Index

Abbreviations of chemical warfare agents, 152

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, nerve agents and, 18

Acetylthiocholine iodide, RBC-ChE activ­ity and, 22

AChE (acetylcholinesterase) inhibition, nerve agents and, 18

Acronyms for chemical warfare agents, 152

Acute inhalation toxicity, CK and, 114 Acute toxicity, CK (cyanogen chloride)

and, 113 Acute toxicity, GA and, 68 Acute toxicity, GB and, 78 Acute toxicity, GD and, 94 Acute toxicity, HD and, 30 Acute toxicity, HN2 and, 51 Acute toxicity, HT and, 49 Acute toxicity, lewisite and, 103 Acute toxicity, T sulfur mustard and, 50 Acute toxicity, VX and, 54 Agent CK, see CK or cyanogen chloride Agent GA, see GA or Tabun Agent GB, see GB or Sarin Agent GD, see GD or Soman Agent HD, see HD or Sulfur mustard HD Agent HN2, see HN2 or Nitrogen mus-

tard Agent HT, see HT or Sulfur mustard HT Agent L, see L or Lewsite Agent T, see T Sulfur mustard Agent VX, see VX Aliesterases (carboxylesterases), nerve

agent effects on, 21 Anticholinesterase agents, 18 Army chemical destruction, 3 ff. Army chemical non-stockpile sites U.S., 4

Birds, GB toxicity effect on, 142 Birds, VX toxicity effects on, 142 Blood agents, chemical warfare, de-

scribed,9

Blood ChE inhibition, nerve agent critical toxic effect on, 23

Blood ChE inhibition, nerve agent species variation of, 21

Blood cholinesterases, nerve agent effects on, 20

Butyrylcholinesterase (plasma-ChE), nerve agent effects on, 20

Carboxylesterases (aliesterases), nerve agent effects on, 21

Carcinogenicity, CK and, 122 Carcinogenicity, GA and, 73 Carcinogenicity, GB and, 90 Carcinogenicity, HD and, 38 Carcinogenicity, HN2 and, 53 Carcinogenicity, HT and, 49 Carcinogenicity, lewisite and, 107 Carcinogenicity, VX and, 61 ChE (cholinesterase), nerve agent effects

on, 20 ChE inhibition, nerve agent potency on,

23 Chemical warfare agent disposal tech­

niques,3 Chemical warfare agent non-stockpile

sites U.S., 4 Chemical warfare agents, 1 ff. Chemical warfare agents, acronyms/abbre­

viations of, 152 Chemical warfare agents, air exposure lim­

its of, 7 Chemical warfare agents, environmental

cleanup of, 3 Chemical warfare agents, environmental

fate/effects resulting from, 127 Chemical warfare agents, estimated refer­

ence doses of, 8, 146, 150 Chemical warfare agents, glossary, 156 Chemical warfare agents, identifications,

6 Chemical warfare agents, physical/chemi­

cal properties of, 10, 12, 14, 16

185

186 Index

Chemical warfare agents, RID (reference doses) of, 8, 146, 150

Chemical warfare agents, storage sites U.S. of, 4

Chemical warfare blood agents, de­scribed, 9

Chemical warfare nerve agents, described, 9

Chemical warfare vesicants, described, 9 Chemical Weapons Convention, 3 Cholinesterase inhibition, nerve agent po-

tency and, 23 Chronic toxicity, 32 Chronic toxicity, CK and, 116 Chronic toxicity, HN2 and, 52 Chronic toxicity, HT and, 49 Chronic toxicity, T sulfur mustard and, 50 CK (cyanogen chloride), described, 9 CK, acute inhalation toxicity caused by,

114 CK, acute toxicity from, 113 CK, carcinogenicity of, 122 CK, chronic toxicity caused by, 116 CK, developmental/reproductive effects

of, 118 CK, ecotoxicology of, 145 CK, environmental fate of air caused by,

144 CK, environmental fate of water caused

by, 144 CK, estimated reference dose of, 123,

146, 151 CK, fish toxicity and, 145 CK, genotoxicity and, 122 CK, hydrolytic pathway (diagram) of,

144 CK, physical/chemical properties of, IS,

16 CK, subchronic toxicity of, 114 CK, toxicity mechanisms/symptoms

caused by, 25 Cyanogen chloride, acute toxicity of, 113 Cyanogen chloride, described, 9 Cyanogen chloride, physical/chemical

properties of, 15, 16 Cyanogen chloride, toxicity mechanisms/

symptoms caused by, 25 Cyanogen chloride, environmental fate

and, 144

Cyanogen chloride, estimated reference dose of, 123, 146, 151

Cyanogen chloride, lacrimation, coughing caused by, 25

Delayed neuropathy, nerve agents and, 19 Delayed toxicity, HD and, 34 Delayed toxicity, HN2 and, 52 Developmental/reproductive effects, CK

and, 118 Developmental/reproductive effects, GA

and, 73 Developmental/reproductive effects, GB

and, 88 Developmental/reproductive effects, HD

and, 35 Developmental/reproductive effects, HN2

and, 52 Developmental/reproductive effects, lewis­

ite and, 105, 109 Developmental/reproductive effects, VX

and, 60 Distilled mustard (Agent HD), 11

Ecotoxicology, CK and, 145 Ecotoxicology, lewisite and, 143 Ecotoxicology, mustard agents and,

132 Ecotoxicology, nerve agents and, 141 Environmental fate, mustard agents and,

127 Estimated reference dose, CK (cyanogen

chloride), 123, 146, 151 Estimated reference dose, GA (tabun), 74,

146, 150 Estimated reference dose, GB (sarin), 91,

146, 150 Estimated reference dose, GD (soman),

100, 146, 150 Estimated reference dose, HD, 45, 146,

149 Estimated reference dose, HN2, 53, 146 Estimated reference dose, HT, 50, 146 Estimated reference dose, lewisite, 108,

146, 151 Estimated reference dose, VX, 62, 146,

149

Index 187

Estimated reference doses, chemical war­fare agents, 146

Exposure limits (air), chemical warfare agents, 7

Fetal effects, RD and, 36 Fish, CK toxicity in, 145 Fish, GA toxicity in, 141 Fish, GB toxicity in, 141 Fish, mustard agents toxicity in, 132 Fish, nerve agent toxicity in, 141 Fish, VX toxicity in, 141 Fluorophosphonate chemical warfare

agents, 137

GA (tabun), acute toxicity of, 68 GA (tabun), carcinogenicity of, 73 GA (tabun), described, 9 GA (tabun), developmental/reproductive

effects caused by, 73 GA (tabun), estimated reference dose of,

74, 146, 150 GA (tabun), genotoxicity of, 74 GA (tabun), LD50 values, 68 GA (tabun), neurotoxicity, 72 GA (tabun), physicaUchemical properties

of, 13, 14 GA (tabun), plasma-ChE subchronic activ­

ity of, 71 GA (tabun), RBC-ChE subchronic activ-

ity of, 70 GA (tabun), subchronic toxicity of, 68 GA, fish toxicity and, 141 GA, hydrolysis of, 136 GA, hydrolytic pathway (diagram) of, 136 GA, hydrolytic products of, 137 GB (sarin), acute toxicity of, 78 GB (sarin), carcinogenicity of, 90 GB (sarin), chronic toxicity of, 85 GB (sarin), described, 9 GB (sarin), developmentallreproductive

effects caused by, 88 GB (sarin), estimated reference dose of,

91, 146, 150 GB (sarin), genotoxicity of, 90 GB (sarin), LD50 values of, 79 GB (sarin), neurotoxicity of, 87

GB (sarin), physicaUchemical properties of, 13, 14

GB (sarin), rat tracheitis incidence caused by, 86

GB (sarin), subchronic toxicity of, 80 GB (sarin) type I, RBC-ChE subchronic

activity of, 83 GB (sarin) type II, plasma ChE sub­

chronic activity of, 84 GB (sarin) type II, RBC-ChE subchronic

activity of, 82 GB, bird toxicity caused by, 142 GB, fish toxicity caused by, 141 GB, hydrolysis of, 136 GB, hydrolytic pathway (diagram) of,

137 GB, hydrolytic products of, 137 GD (soman), acute toxicity of, 94 GD (soman), estimated reference dose of,

100, 146, 150 GD (soman), genotoxicity of, 100 GD (soman), LD50 values of, 94 GD (soman), neurotoxicity of, 98 GD (soman), plasma-ChE subchronic ac­

tivity of, 97 GD (soman), RBC-ChE subchronic activ-

ity of, 96 GD (soman), subchronic toxicity of, 95 GD, hydrolytic pathway (diagram) of, 138 GD, hydrolytic products of, 137 GD, photolysis of, 134 Genotoxicity, CK, 122 Genotoxicity, GA, 74 Genotoxicity, GB, 90 Genotoxicity, GD, 100 Genotoxicity, RD, 43 Genotoxicity, RT, 50 Genotoxicity, lewisite, 108 Genotoxicity, T sulfur mustard, 51 Genotoxicity, VX, 61 Glossary, chemical warfare agents,

156

H sulfur mustard, described, 9 RD, acute toxicity of, 30 RD, carcinogenicity of, 38 RD, chronic toxicity of, 32 RD, delayed toxicity of, 34

188 Index

HD, developmental/reproductive effects caused by, 35

HD, distilled mustard, 11 HD, environmental fate of air caused by,

128 HD, environmental fate of soil caused by,

131 HD, environmental fate of water caused

by, 128 HD, estimated reference dose of, 45, 146,

149 HD, fetal effects caused by, 36 HD, genotoxicity of, 43 HD, human carcinogenicity and, 38 HD, hydrolytic products of, 130 HD, physical/chemical properties of, 11,

12 HD, primary hydrolytic pathway (dia-

gram) of, 129 HD, skin tumors caused by, 43, 44 HD, subchronic toxicity of, 31 HD sulfur mustard, described, 9 HD sulfur mustard, physical/chemical

properties of, 11, 12 HD, teratogenicity of, 46 HD, toxicity effects on dogs caused by,

34 HD, vapor effects on eyes caused by, 33 HN2 (nitrogen mustard), physical/chemi-

cal properties of, 12 HN2, acute toxicity of, 51 HN2, carcinogenicity of, 53 HN2, chronic toxicity of, 52 HN2, delayed toxicity of, 52 HN2, developmental/reproductive effects

caused by, 52 HN2, estimated reference dose of, 53,

146 HN2 nitrogen mustard, described, 9 HT, acute toxicity of, 49 HT, carcinogenicity of, 49 HT, chronic toxicity of, 49 HT, developmental/reproductive effects

caused by, 49 HT, estimated reference dose of, 50, 146 HT, genotoxicity of, 50 HT, physical/chemical properties of, 11,

12 HT sulfur mustard, described, 9

HT sulfur mustard, physical/chemical properties of, 11, 12

Human carcinogenicity, HD and, 38 Hydrolytic pathway, GA (diagram), 136 Hydrolytic pathway, GB (diagram), 137 Hydrolytic pathway, GD (diagram), 138 Hydrolytic pathway, HD (diagram), 129 Hydrolytic pathway, VX (diagram), 135 Hydrolytic products, GA, GB, GD, 137 Hydrolytic products, HD, 130 Hydrolytic products, VX, 135

L (lewisite), described, 9 L, acute toxicity of, 103 L, carcinogenicity of, 107 L, ecotoxicology of, 143 L, environmental fate of air caused by,

142 L, environmental fate of soil caused by,

143 L, environmental fate of water caused by,

142 L, estimated reference dose of, 108, 146,

151 L, genotoxicity of, 108 L, physical/chemical properties of, 15 L, toxicity mechanisms/symptoms caused

by, 25 L, subchronic toxicity of, 103, 109 LD50 values, GA, 68 LDso values, GB, 79 LD50 values, GD, 94 LEL (lowest-effect level), nerve agent

ChE inhibition and, 24 Lewisite (L), described, 9 Lewisite, acute toxicity and, 103 Lewisite, carcinogenicity and, 107 Lewisite, developmental/reproductive ef-

fects caused by, 105, 109 Lewisite, ecotoxicology of, 143 Lewisite, environmental fate of air caused

by, 142 Lewisite, environmental fate of soil

caused by, 143 Lewisite, environmental fate of water

caused by, 142 Lewisite, estimated reference dose of,

108, 146, 151

Index 189

Lewisite, genotoxicity of, 108 Lewisite, microbial degradation of soil

caused by, 140 Lewisite, physical/chemical properties of,

15 Lewisite, subchronic toxicity of, 103, 109 Lewisite, toxicity mechanisms/symptoms

of,25 Lewisite, visicant/systemic poison, 25 Lipid peroxidation, mustard agent mecha­

nisms, 17 LOAEL (lowest -observed-adverse-effect

level), nerve agent ChE inhibition and,24

Mechanisms of toxicity, mustard agents and, 15

Methodology, oral reference dose deriva­tion,26

Mustard agents, ecotoxicology of, 132 Mustard agents, environmental fate of air

caused by, 128 Mustard agents, environmental fate/effects

caused by, 127 Mustard agents, environmental fate of soil

caused by, 131 Mustard agents, environmental fate of wa­

ter caused by, 128 Mustard agents, estimated reference dose

of, 146 Mustard agents, fish effects caused by,

132 Mustard agents, mechanisms of toxicity

of, 16 Mustard agents, physical/chemical proper­

ties of, 12 Mustard agents, toxicity symptoms of,

15 Mustard gases, described, 9 Mustard gases, estimated reference dose

of, 146 Mustard gases, physical/chemical proper­

ties of, 10, 12

Nerve agent ChE inhibition, LEL, 24 Nerve agent ChE inhibition, LOEL, 24 Nerve agent ChE inhibition, NOEL, 24

Nerve agents, acethycholinesterase inhibi­tions and, 18

Nerve agents, blood cholinesterase effects on, 20

Nerve agents, delayed neuropathy, 19 Nerve agents, ecotoxicology of, 141 Nerve agents, environmental fate caused

by, 133 Nerve agents, environmental fate of air

caused by, 134 Nerve agents, environmental fate of soil

caused by, 138 Nerve agents, estimated reference dose,

146 Nerve agents, fish toxicity and, 141 Nerve agents, hydrolysis to alkyl methyl­

phosphonates, 133 Nerve agents, microbial degradation soil

caused by, 140 Nerve agents, nervous system effects

caused by, 19 Nerve agents, physical/chemical proper­

ties of, 13, 14 Nerve agents, toxicity mechanisms/symp­

toms caused by, 17 Nerve gases, chemical warfare, described,

9 Nervous system effects, nerve agents and,

19 Neurotoxicity, GA, 72 Neurotoxicity, GB, 87 Neurotoxicity, GD, 98 Neurotoxicity, VX, 59 Nitrogen mustard (HN2), described, 9 Nitrogen mustard (HN2), physical/chemi-

cal properties of, 11, 12 Nitrogen mustards, hydrolysis of, 130 NOEL (no-observed-effect-level), nerve

agent ChE inhibition and, 24 Non-stockpile chemical material, defined,

2

Oral reference doses, chemical warfare agents and, I ff.

Oral reference doses, derivation methodol­ogy of, 26

Organic arsenical warfare chemicals, de­scribed,9

190 Index

Organophosphate-induced delayed neuro­pathy, GB and, 88

Phosphofluoridate fluorohydrolase (sari-nase),21

Photodegradation, nerve agents, 134 Photolysis, GD, VX, 134 Photolysis, nerve agents and, 134 Physical/chemical properties, chemical

warfare agents, 10, 12, 14, 16 Plasma-ChE (butyrylcholinesterase), nerve

agent effects of, 20 Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase, mustard

agent mechanism, 17

RBC-AChE (red blood cell acetylcholines­terase), nerve agent effects on, 20

RBC-ChE activity, species variation and, 22

Reference dose (RID), chemical warfare agents, 8

Reference dose (RID), defined, 26 RID (reference dose), defined, 26 RIDs, chemical warfare agents, 8, 146 Rhodanese, cyanide conversion to thiocya-

nate, 26

Sarin (GB), described, 9 Sarin (OB), estimated reference dose of,

91, 146, 150 Sarin (GB), physical/chemical properties

of, 13, 14 Sarinase (phosphofluoridate fluorohydro­

lase), 21 Sodium cyanide, drinking water effects in

rats caused by, 119 Soman (GD), estimated reference dose of,

100, 146, 150 Soman (GD), physical/chemical properties

of, 14, 15 Species variation, nerve agent effects and,

21 Species variation, RBC-ChE activity and,

22 Subchronic toxicity, CK, 114 Subchronic toxicity, GA, 68

Subchronic toxicity, GB, 80 Subchronic toxicity, GD, 95 Subchronic toxicity, HD, 31 Subchronic toxicity, lewisite, 103, 109 Subchronic toxicity, VX, 55 Sulfur mustard agents, physical/chemical

properties of, 11, 12 Sulfur mustard, environmental fate of soil

caused by, 131 Sulfur mustard H, described, 9 Sulfur mustard HD, described, 9 Sulfur mustard HT, described, 9 Sulfur mustard, vapor effects on eyes

caused by, 33

T sulfur mustard, acute toxicity of, 50 T sulfur mustard, chronic toxicity of, 50 T sulfur mustard, estimated reference

dose of, 146 T sulfur mustard, genotoxicity of, 51 T sulfur mustard, physical/chemical prop­

erties of, 11, 12 Tabun (GA), described, 9 Tabun (GA), estimated reference dose of,

74, 146, 150 Tabun (GA), physical/chemical properties

of, 13, 14 Teratogenicity, HD, 46 Thiol-Ca2+ peroxidation, mustard agent

mechanism, 17 Toxicity mechanisms, CK (cyanogen chlo-

ride), 25 Toxicity mechanisms, lewisite, 25 Toxicity mechanisms, mustard agents, 16 Toxicity mechanisms, nerve agents, 18 Toxicity symptoms, CK (cyanogen chlo-

ride), 25 Toxicity symptoms, lewisite, 25 Toxicity symptoms, mustard agents, 15 Toxicity symptoms, nerve agents, 17

Uncertainty Factor, oral reference dose derivation, 28

VX (nerve agent), physical/chemical prop­erties of, 13, 14

Index 191

VX, acute toxicity of, 54 VX, bird toxicity caused by, 142 VX, carcinogenicity of, 61 VX, developmental/reproductive effects

caused by, 60 VX, estimated reference dose of, 62, 146,

149 VX, fish toxicity caused by, 141 VX, genotoxicity of, 61 VX, hydrolysis of, 134 VX, hydrolysis soil, 139 VX, hydrolytic pathway (diagram) of, 135

VX, hydrolytic products of, 135 VX, neurotoxicity of, 59 VX, photolysis of, 134 VX, RBC-ChE activity in fed sheep and,

57, 58 VX, RBC-ChE activity in injected rats

and, 56 VX, RID vs human toxicity data compari­

son and, 67 VX, subchronic toxicity of, 55 VX warfare agent, described, 9