya Water Rs. 66.000Supply Scheme

Santalpur I Scheme

The Santalpur scheme taps water from a con-fined aquifer by means of six tubewells be-tween Shihori and Umbri. The project bene-fits the inhabitants of 72 villages in Santalpur,Radhanpur and Kankrej Talukas of Banas-kantha District. The extension of this scheme

involves the construction of a radial well onthe right bank of the Banas river. The water ispumped out from the tubewells by 15hp. sub-mersible pumps and transmitted to Shihori,where a ground level storage capacity of 1.5million litres of water has been created. Thereare two separate component sumps of 750,000litres each. From Shihori the water flows bygravity over a distance of 42.96 kms. toRadhanpur, and from there it is pumped toR.C.C. elevated service reservoirs at Varahiwhich have a storage capacity of 650,000 lit-res.

Of the originally envisaged 72 villages whichwere to benefit from this scheme, one villagewas deserted (probably due to the severedrought); two villages (Roza and Datrona)were found to be technically unfeasible, butwill be serviced by the extension scheme. Onevillage (Amarajura) was disconnected becauseof frequent local tampering with the facilities.To the remaining 68 villages, eight villageswere added under a State programme.

Santalpur Extension II Scheme

The Santalpur Extension scheme envisagedthe covering of 48 additional villages and thetownship of Radhanpur. Presently, twentyvillages have already been connected to themains, making a total of 96 villages providedwith water under this project. Another 28villages, which now rely on brackish groundwater or which are served by water tankers,will be connected as soon as the Umbri radialwell has been connected, and the third mainlaid.

Sami-Harij Water Supply Scheme

The advantage of the Sami-Harij scheme isthat it is located adjacent to the Santalpur

Scheme. The township of Sami has a popula-tion of between 10,000 and 12,000. An old welldrilled in 1975-76 which had yielded good waterearlier, turned saline after five years. The mainillnesses in this place are water related. Thetownship of Harij, which has a population of15,000 is located adjacent to the Sami-Harij-Mehsana State highway.

The sources for the Sami-Harij water supplyscheme are several wells which have beendrilled by the Central Ground Water Boardnear Patan, close to village Kamlivada on theleft bank of the river Saraswati. The produc-tion wells at Kamlivada have been drilled inphreatic aquifers and in (semi) confined aqui-fers, (waterbearing strata) Recharge of thephreatic aquifers will be through infiltration ofprecipitation, flooding of the Saraswati, andregional inflow of water.

The hydraulic gradient in the deeper aquifersis inclined in a south-west direction. The re-charge area of the aquifers is situated in theAravali foothills, and takes place through infil-tration from the upper aquifers and throughhorizontal inflow.

The tubewells drilled by the Central GroundWater Board have been officially handed overto the Gujarat Water Supply and SewerageBoard. The water from these five, and sevenother tubewells will be collected in elevatedcollecting chambers near Kamlivada and con-veyed by gravity to the ground level reservoirnear village Hajipur. From there the water willbe conveyed to a reservoir of 300,000 litres ca-pacity near village Boratwada in Harij taluka.The water will then be pumped into elevatedservice reservoirs and distributed through anetwork of cisterns to public standposts. Cattlewill be served through cattle troughs.

The Sami-Harij Regional Water Supply Schemewill benefit one hundred and eleven villages

and the township of Harij. The total estimatedbeneficiary population will be 332,827.

Lathi-Liliya Regional Water Supply Scheme

The Lathi-Liliya regional Water Supply Schemeis designed to provide water to 36 villages andthe township of Damnagar in the Taluka ofLathi Liliya of Amreli District This area ischronically affected by fluorosis. The fluoridecontent in ground water is abnormally high.The villages which will be served by the projectare 13 in Lathi Taluk and 23 in Liliya Talukwith an estimated population of 30,892 and47,583 respectively. The township of Dam-nagar has an estimated population of 23,770.To provide potable water to this population of102,245 in 2010 it is estimated that the re-quirement will be 6.70 million litres per day.

The project will lift water from the KalubharDam which has been constructed on the riverKalubhar about 26 Kms. from Damnagar, nearthe village Limbala of Bhavnagar district. Thecatchment area will be filled by rain waterduring the monsoon, and has a storage capac-ity of 23.48 million cubic metres. An amount of2.70 m.c.m. of water is earmarked for theLathi-Liliya Regional Water Supply Scheme.The water will be pumped from the reservoirover a distance of 26 kms. to Damnagar, whereit will be treated in a water treatment plant Itis proposed to set up a slow sand filtrationplant with a capacity of 333.33 cu.m./h. Fromthe filtration plant, water will be lifted to anelevated service reservoir of 100,000 litre ca-pacity. From this E.S.R. six villages of theRabhada group will be served through a distri-bution system.

A pumping main of 350 mm. dia. will pumpclear water over a distance of 8,400 metres toan E.S.R. near Bhingrad village, from where itwill be distributed to the remaining villages.

12

For the township of Damnagar, there will be a -separate pumping system with E.S.R.

Twenty-two of the villages in the target area •already have cisterns, which will be integratedinto this scheme. In the fourteen remainingvillages, cisterns will be constructed.

Pilot Sanitation Project

The Netherlands assisted projects in Gujaratare intended to have a health impact on thepopulation of the target areas. Along withsupplies of water, it is intended to promote asanitation component with latrine construc-tion as an important aspect.

As a first-step, a proposal to construct low-costsanitary latrines was prepared by the GujaratWater Supply and Sewerage Board with assis-tance from the Environmental Sanitation In-stitute, Ahmedabad. After discussions, theproposal was modified to conform to the fol-lowing criteria:

the project should be implemented in twovillages with a population of between 500to 700.

there should be full coverage of all thehouses. m

substructures upto plinth level should beconstructed free of cost

contribution by beneficiaries throughlabour.

- the GWSSB will provide four or five typesof superstructures as models.

subsidy - on superstructures according toGovernment policy.

monitoring by GWSSB during construc-tion.

reinforcement of community supportthrough assistance of NGOs involved inthe water supply programme.

Socio-Economic Unit

The GWSSB resolved to set up a socio-eco-nomic unit in the Executive Office in order toensure an integrated approach of the projects.The Socio-economic Unit will consist of a Soci-ologist, a Medical Health Officer and a PublicHealth Engineer.

The Socio-Economic Unit will participate inthe training programmes envisaged under theseprojects to promote a multidisciplinary train-ing to the candidates of the courses.

With financial assistance from the World Banka training institute has been constructed inGandhinagar, called the Gujarat Jal SevaTraining Institute. The Governing Council ofthe Institute is headed by the Chairman of theGWSSB. The Director, two Joint Directorsand supporting staff have been identified. TheInstitute will be equipped with a library, labo-ratory and mechanical workshop. The trainingprogramme envisages the training of the tech-nical staff of the GWSSB, managerial level andsupervisory staff, grassroots level workers, andpersons handling accounts, administration andstores.

Besides the staff of the GWSSB, the Institutewill train nominees from local bodies includingMunicipal Corporations and members of Pan-chayats and persons who are closely involvedin mass awareness programmes such as para-medical officers, social workers, school teach-ers and community leaders.

t3

KERALA.

1. NattikaFirka2. Vakkom Anjengo3. Mala4. Kundara5. Koipuram6. Thrikunnapuzha7. Cheriyanadu8. Pavaratty

KERALA

14

KERALA

Implementing Agency: Kerala Water Authority

The Netherlands Government is currently support-ing eight on-going water supply schemes in Kerala.

1. Comprehensive water supply to VakkomAnjengo

This project covers six panchayats in theChirayinkhil Taluk in Trivandrum dis-trict The panchayats are:- Vakkom, Ka-dakkavoor, Anjengo, Chirayinkhil,Kizhuvallam and Azhoor, The project areaextends over 62.044 sq.kms. The popula-tion expected to benefit from this projectwill be 194.200. The project was started in1977 and was expected to be completedduring 1991-92. The original estimate ofRs.38.2 million had to be revised to Rs.42.25 million.

2. Comprehensive water scheme to NattikaFirka

This project covers ten panchayats - En-gandiyoor, Vadanappally, Thalikulam, Nat-tika, Valappad, Edathuruthy, Kaipaman-galam, Perinjanam, Pappinavattom andSreenarayanapuram. It covers an area of137.32 sqJans. in a north south directionin Trichur district The beneficiary popu-lation is estimated at 401,800. The schemewas started in 1982 and was estimated tocost Rs.67.4 million, but had to be revisedto Rs.117.6 million.

3. Water Supply to Mala and adjoining Pan-chayats

Started during 1985-86, this scheme is intendedto serve a population of 203,750 in six pan-

chayats-Mala, Annamanada, Kuzhur, Poyya,Puthenchira and Vellangalur, extending overan area of 147 sq.kms. within the taluks ofMukundanapuram and Cranganore in Trichurdistrict The river Chalakudy flows through theeast and south boundaries of the project area. Atreatment plant at Vyanthala which is beingconstructed for an urban water supply schemefor the town of Kodungallor will serve as thesource for this project also. The supply systemenvisages the laying of 193 kms. of pipes with520 taps. Expected to be completed by the be-ginning of 1990, this project was estimated tocost Rs.33.812 million.

4. Water supply scheme to Thrikkunnapuzha

Situated in Karthiyapally taluk in Allep-pey, Trikunnapuzha panchayat spreads over12.53 sq.kms. and comprises of eleven wards.The river Trikkunnapuzha passes throughthis panchayat on its way to the backwa-ters of Kayamkulam. The panchayat iswater-logged and the surface water is sa-line. The Central Groundwater Board hasconstructed a tubewell to a depth of 600metres using 350 mm diameter pipes to adepth of 50 metres. The well yields 68,000Utres of water per hour. This project usesthis well as its source and distributes thewater through 15,870 metres of PVC pipesof sizes varying from 160mm to 40 mm.The distribution pipes cross the canals at23 places. These crossings are made withHigh Density Polythene Pipes and provi-sion has been made for 25 valve chambers.

15

The supply of water is effected through 95street fountains. The project proposes toadd another 14 outlets in the western areafor which an additional 4,200 mts. of 50mmPVC pipes will be required, bringing thetotal length of pipes to 20,070 mts. Servinga total estimated population of 10,839 bythe year 2011, the project was estimated tocost Rs.2.414 million.

5. Water supply scheme to Koipuram

Koipuram panchayat which is 13 kms.east of Thiruvalla municipal town spreadsover 5 sq.kms of undulating territory con-sisting of hillocks and valleys. The riverPampa flows along its southern boundary.The population is 44,450.

Using the water of the Pampa river as thesource, the project consists of an infiltra-tion well 6 m in diameter at Konnathukadawith three rows of infiltration galleries of20 m. length. The water will be distributedthrough 32,960 mts. of pipes with 115public street fountains as outlets.

Started during 1985-86, this scheme wasexpected to be completed by mid-1991 atan estimated cost of Rs.9.2 million.

6. Water supply scheme to Cheriyanadu

Situated about 60 kms. east of Alleppeymunicipal town, the Cheriyanadu panchayatcovers 13.20 sqiuns. of Chengannur talukin Alleppey district. The river Achancoilflows along its south-west boundary. Thisbeing one of the perennial rivers of theState, its water is used as the source toserve drinking water to an estimated popu-lation (projected to 2011) of 34,749. Theriver is tapped at Kolakadavu by means ofan infiltration gallery and a well constructed

on the river's bank. Using PVC pipes, thedistribution system is confined to one zonewith a proposed 90 street taps. The projectstarted during 1985-86 was expected tocost Rs.4.2 million.

7. Water supply to Kundara and adjoining pan-chayats

This scheme, started in 1985-86, is de-signed to provide water to an estimatedpopulation of 218,000 in the 7 panchayatsof Kundara, Perayam, East Kallada,Ezhukone, Pavithreswaram, Neduvathoorand Kulakada. These panchayats situatedin Kottarakara taluk cover an area of 162.64sqjuns. The project will cover 80% of theproject area.

The source of water will be the Kalladariver which flows through the northernboundary of the project area. Since theriver is polluted downstream by effluentsfrom the Punalur Paper Mills, it will betapped upstream from the Mills. Expectedto be completed in 1992, the project is de-signed to supply water through 555 streettaps and was estimated to cost Rs.71.2 mil-lion.

8. Comprehensive water supply scheme toPavaratty and adjoining panchayats.

The project area of 220 sq.kms. which liesabout 80 kms. west of Palghat municipaltown and 40 kms. north of Trichur towncovers four panchayats in Palghat Districtand fourteen panchayats in Trichur Dis-trict The project area is bounded by theriver Bharathapuzha to the north and theArabian sea and Malapuram District tothe north-west The total estimated popu-

lation which will benefit from this ppiect.is 522,000.

16

Studies on groundwater potential of theBharatpuzha river basin are being con-ducted by the Centre for Water ResourceDevelopment and Management (CWRDM)in Calicut.

The project was expected to cost Rs.174.600 million.

TECHNICAL LIAISON OFFICER

To assist the Kerala Water Authority with thedesign of projects, technical supervision of works,quality control of materials and to ensure cost-effectiveness of project implementation, theNetherlands Government has placed an engi-neer in Trivandrum to serve as a TechnicalLiaison Officer with the KWA. He maintainsclose contacts with the Chief Engineer in chargeof designing and planning of projects, and of-fers advice on a day-to-day basis.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC UNITS

The provision of safe drinking water is onlyone aspect of the project which is intended toimprove the health of the people in the projectareas. There are other important socio-eco-nomic aspects which need to be attended to ifthe objectives of the project are to be realised,such as formation of ward water committees,health education programmes and creation ofpublic awareness, construction of latrines andmotivating the user communities to contrib-ute towards the operation and maintenance ofthe systems.

Together with the Danish International De-velopment Agency (DANIDA), three Socio-Economic Units have been set up at Quilon,Trichur and Calicut. The location of these

SEUs corresponds to the administrative divi-sions of the Kerala Water Authority viz., SouthCentral and North. They function in closecooperation with the Superintending Engineersconcerned. A Co-ordinating office in Trivan-drum coordinates the work of the three units,as well as providing programme coordinationwith the Kerala Water Authority.

Each Socio-Economic Unit consists of a SocialScientist, a community organizer and a healtheducator. This core team is supported byadministrative and field staff.

The Coordinating Office in Trivandrum isheaded by an Executive Coordinator, who isadvised by an expatriate Socio-Economic Ad-viser. He is assisted by a Finance-cum-Ac-counts Officer and supporting administrativestaff.

The Socio-Economic Units (together with thecoordinating office in Trivandrum) were set upas a separate project for an experimental pe-riod of three years by the Netherlands Govern-ment because the idea of incorporating socio-economic parameters in project design wasnew to the KWA. The SEUs were intended todemonstrate the importance of socio-economicfactors in the long-term sustainability of theprojects in terms of people's participation inthe operation and maintenance of the installa-tions and their contribution to the recurringcosts of O&M,

The SEUs initiated several action orientedresearch studies covering such areas as peoplesutilization of the facilities; their willingness topay; the knowledge, attitudes and practices inrelation to water and sanitation.

The SEUs also helped to prepare ward leveland panchayat level maps, which have beenacknowledged to have contributed greatly tothe better design of projects. They have alsoorganized users committees and prepared amanual for these water committees.

17

JUTTAR PRADESH

SAHARANV PAURIPUR A G A R H W ,

18

UTTAR PRADESHImplementing Agency: U.P. Jal Nigam

An agreement was entered into between theGovernment of India and the Government ofthe Netherlands in 1978 to provide safe watersupply to problem villages in Uttar Pradesh.

Under the Dutch Credit Programme, thefollowing projects have been taken up:

Sub-Project I - Piped Water Supply - EastDistricts of Allahabad,Raebareli and Varanasi.

This project consists of 22 piped water supplyschemes to provide water to 724 problem villagesidentified by the Ui*. Government, benefitingapproximately 713,000 persons in the Districtsof Allahabad, Raebareli and Varanasi in EasternUttar Pradesh.

The scheme was estimated to cost Rs. 164.20million.

The project was completed in June 1987. Thefinal claims against this project amounted toRs.165.30 million.

Sub-Project III - Handpumps Scheme - Agra,Mathura, Etawah andAllahabad

This scheme is intended to extend safe drinkingwater facilities to 603 villages in the districts ofAllahabad, Agra, Mathura and Etawah byinstalling 3172 India Mark II handpumps inthese villages. The project was estimated tocost Rs.65.3 million and work on the projectcommenced in 1985-86.

As a result of discussions with various DutchReview Missions the project has been expandedto provide an additional 1211 handpumps.Additionally, the project will provide zonal andmobile water testing laboratories at Agra,Mathura and Etawah, as well as inspection

houses at Mathura and Etawah. Consequentlythe cost estimates have gone up to Rs. 110.438million.

In the meantime, 4006 handpumps have beeninstalled in 583 villages by June 1988 (out of atargeted 4383 handpumps in 603 villages).

Because of severe drought conditions prevailingduring 1986-88, the U P . Government proposedthe inclusion of the neighbouring districts ofMainpuri and Fatrukhabad in this project

Sub-Project IV - Piped water supply scheme -Allahabad and Varanasi

This sub-project proposed to set up nine pipedwater supply schemes to 179 villages of Varanasidistrict and two piped water supply schemes to23 villages of Allahabad district. The totalpopulation to be benefited (estimated in 2019)will be 384,000. The projects were estimated tocost Rs.107.8S million.

Construction under this sub-project started inDecember 1987. Seventeen tube-wells (of the18 envisaged) in Varanasi district have beenconstructed, and other works are in progress.

Due to a delay in the start of the project whichresulted in cost escalation, as also in order toprovide additional drainage for the disposal ofwaste water from public standposts, the cost ofthe project had to be revised upwards toRs. 112.56 million

Sub-Project V - Rural Sanitation, HealthEducation, CommunityParticipation.

Sub-Project V is basically a pilot project toincorporate aspects of community participation,health education and rural sanitation into theprojects being implemented under Sub-Project

I and III. Sub-Project V envisages theconstruction of 13350 household latrines inthe 27 villages in the Tikri Group in Varanasidistrict, and 19 villages in the Thulendi Groupof villages in Racbareli district. The Schemeenvisages the provision of free latrines to 7902households of people living below the povertyline (with an annual income of less than Rs.3,500). This includes 2718 households ofSchedule Castes and Schedule Tribes. Theremaining 3238 households will be providedwith a subsidy of 80% of the cost of the latrines.The remaining 20% has to be borne by thebeneficiaries either in cash or as free labour.

Besides the household latrines, the projectenvisages the construction of five 4-seaterlatrines in 4 schools in the Tikri group ofvillages, and thirty-nine 2-seater latrines in 39schools in the Thulendi group of villages. Theestimated cost of the 4 seater latrine is Rs. 16,800each, and of the 2-seater is Rs. 10,500 each.These school latrines will be constructed byUPJal-Nigam, which will also extend watersupply to, and construct tank-type standpostsin each of the 43 schools in the project area.

A baseline survey will be carried out in theproject area by U.P. Development SystemsCorporation (UPDESCO) in Rae Bareli and byBanaras Hindu University in Varanasi. Healtheducation campaigns will be carried out byBHU in the Tikri group of villages, and by theDWCRA (Development of Women and Childrenin Rural Areas) in the Thulendi group of villages).

Sub-Project V also envisages the establishmentof a Programme Support Unit (PSU) composedof a Social Planning Adviser, a Manager, whois a Public Health Engineer and an OfficeSecretary. The major objectives of the PSUare:

- to provide the necessary professionalinputs in the areas of planning andimplementation of software packages forensuring health education, communityparticipation and involvement in the rural

sanitation programme.

- to provide coordination with the variousimplementing agencies of Sub-Project V.

- to provide necessary support to the U.P.Jal Nigam in its on-going Rural WaterSupply Programme under the DutchAssisted Programme.

- to assist the Biannual Review and SupportMissions fielded by the Netherlands.

- to ensure a continuity of relationshipsand interactions between the variousagencies involved and the RoyalNetherlands Embassy in New Delhi.

The total cost of this project is estimated tobe Rs. 30 million.

Sub-Project VI - Handpumps Schemes

This sub-project envisages the installation of10,800 India Mark-H handpumps in 1410 villagesbenefiting a population of 1.8 million in thedistricts of Lakhimpur-Kheri, Bahraich, Gonda,Basti and Ballia. The sub-project is estimatedto cost Rs.224.3 million and is beingimplemented.

Sub-Project VII

Piped water supplies for ten rural towns andadjacent villages in the districts of Almora, Meerut,Bulandshahr, Bareily, Mainpuri and Etawah. Theproject is in the process of appraisal and is estimatedto cost Rs. 254 million.

20

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATIONA very prominent feature of the Indo-Dutch Bilateral Cooperation pro-gramme is the emphasis which is given to the participation of the localcommunities, particularly of women, in the planning, implementation andoperation of the projects. They are consulted in the selection of sites for thepublic standposts or handpumps, the choice of technology to be used andselection of individuals to be trained for operation and maintenance of thesystems.

This emphasis on community participation is intended to reinforce in tljeusers a sense of ownership of the assets, and consequently, a sense ofresposibility for the continued maintenance of the systems. It is based on theassumption that people will not assume responsibilty for the maintenance ofequipment which, in their perception, belongs to the government

Community participation is emphasized not merely as a legal preference, butis determined by social economic and cultural factors which indicate that thelong-term sustainability of projects is directly related to the extent to whichpeople are committed to preserving and maintaining their own assets.

Community participation takes many forms in the various projects.

The sub-project VI in U.P. has a specific "community participation compo-nent" which will cover 1410 villages in five districts of eastern U.P. viz. Ballia,Gonda, Basti, Bahraich and Lakhimpur.

In the on-going project of construction of latrines, the under privileged peoplewho live below the poverty line contibute about 20% of the cost of the sanitarylatrine by way of labour. The other poor people also contribute cash in additionto their labour.

In Andhra Pradesh, the project contains a separate component to enhance theincome levels of the women through formation of dairy cooperatives. The gen-eration of additional incomes, it is hoped, will enable the people to contributeto the recurring expenses on operation and maintenace of the schemes.

In Kerala community participation is the main focus of the Socio-EconomicUnits.

21

XARNATAKA

22

KARNATAKA

Implementing Agency: Public Health Engineering DepartmentIn March 1986, it was agreed that theNetherlands assistance to rural water supply awareness building will be the responsibility ofprojects in India will be extended to the State of the Bureau of Health Education and TrainingKarnataka. of the Department of Health and Family Welfare.

The Public Health Engineering Department The project will be an integrated project with(PHED) of the Government of Karnataka the following components:prepared an outline of a proposal which wassubmitted in October 1986 simultaneously tothe Government of India and the RoyalNetherlands Embassy.

In January 1987, the Netherlands Ministry forDevelopment Cooperation fielded a Mission toprepare a conception report for an integratedrural water supply programme in Karnataka.The conception report contains backgroundinformation, criteria to be applied, and broadoutline of the scope of the programme. TheConception Report forms the basis of theBilateral Agreement between the Governmentof India and the Government of The Netherlands.

The proposal envisages inclusion of 364 problemvillages from four Districts:

District

Dharwad

Bijapur

Raichur

Bellary

Total:

No.ofVillages

100

170

20

74

364

Population1981

155,350

390,494

29,610

136,437

711,891

Population2005

217,533

546,692

41,454

191,012

996,691

rural water supply

rural sanitation

simultaneous health education and training

community involvement (specially ofwomen)

involvement of NGOs

baseline surveys and regular monitoringand evaluation of the health impact of theproject

institutional strengthening of the PHEDand the establishing of a social wing.

monitoring, training, preparation ofmanuals and supply of additionalequipment.

The Mission recommended that, in general,traditional low cost sources (wells providedwith handpumps) be selected as the economicallymost attractive solution. However, whereversuch technologies cannot be adopted, solutionsas per guidelines of the Technology Mission beadopted. There are three different types of-schemes in Karnataka:

Of the 364 villages selected, 183 are from drought1. handpumps schemes for villages with less

than 1,000 inhabitants;prone zones, and 24 villages have water sourceswhich are brackish and fluoride contaminated.The project will be implemented by the PHED,while health education, training and community 2. mini water supply schemes for villages

23

with 1,000 to 2,000 inhabitants;

3. piped water supply schemes for villageswith 2,000 and more inhabitants.

For the sanitation projects, the Missionrecommended unsophisticated pit latrines andpour flush latrines to initiate gradual acceptanceby the users of this method of disposal ofhuman waste, and to provide possibilities fordissemination of knowledge on its constructionand proper use.

For desalination and defluoridation, the Missionobserved that existing systems were not veryefficiently maintained, and the O & M costswere high. The Mission recommended pilotstudies and further investigations before anydecision is made on widespread application ofany particular system.

The Mission recommended the use of existingdesigns for iron removal as these are lesssophisticated and are well known throughoutIndia. However, effective maintenance andoperation, and trained caretakers areindispensable for the successful operation ofthe systems.

The Mission observed that the institutionalstrengthening of the PHED will have to begiven high priority. It recommended, inter alia,the setting up of a social wing attached to theChief Engineer's Office to assist the PHED insocial and logistical planning, coordination andintegration of the different elements of theproject, and monitoring and evaluation of theimplementation of the project. Therecommendation is for a female sociologist toserve as programme officer, a public healthexpert and an institutional expert.

The Mission made many recommendationsregarding thé organisational and supervisory

structures to be constituted for theimplementation of the project. At the Statelevel, it recommended a Steering Committeeto review and monitor the performance of thedifferent agencies involved in projectimplementation. This steering committee willbe composed of the Development Commissioneras the Chairman; the Chief Engineer of PHEDas Member Secretary; and other officials asmembers, including the Secretary, RuralDevelopment and Panchayati Raj Dept.;Secretary, Public Works, CADA and Electricity;Chairman, Electricity Board; Secretary of theFinancial Commission; Director of SocialWelfare; Secretary, Labour Welfare; andSecretary, Public Health Department. TheWater Coordinator at the Royal NetherlandsEmbassy will also be a member of this SteeringCommittee.

The provisional estimated cost of the project isapproximately Rs. 250 million, with percentagedistribution among the various components asunder:

Establishment of Water QualityMonitoring Wings 0.7%

Supply of geophysical equipment,running, training 0.9%

Technical assistance from localconsultants 0.6%

Baseline surveys 0.1%

Health education programmes 0.3%

- Training 1.0%

- Rural Water Supply Schemes 83.7%

- Rural Sanitation Schemes 12.7%

24

FINANCIAL OVERVIEWThe Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation projects which are being supported by theNetherlands Government under the Indo-Dutch Cooperation Programme, are situated in theStates of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala and Uuar Pradesh. This support will soon beextended to the State of Karnataka, where a project covering four districts is under preparation.

The allocation of funds to the various projects is as under

Rs.(Million)ANDHRA PRADESH

Phase IPhase IIComplementary projects

GUJARATSantalpur I SchemeSantalpur II SchemeSami-Harij SchemeLathi-Liliya Scheme

KERALAVakkom-AnjengoNattika-FirkaMalaThrikkunnapuzhaKoipuramCheriyanaduKundaraPavarattySocio Economic Units

UTTAR PRADESHSub-Project ISub-Project IIISub-Project IVSub-Project VSub-Project VI

KARNATAKA

Total Allocation

182.550288.94062.090

99.50094.800

225.10066.000

42.250117.60034.1002.4149.2004.200

71.200174.60052.484

165.300110.438112.56030.000

224.300

Rs.(Million)

533.580

485.400

508.048

642.598

250.000

2,419.626

25

MILLION RUPEES600

500 -

MOO -

300 -

200 -

100 -

0

33&m

116«36m

18Mm

1935 1386 1987 1988 1989

26

600 -

500 -

MOO "300 -

200 -

100 -

o -

TOTAL EXPENDITURE PER STATE(UPTO THE END OF 19S9Ï

495m

3?lmJ - 1 336m 33MB^

r

33m

1 1 i 1 1

A.P GUJ. KER. U.P H.P

NOTE : DISBURSEMENTS TO HIMACHAL PRADESHARE ON ACCOUNT OF PREVIOUS PROJECTS

WHICH HAVE BEEN PHASED OUT.

TOTAL EXPENDITURE PER STATE(UPTO THE END OF 1989)

GUJ. (21.M1X)

KER.

A.P (23.63?iJ

HJP (2.10K)

U.P C31.5SJ)

NOTE s DISBURSEMENTS TO HIMACHAL PRADESHARE ON ACCOUNT OF PREVIOUS PROJECTS

WHICH HAVE BEEN PHASED OUT.

27

28