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Index
Where there is more than one entry under a given heading, the main or defining entry for the term is shown inbold-face type. An x following the page number indicates a reference to a Figure.
AAccordion, 256x, 257, 280x,
284-88button keyboard, 285-87
maximum stretches, 286chromatic, 286combined systems, 287electric, 304free-bass, 286registers, 287-88Stradella system, 285, 288
A clarinet, 43Acoustic bass. See ContrabassAcoustic guitar, 325-27
amplified, 342Acoustics, 4-7, 9, 80
boobams, 119, 168brasses, 63-65, 69, 80contrabassoon, 61difference tones, 23drums, 118-20, 140-41, 147cavity resonance, 167
ear, 5electronic waveforms, 372flue pipe (organ), 292mallet instruments, 238multiphonics, 20percussion, 118-21privileged frequencies, 80stopped pipe, 14-16string, 5, 311-12string instruments, 311-12timpani, 119-20, 144voices, 102-9, 114whistling, 115woodwinds, 13-16, 18
Action, 265, 338Acuta (stop), 296ADC, 380As, clarinet, 40-48
special effects, 47-48African thumb piano. See
Kalimba; SansasAfuche. See Cabasa
Agbe. See ShekereAgogo bells, 207x, 213-14
musical examples, 137Alla corda, 359Almglocken, 207x, 211-13
musical examples, 138Al tallone, 360Alto. See Alto voiceAlto bugle. See Alto hornAlto clarinet, 40-48
special effects, 47-48student range, 480
Alto flügelhorn. See Alto hornAlto flute, 3, 24-33
glissando, 30-31harmonics, 29-30microtones, 30special effects, 31-32
Alto horn, 91-95doubling, 67mutes, 94student range, 480
Alto kalimba, 217Altonium. See Alto hornAlto recorder, 396-401
student range, 482Alto sackbutt, 432-34Alto saxhorn. See Alto hornAlto saxophone, 19, 49-54Alto shawm, 405-8Alto viol, 463-65Alto voice, 110Amplifier, 373, 384Analog-to-digital converter, 380Antique cymbals. See CrotalesAnvils, 193x, 194-95
musical examples, 136, 139Arab drums. See Dumbegs;
Kettledrums, smallArabic tablas. See DumbegsArchlute, 455Arp String Ensemble, 307Artificial harmonics, 314
guitar, 334violin family, 365-66
Artificial timbres, 9Attenuator, 373Audubon birdcall. See Friction
birdcallAutocoil, 189x, 191-92Availability of instruments, 3
early instruments, 390percussion, 135
BBach, J. S., 363Chaconne from D-minor violin
partita, 270Backward sounds, 383Bagpipes, 409-10Baldwin (pianos), 271Bamboo chimes. See WindchimesBandora, 393, 457x, 460-61Band-pass filter, 373-74Band-reject filter, 373Banjo, 326x, 337-39Banya, 148nBariolage, 363Baritone horn, xiv, 91-95
doubling, 67, 93-94mutes, 94student range, 480
Baritone saxophone, xiii, 49-54Baroque mute (brasses), 431,
434x
Barraqué, JeanChant après chant, 177, 209
Barre, 329-30Bartók pizzicato, 362
guitar, 333Baryton, 466-68
page position, 394Basket rattle. See Soft rattleBass. See Bass voice; Contrabass;
Electric bass guitar;Tuba
Bassanelli, 408Bass clarinet, 40-48
special effects, 47-48student range, 480
Bass drum, 153x, 156-57in early music, 435mallet, 130, 131x, 273musical examples, 136-39
Basset shawm, 405Bassett clarinet, 43Bassett horn, 43Bassett keys, 43Bass fiddle. See ContrabassBass flute, 23, 24-33
glissando, 30-31harmonics, 29-30microtones, 30-31special effects, 31-32
Bass harmonica, 280x, 281x, 283,288
Bass horn, 430Bass marimba, 238-44
bowing, 244harmonics, 243-44
Bass metallophone, 244-48bowing, 247-48
Bass oboe. See Tenor oboeBasso continuo, 393Bassoon, 16, 55-62
continuo, 393doubling, 20harpsichord stop, 440multiphonics, 21, 61muting, 61organ stop, 298page position, 2reed, 15xRussian, 430special effects, 62student range, 480See also Curtal
Basso seguente, 392
Bass recorder, 396-98, 400-401student range, 482
Bass sackbutt, 432-34Bass saxhorn. See Bass tubaBass saxophone, 49-54Bass shawm, 405-8Bass trombone, 88Bass trumpet, 76-85, 89
doubling, 67mutes, 85
Bass tuba, 91-96mutes, 94
Bass viol. See Contrabass; Violada gamba
Bass voice, 109, 110Beams. See Softwood planksBeating reed, 279Beatles
“Because,” 277“Here Comes the Sun,” 333“Lucy in the Sky with
Diamonds,” 277Bebung, 442Beethoven, Ludwig van
Symphony No. 4, 22Symphony No. 9, 61
Bell clarinet (stop), 297Bell mallet, 129, 130xBell plates, 230x, 232-33Bells, 207x, 209-15
acoustics, 119, 209, 211agogo, 207x, 213-14buzz tone, 211clay. See Flowerpotscow. See Almglocken;
Cencerroscup, 207x, 209-10in early music, 390-91, 436electric, 207x, 214-15glass, 207x, 211herd. See Almglockenmusical examples, 136-39orchestra. See Glockenspielpellet (jingle, sleigh), 178, 179sticks for, 211strike tone, 211tubular. See Chimes
Bell tree, 184x, 186-87musical examples, 139vital statistics, 185x
Berg, AlbanThree Pieces for Orchestra, 133
INDEX
Berio, LucianoFolk Songs, 192
Berlioz, HectorSymphonie fantastique, 430
Birdcall, 249-51musical example, 139See also Crow; Water whistle
Bird whistle. See Water whistleBlockflöte (stop), 296Boards. See Slabs; Softwood
planksBocal, 35, 55, 56Body percussion, 196
musical example, 138Bombard. See ShawmsBombarde (stop), 297Bongos, 162-66
finger-style playing, 164-66musical examples, 136-38vital statistics, 164
Boobams, 163x, 168-69acoustics, 119, 168musical example, 138
Bore, 14-16, 66Bösendorfer (pianos), 267Bottlenecking, 334-35, 345Bottles, 207x, 213-14
See also Shatter glassBoulez, Pierre
Pli selon pli, 233Bourdon (stop), 296Bowed strings, 351-67
bowing, 356-61, 362-63articulation, 356-60bariolage, 363special effects, 360-61timbre, 360
early, 462-73fingering, 355-56
maximum stretches, 357xnotation, 363
glissando, 366in natural harmonics, 365
harmonics, 363, 364-66artificial, 365-66glissando, 365
multiple stops, 362-63mutes, 364page position, 2pizzicato, 361-62
Bowing, 356-61, 362-63alla corda, 359al tallone, 360
bells, 210, 211col legno, 360crotales, 234détaché, 359flautando, 360guitar, 335jeté, 359louré, 359martellato, 359off the string, 359percussion, 134piano, 273portato, 358-59saltando, 359special effects, 360-61spiccato, 359sulla punta d'arco, 360sul ponticello, 360sul tasto (sulla tastiera), 360tremolo, 358vibraphone family, 247-48xylophone family, 244
Bowls. See BellsBrake drums, 235x, 237-38
musical examples, 137Brasses, 8, 63-71
acoustics, 63-65, 69, 80articulation, 67bore, 66breathing, 67-68cuivré effect, 68, 74, 82doubling, 67dynamics, 68early, 431fingering, 65-66, 69
German cavalry, 80-81half-valve technique, 69-70,
75large groups, 96lip gliss, 75mouthpieces, 66-67multiphonics, 70, 71open notes, 65-66page position, 1-2pitch placement, 68special effects, 69-71synthesizer. See EVItransposing, 66valves, 64-66, 87, 93vibrato, 68
Bridge, 311Bronx cheer. See RazzerBuchla (synthesizers), 374n
Bucket mute, 82x, 84, 94Buffalo Springfield
“For What It's Worth,” 340Buff stop (harpsichord), 439, 440Bugle, 91
alto. See Alto hornvalved. See Flügelhorn
Bullhorn, 114-15Busoni, Ferruccio
transcription of Bachchaconne, 270
Button keyboard, 285-87, 374nBuzzer, 215
party. See RazzerBuzz mute, 82x, 84
CCabasa, 172, 173x, 176-77Caccini, Francesca
Il Liberazione di Ruggiero, 472Cage, John
First Construction in Metal, 225Campana (stop), 293nCans, 199-200Capo, 333
banjo, 339Carroll Sound, Inc., 219Carter, Elliott
Eight Pieces for Four Timpani, 146Cartridge (phonograph), 385Castanets, 187-88
in early music, 435-36musical examples, 136, 139as organ stop, 298
Celesta, 256x, 262-64, 265student range, 481
Celesting stops, 296-97, 298Cello, 351-67
bowing, 356-61, 362-63articulation, 356-60bariolage, 363special effects, 360-61timbre, 360
continuo, 393fingering, 355-56
maximum stretches, 357xnotation, 363
glissando, 366in natural harmonics, 365
harmonics, 363, 364-66artificial, 365-66glissando, 365
Cello (continued)multiple stops, 362-63mutes, 364pizzicato, 361-62student range, 482thumb positions, 356
Cencerros, 207x, 213-14musical examples, 136-38
Ceterone, 457x, 460Chains, 173x, 179
musical examples, 138-39Chamber organ, 443Chansons, 391-92Chanterelle, 452, 474Chapman stick, 341x, 349-51Chavez, Carlos
Sinfonia de Antigona, 3Sinfonia India, 204Tambuco, 189, 204
Chest register (vocal), 105-8,109, 110
Chiff, 292Chimes, 234-36
mallet, 131, 132xmusical examples, 136, 138,
139as organ stop, 298stone. See Lithophonesstudent range, 481
Chime tree. See Mark treeChinese blocks. See Temple
blocks; WoodblocksChinese cymbals, 223-25
musical examples, 136-37Chinese opera gong, xivChinese tomtom, 158Chitarrone, 453-56
musical example, 458Chocolo, 175Chorus, 107, 117
in early music, 390-93electronic effect, 386
Ciconia, Johannes, 391Cimbalom, 315-17Circular breathing. See Cyclic
breathingCitole, 457-59Cittern, 392, 457-61
page position, 394Clapping hands, 196
musical example, 138Clarinet, 16, 18, 19, 23, 40-49
in A, 43chalumeau register, 46
clarion register, 46-47doubling, 20mouthpiece, 15xorgan stop, 297, 298page position, 2played into timpano, 147special effects, 47-48student range, 480throat tones, 46
Claves, 193-94Musical examples, 136-39notation, 124-25
Clavichord, 277-78, 438x, 441-42electric. See Clavinetfretted, 442page position, 394tangents, 278
Clavicytherium, 440Clavinet, 256x, 276-79Clay drums. See Dumbegs;
Kettledrums, smallClock coil, 189x, 192-93Cog rattle. See RatchetsCoils, 189x, 191-92Colascione, 458Col legno, 360Coloratura soprano, 109, 110xComb filter, 377Combination tones, 20Combining instruments, 7-9Compound stop, 295, 296Computer sound synthesis,
378-80Congas, 162-66
finger-style playing, 164-66musical examples, 138vital statistics, 164
Consonants, 98-99performed by brass player, 83phonetic notation, 100-102
Contact mike, 385Continuo, 393Continuo lutes, 393, 453-56
musical examples, 458Contra-alto clarinet, 40-48
special effects, 47-48student range, 480
Contrabass, 351-67bowing, 356-61, 362-63
articulation, 356-60bariolage, 363special effects, 360-61timbre, 360
bow types, 356
continuo, 393fingering, 355-56
maximum stretches, 357xnotation, 363
five-string, 353glissando, 366
in natural harmonics, 365harmonics, 363, 364-66
artificial, 365-66glissando, 365
low C extension, 353-54multiple stops, 362-63mutes, 364pizzicato, 361-62student range, 482thumb positions, 356
Contrabass clarinet, 40-49special effects, 47-48student range, 480
Contrabassoon, 23, 55-62special effects, 62
Contra bassoon (stop), 297Contrabass recorder, 396-98,
399n, 400Contrabass saxhorn. See
Contrabass tubaContrabass saxophone, xiiiContrabass trombone, xiv,
86, 88-90doubling, 67glissando, 89-90mutes, 89
Contrabass tuba, 91-96breathing, 68mutes, 94
Contra bombarde (stop), 297Contra diapason (stop), 293Contra saxophone (stop), 297nControl voltage, 369Copedant, 346-47Cornamuses, 411-12, 425Cornet, xiii, 93
organ stop, 296Cornett, 392, 426-31
mute, 429page position, 394straight, 428-29
Cornettino, 426-30Countertenor, 108, 109-10, 112Couplers, 291
harpsichord, 439Course, 315Cowbells. See Almglocken;
Cencerros
Crash cymbals, 224x, 226-27in early music, 436musical examples, 136, 138-39See also Sizzle cymbal
Crescendo pedal (organ), 292Cricket, 222Crossed hands (keyboard), 259Crotales, 230x, 233-34
in early music, 436musical examples, 138-39
Crow, 250-52musical examples, 138-39
Crowd, 450Crumb, George
Ancient Voices of Children, 221Black Angels, 211
Crumhorns, 16, 410-11, 412,413x, 414x, 425
musical examples, 412page position, 394vital statistics, 413x
Crwth, 450Cuica, 170-71Cuivré effect, 68, 74, 82Cup mute, 82x, 84Curtals, 392-93, 416-20, 425
page position, 394Curtis-Smith, Curtis
Rhapsodies, 273Cushion. See Practice padCyclic breathing, 24, 68, 111, 401Cymbal (organ stop), 296Cymbals, 223-29
antique. See CrotalesChinese, 223-25crash, 224x, 226-27, 436in early music, 436finger, 224x, 226-27, 233foot. See Hi-hatmusical examples, 136-39sizzle, 223-25suspended, 223-26Turkish, 223
Cymbalstern (stop), 298
DDAC, 378-79Damper pedal
piano, 268, 269-71vibraphone, 244
Darabuccas, 167Descant recorder. See Soprano
recorder
Détaché, 359Diapason chorus, 293-94Diapason strings, 455-56Diaphone, 290x, 297Difference tones, 23, 295, 296Digital synthesizer, 306-7, 380Digital-to-analog converter,
378-79Division viol, 465-66Dobro, 327nDolzaina. See Cornamuses;
DouçaineDome (of cymbals, gongs), 223,
229Doorbell. See Electric bellDouble bass. See ContrabassDouble bass harmonica, 280x,
281x, 283Double bassoon. See
ContrabassoonDouble beats, 145Double-headed drums, 152-53,
156, 157small, 156
musical example, 136Double horn, 73, 74Double stop. See Multiple stopsDouble-tonguing, 22, 67Doubling
banjo, 338bowed instruments, 351brasses, 67keyboards, 257mandolin, 336percussion, 124woodwinds, 19-20
Douçaine, 412Downbow, 356-58Drag, 155Dragon's mouths. See Mokugyos;
Temple blocksDrum machine. See RepetitionsDrums, 140-41
acoustics, 118-20, 140-41, 147,167, 168
brake, 235x, 237-38“cuica” effect, 171double-headed, 152-53, 156,
157finger-style playing, 164-66hand-damping, 141head, 118, 140
loading of, 147hoop, 140
muffling, 141rim, 140
playing on, 151-52shell, 118, 140sticks. See Malletstechnique, 145, 155wood. See Mokugyos; Slit
drums; Wood platedrums
See also Tenor drum;Tomtoms; Traps
Drum synthesizer, 306, 307Duck call. See CrowDulcians. See CurtalsDulcimer, 315, 446-47
page position, 394Dumbegs, 163x, 166-67Dynamics
brasses, 68clavichord, 441harp, 318harpsichord, 438-39keyboards, 257range of individual
instruments, 3recorder, 395
EEarly music, instrumentation of,
390-93E-bow, 343Echo, electronic, 383, 386
See also Reverb unitEs clarinet, 40-48
special effects, 47-48student range, 479
Es flute, 24Electric bass guitar, 341x, 343-44Electric bell, 207x, 214-15
musical example, 139Electric buzzer, 215Electric guitar, 340-44
double-neck, 344feedback, 342flat-pick effects, 343fuzz tone, 342right-hand fingering, 343twelve-string, 342, 344
Electric harpsichord, 277, 307Electric organ, 256x, 277, 301-4,
307synthesizer stop, 306
INDEX
Electric piano, 256x, 275-77, 279,307
student range, 481Electric sitar, 344Electromechanical instruments,
275Electronics, 275, 368-70
live, 384-86notation, 370page position, 1-2, 370waveforms, 372
Embouchure, 18English horn, 33-39
harmonics, 38multiphonics, 21-22, 38muting, 39special effects, 38, 39student range, 479
Envelope, 6-7backward sounds, 383follower, 377generator, 375percussion, 120-21
Erikson, RobertCardenitas, 249
Euphonium. See Baritone hornEVI, 306
FFalsetto, 106x, 107x, 108, 109,
110notation, 110
Feedback, 383, 384-85electric guitar, 342
Fiddle, 462, 469-71page position, 394
Field drum, 153-56musical example, 136
Filters, 373-74, 377Fingerboard, 312Finger cymbals, 224x, 226-27,
233musical example, 138
Fingerhole horns, 426Fingering
brass, 65-66German cavalry, 80-81
guitar, 313, 329-30electric, right hand, 343
harp, 321harmonics, 324
keyboards, 257-58, 259organ, 299-300
string instruments, 312-13violin family, 313, 355-56, 357xwoodwinds, 16-19
Finger picks, 328Fingers, snapping, 196Finger-style playing, 134-35
drums, 140, 164-66timpani, 146-47
Flam, 155nFlanger, 377nFlat pick, 328
special effects, electric guitar,343
used with violin family, 362Flautando, 360Flexatone, 220x, 221-22
musical example, 139Flowerpots, 207x, 211-13
musical example, 137Flue stops, 290x, 292Flügelhorn, xiii, 91-95
alto. See Alto horndoubling, 67, 94mutes, 94played into timpano, 147student range, 480
Flute, 24-33acoustics, 13-14Baroque, 403ndouble tonguing, 22doubling, 20in Es, 24glissando, 30-31harmonics, 29-30microtones, 30multiphonics, 31organ stops, 292, 293n, 296,
297, 298page position, 2Renaissance, 403-4special effects, 31-32student range, 479vessel, 253whistle tones, 30
Fluttertongue, 22-23, 67Folk guitar, 326-27, 328, 330,
333, 336amplified, 342
Fontanelle, 405Foot cymbals. See Hi-hatForks (harp), 319Formants, 102-4, 105x, 115, 374,
386
Foundations (organ), 292-95,296n, 297, 298
Fourniture (stop), 296Fox call. See CrowFrame drums, 158
See also Hand drumsFree reed, 279, 282xFree stroke (guitar), 327French bow (contrabass), 356French horn. See HornFrequency counter, 378Frequency follower, 377Frequency shifter, 377Fretted clavichord, 442Fricatives, 98Friction birdcall, 249-51Frog, 360Frottole, 392Fuzz box, 386
use with electric guitar, 342
GGabrieli, Andrea, 392Gambas. See ViolsGarbage cans, 199-200Garklein recorder, 396-97, 399Gedeckt (stop), 296Gemshorn, 401, 402x
organ stop, 297German bow (contrabass), 356German cavalry fingering,
80-81Gittern, 458
See also CitoleGlass chimes. See WindchimesGlissando, 31
clarinet, 47flute, 30-31harp, 322, 325
with tuning key, 323horn, 75keyboards, 262lip, 75mallet instruments, 243oboe, 38piano interior, 273recorder, 401saxophone, 51timpani, 144trombone, 89-90violin family, 366
natural harmonics, 365
INDEX
Glockenspiel, 238, 239x, 244-48bowing, 247-48keyboard, 256x, 262-64, 265multi-mallet technique, 248musical examples, 138, 139sticks, 129, 130x, 132student range, 481
Glottal fry. See Growl registerGoat bells. See CencerrosGoblet drums, 166Gongs, 229-32
acoustics, 119Chinese opera, xivmallet, 130-31musical examples, 136-38
Gothic harp, 448-50Gourd. See Cabasa; Güiro;
Maraca; Shekere; Watergourd
Grand piano, 266-67Great bass recorder, 396-98,
399n, 400See also Contrabass recorder
Great bass shawm, 405-7Gregorian chant, 390-91Gross tierce (stop), 293Growl register (vocal), 107x, 109Güiro, 184-86
musical examples, 136-39Guitar, 325-36
acoustic, 325-27amplified, 342
articulation, 331-32Baroque, 460-62barre, 329-30bottlenecking, 334-35, 345capo, 333classical, 325-26electric, 340-44
bass, 341x, 343-44fingering, 313, 329-30, 333, 343
maximum stretches, 329folk, 326-27, 328, 330, 333, 336harmonics, 333-34Hawaiian, 345interchangeable fingerboards,
335medieval. See Citolemicrotones, 334-35notation, 330-31page position, 2pedal steel, 341x, 345-49picks, 328
Renaissance, 460-62scordatura, 333special effects, 335steel, 345student range, 481tablature, 330-31, 453technique, 327-30, 331-33twelve-string, 326-27, 328, 330,
333, 336Guitar synthesizer, 306
HHalf-pedaling
piano, 270vibraphone, 244-45
Half-valve technique, 69-70Hambone. See Body percussionHammering on, 332, 362Hammerings, 161Hammers, 132-33, 197
See also SlabsHand drums, 160, 162
musical example, 137Handel, George Frederick
Music for the Royal Fireworks,430
Hand instruments, 121, 128, 134Hands, clapping, 196Harmonica, 257n, 279-83, 288
chromatic, 281-82diatonic, 281“marine band,” 281
Harmonics, 5-6artificial, 314banjo, 339brasses, 63-64, 69-70electric bass guitar, 344flute, 29-30guitar, 333-34harp, 323-24marimba, 243-44natural, 314oboe, 38pedal steel guitar, 348piano, 272-73strings, 313-14vibraphone, 248violin family, 363, 364-66
glissando, 365Harmonic series, 5-6Harmonium, 279nHarmon mute, 81-83, 94Harp, 311, 318-25
Baroque, 448continuo, 393fingering, 321
harmonics, 324maximum stretches, 321
glissando, 322, 325with tuning key, 323
Gothic, 448-50harmonics, 323-24Irish, 448-50medieval, 448-50notation, 319-21, 322, 324page position, 2pedals, 318-21played with fingernails, 322près de la table, 322sons étouffées, 322special effects, 322-25student range, 481tremolo, 323tuning, 318-19vital statistics, 320See also Harmonica;
VibraphoneHarpsichord, 256x, 389, 393,
437-40electric, 277page position, 394student range, 482
Harp stop (harpsichord), 439,440
Harrison, Lou, 236, 450Canticle No. 3, 253Fugue for Percussion, 193“Western Gamelan,” 247
Hat (mute), 84Hautbois de Poitou, 414Hawaiian guitar, 345Head (of a drum), 118
banjo, 337loading, 147tension, 140
Head voice. See FalsettoHeckelphone, 3, 33-39, 61
harmonics, 38muting, 39special effects, 38, 39
Heinrich, Anthony PhilipManitou Mysteries, 430-31
Henze, Hans WernerEl Cimarrón, 219The Raft of the Medusa, 430
Herd bells. See Almglocken
INDEX
High-pass filter, 373-74Hi-hat, 224x, 227-29
musical examples, 138-39Hohlflöte (stop), 296Hohner (clavinet), 277Honky-tonk piano, 274Horn, xiii, 64, 66, 67, 71-76
alto, 91-96baritone, xiv, 91-96doubling, 67, 92-94half-stopping, 75multiphonics, 70mutes, 74-75
stopping, 74-75page position, 2Paxman, 74stopping, 74
half-stopping, 75mute, 74-75
student range, 480tenor. See Horn, altovalves, 64
Hurdy-gurdy, 256x, 472-76page position, 394
IIdiophones, 118
acoustics, 118-20bowing, 134dipping in water, 210ndrum, 197-204keyboard, 262-65
See also Mallet instrumentsmallets, 129, 130, 132octave transpositions, 191timpano as auxiliary resonator,
147Indian drum, 153x, 157-58
musical examples, 136-37Input, 369Instrumentation of early music.
See Early music, instru-mentation of
Interference, acoustic, 9International Phonetic Alphabet,
99-102IPA. See International Phonetic
AlphabetIrish harp, 448-50
JJapanese temple bells, 210
musical examples, 137-38Jawbone, 183
musical examples, 137, 139Jaymar (toy pianos), 265Jazz, 23, 49, 84, 94
drum set. See TrapsJeté, 359Jingles, 172, 173-74
musical example, 137pellet bells, 178, 179
Joy stick, 378
KKalimba, 215-18
musical examples, 139Ka-me-so, 175Kazoo, 114Kettledrums, 141
small, 142x, 147-48musical example, 137
See also TimpaniKeyboard glockenspiel, 256x,
262-64, 265Keyboard idiophones, 262-65Keyboard instruments, 1, 255-62
action, 265crossed hands, 259in early music, 391-93electromechanical, 275electronic, 275, 374-75fingering, 257-58, 259
maximum stretches, 258glissando, 262non-touch-sensitive, 256-57notation, 258-62page position, 1-2tone clusters, 260-62touch-sensitive, 255-56
Keys, woodwind, 16-17swallowtail, 405
Kinura (stop), 301Knitting needles, 132Kortholts, 413, 415x, 416x, 425
page position, 394vital statistics, 416x
LLarigot (stop), 293Lassus, Roland de, 392Leslie, 303Liebesfuss, 33, 35, 38Ligeti, György, 9
Continuum, 437Linear controller, 375
ondes martenot, 308Lion's roar. See String drumLip gliss, 75Lip trill, 68Lira da braccio, 471-73
page position, 394Lira da gamba (lirone), 472-73
page position, 394Lithophones, 239x, 248-49Live electronics, 384-86Log drums. See Slit drumsLong drum, 153-56
musical example, 136Long-necked lute, 458Louré, 359Low-pass filter, 373-74Lujon, 216x, 219
musical example, 138Lute, 392-93, 452-58
Baroque, 453-56bass, 454-55long-necked, 458medieval, 457page position, 394tablature, 452-54, 456xtreble, 454-55
Lute stop (harpsichord), 439, 440Lyra viol, 465-66Lyre, 450-52
page position, 394Lyricon, 306Lysarden, 428
MMachaut, Guillaume de
Messe de Notre Dame, 391Magnetic pickup, 340, 385Major clarinet (stop), 297Mallet instruments, 119, 238-49
acoustics, 238glissando, 243mallets, 129-30musical examples, 137-39technique, 241
multi-mallet, 242-43Mallets, 121, 128-34
bass drum, 130, 131xbell, 129, 130xchimes, 131, 132x
INDEX
felt, 130-31gong, 130-31head of, 128marimba, 130xmulti-mallet technique
chimes, 235-36cimbalom, 316crotales, 234glockenspiel, 248metal tubes, 237vibraphone, 248
plastic, 130reversed, 131rubber, 129-30snare sticks, 131, 132xsuperball, 132x, 133-34timpani, 130-31
wooden, 131, 132xtriangle, 132x, 133used inside piano, 273-74vibraphone, 130xwound, 129, 130xxylophone, 130x
Mandolin, 326x, 336-37electric, 342maximum left-hand stretches,
357xMandora, 458Manuals (keyboard), 289-90
organ, 289-91, 299Maraca, 172, 173x, 174-75, 176
musical examples, 136-38Marimba, xiv, 238-44
bowing, 244harmonics, 243-44musical examples, 137-39sticks, 130xstudent range, 481
Marimbula, 215-19musical examples, 137-38
Mark tree, 180x, 182Martellato, 359Massed instruments, 8-9
electronic stimulation, 386Masses and mass movements,
391-93Mbira. See Kalimba; SansasMedicinale, 446x, 447Megaphone, 114-15Melodica, 280x, 283-84, 288Melotron, 256x, 302x, 304, 305
musical example, 307Membranophones, 118
acoustics, 118, 119x, 120xSee also Drums
Messiaen, OlivierCouleurs de la cité céleste, 9, 213Et exspecto resurrectionem
mortuorum, 93, 213Metal blocks. See Anvils;
CencerrosMetallophone, bass, 244-48Metal tubes, 235x, 236-37Mexican bean, 172, 173x, 175x,
176musical examples, 137-38
Microphones, 384-85Military drum. See Field drum“Miniprino” recorder. See Gar-
klein recorderMixer, 369-70Mixtures (organ stops), 295-96,
298Mo ko, 208Mokubio, 209Mokugyos, 207-9
musical example, 137Moog (synthesizers), 370, 371xMotets, 391-93Mouthpiece
brass, 66-67, 71clarinet, 14-15, 48, 70-71cornett, 426saxophone, 14, 50, 70-71
Mouth siren, 250x, 254musical examples, 136, 138
Mozart, Wolfgang AmadeusAbduction from the Seraglio, 436
Multi-mallet technique, 242-43chimes, 235-36cimbalom, 316crotales, 234glockenspiel, 248metal tubes, 237vibraphone, 248
Multiphonics, 20-22, 70bassoon, 61brasses, 70clarinet, 47cornett family, 428flute, 31oboe, 38saxophone, 51vocal, 114
Multiple (electronic), 369Multiple stops, 356, 362-63
Musical glasses. See Bells, glassMusical saw, 219-21Musique concrète, 369nMussorgsky, Modest
Pictures at an Exhibition, 74,269
Mutations (organ stops), 294-95,296, 297
MuteBaroque, 431bassoon, 61bucket, 82x, 84buzz, 82x, 84cup, 82x, 84harmon, 81-83harpsichord, 439hat, 84horn, 74-75
stopping, 74-75oboe, 38-39piano, 272plunger, 82x, 83-84practice
trumpet, 81, 82x, 83violin family, 364
saxophone, 51, 53solotone, 81, 82x, 83straight, 74, 81, 82xtrombone, 89trumpet, 81-85violin family, 364wawa, 83Whispa, 83
Mute cornett, 429
NNakers, 435-36Nasard (stop), 293Natural harmonics, 314
guitar, 333violin family, 364-65
glissando, 365Nicolo shawm, 405Nightingale (stop), 298
See also Water whistleNon-sustaining instruments, 7, 8,
9, 119, 120keyboards, 256
Non-touch-sensitive keyboards,256-57
Nut, 312
INDEX
OOboe, 16, 33-39
doubling, 20harmonics, 38muting, 38-39organ stop, 298page position, 2played into timpano, 147special effects, 38, 39student range, 479
Oboe d'amore, 33Ocarina, 250x, 253Octave divider, 386Octave oboe (stop), 297Ondes martenot, 256x, 257,
306x, 307-10Ophicleide, 430Orchestra (musical examples),
367Orchestra bells. See GlockenspielOrchestral flute (organ stop), 296Orchestron, 304Orff, Carl
Antigonae, 249Organ, 256, 257, 279, 289-301
bombarde division, 297celestial, 291choir, 290-91console, 289couplers, 291divisions, 290-91, 297early, 390-93, 443-45echo, 291electric, 256x, 277, 301-4, 307fingering, 299-300full, 292great, 290, 293manuals, 289-91, 299notation, 299-301pedal division, 290-91, 293pedaling, 300-301pedals, 290
crescendo, 292swell, 290
pipes, 290x, 292, 296pistons, 292portative, 443-45positive, 443-45regal, 443-45registration, 293-94, 298, 299solo, 291special effects, 299
stops, 292-98acuta, 296basset horn, 297bassoon, 298bell clarinet, 297blockflöte, 296bombarde, 297bourdon, 296campana, 293ncastanets, 298célestes, 296-97, 298chimes, 298clarinet, 297, 298compound, 295, 296contra bassoon, 297contra bombarde, 297contra diapason, 293contra saxophone, 297ncontrols, 291-92cornet, 296cymbal, 296diapason chorus, 293-94diaphone, 290x, 297flue, 290x, 292flutes, 292, 293n, 296, 298foundations, 292-95, 296n,
297, 298fourniture, 296gedeckt, 296gemshorn, 297gross tierce, 293history of, 443hohlflöte, 296kinura, 301larigot, 293major clarinet, 297mixtures, 295-96, 298mutations, 294-95, 296, 297nasard, 293oboe, 298octave oboe, 297orchestral flute, 296percussions, 298piano, 298pitch of, 256, 291, 293-95plein jeu, 296prestant, 293principal, 293quint, 293-94quintadena, 296reeds, 290x, 297, 298regal, 443
resultant, 293, 295rohrflöte, 296, 298rohrnasat, 296rohrquint, 296salicional, 296saxophone, 297nseptième, 293, 294, 299sesquialtera, 296sifflöte, 293nsordune, 424spitzflöte, 296strings, 292, 296-97, 298subquint, 293superoctave, 293tenth, 293terz, 293tibia, 296tibia clausa, 301tierce, 293tuba, 297twenty-ninth, 293-94twenty-second, 293unda maris, 297voix céleste, 297vox angelica, 296vox humana, 297vox mystica, 297waldflöte, 296xylophone, 298
student range, 481swell, 290theater, 301tremulant, 298
Organistrum, 390-91, 473-76Organum, 391Orpharion, 457x, 460Oscillator, 371-73, 383Oscilloscope, 378Output, 369Overbowing, 361Overtones. See Harmonics
PPad. See Practice padPandora. See BandoraPane of glass, 197Panpipes, 390Parade drum. See Field drumPardessus de viole, 463-65Parlando singing, 114Partch, Harry, 126, 335
INDEX
Partials. See HarmonicsParty buzzer. See RazzerPatch (electronic), 371Paxman (horns), 74Peau de buffle (stop), 439, 440Pea whistle. See Referee's whistlePedaling
harp, 319organ, 300-301pedal steel guitar, 348piano, 269-71vibraphone, 244-46
Pedalsharp, 318-21harpsichord, 438, 440organ, 290
crescendo, 292swell, 290
pedal steel guitar, 345-46piano, 268-69
damper, 268, 269-71soft, 268, 271sostenuto, 268, 271
wawa, 386Pedal steel guitar, 341x, 345-49
harmonics, 348pedaling, 348
Pedal synthesizer, 306Pegboard, pegbox, 312Pellet bells, 178, 179Percussion, 118-39
acoustics, 118-21arrays, 121-22, 123, 127-128bowing, 134brushes, 132x, 133doubling by non-
percussionists, 124in early music, 391-92, 435-36finger-style playing, 134-35
notation, 165keyboard. See Mallet instru-
ments; Keyboardidiophones
mallets, 128-34reversed, 131
movement of players, 122-24multi-mallet technique, 242-43musical examples, 136-39notation, 124-28
bowing, 134damping, 141finger-style playing, 165roll, 125-26
rubbed sounds, 133thumb roll, 135
page position, 1-2pitch perception, 119range and status of
instruments, 135special effects, 134-35
Percussions (keyboard stops),298
Performance synthesizer, 256x,277, 302x, 304-7
digital, 306-7drum, 306, 307guitar, 306pedal, 306polyphonic, 306
Phaser (phase shifter), 377Phonemes, 98Phonetics, 97-102
alphabet, 99-102Phonograph cartridge, 385Physics. See AcousticsPiano, 256x, 265-75
action, 267articulation, 269-71bowing, 273dampers, 268electric, 256x, 275-77, 279grand, 267harmonics, 272-73interior, 271-74lid, 271, 272muting, 272as organ stop, 298pedals and pedaling, 268-71prepared, 274quarter-tone, 275spinet, 267stringing, 267student range, 481sympathetic resonance, 271tack, 274toy, 256x, 263-65transcription, 269-70upright, 267, 268
Piccolo, 24-33glissando, 30-31harmonics, 29-30microtones, 30special effects, 31-32student range, 479
Piccolo clarinet, 40-48special effects, 47-48
Piccolo recorder. See Garkleinrecorder
Piccolo trumpet, 76-85mutes, 85
Piccolo woodblocks, 204-5Picks, 328
finger, 328flat, 328, 343, 362guitar, 328thumb, 328
Pickup, magnetic, 340, 385Pink-noise generator, 373Pipe organ. See OrganPirouette, 405Pistons (organ), 292Pitch
of keyboard stops, 256organ, 291, 293-95
names and notation, 4perception of, 5
in percussion instruments,119
range of individualinstruments, 2-3
of brasses, 68of early instruments, 390of percussion, 135students and amateurs,
479-82of voices, 106-7
Pizzicato, 361-62guitar, 332-33left hand, 361-62snapped (vertical, Bartók), 333,
362Plate (of wood, metal). See SlabsPlateau-model woodwinds, 24
clarinets, 46, 47flutes, 24, 30oboes, 36x, 37xsaxophones, 49
Plein jeu (stop), 296Plosives, 98Plunger mute, 82x, 83-84Pod rattle. See Mexican beanPolice whistle. See Referee's
whistle; Signal whistlePonticello. See Sul ponticelloPortamento, 31
on synthesizer, 374Portative organ, 443-45
INDEX
Portato, 358-59Positive organ, 443-45Potentiometer, 369
two-dimensional, 378three-dimensional, 378
Practice mutetrumpet, 81, 82x, 83violin family, 364
Practice pad, 193x, 196-97Prepared piano, 274Près de la table (harp), 322Prestant (stop), 293Principal (stop), 293Privileged frequencies, 80, 361,
411Provençal drum, 154
musical example, 136Psaltery, 446-48
page position, 394Pulling off, 332Pulse wave, 372Punta d'arco. See Sulla punta
d'arco
QQuadruple stop. See Multiple
stopsQuart bass. See Great bass
recorderQuijada, 183
musical examples, 137, 139Quint (stop), 293-94Quinta, 162Quintadena (stop), 296
RRacketts, 418, 420-23, 425
page position, 394Rain stick, xivRamp wave, 372Rank, 287Rasgueado, 328Rasps, 184-87
wood, glass, metal, 186musical example, 137vital statistics, 185x
Ratchets, 183, 184xmusical examples, 138-39vital statistics, 185x
Rattles, 172-79acoustics, 121basket. See Rattles, softcog. See Ratchets
glass, 175-76gourd. See Maracametal, 175-76musical examples, 136-39pod. See Mexican beansoft, 173x, 175x, 176string, 172, 178-79wooden, 175-76
Rauschpfeiffen, 392, 414-15, 417,425
page position, 394vital statistics, 417
Ravel, MauriceBolero, 9Pictures at an Exhibition (arr.),
74, 270Razzer, 250-52Rebecs, 392, 462, 469-70
page position, 394Recorders, 395-401
acoustics, 13-14medieval, 400page position, 394
Reco-reco, 186Reedcap, 410, 411, 414xReeds
beating, 279electric piano, 275free, 279, 282xorgan stops, 290x, 297woodwind, 14, 15x, 16, 35,
70-71Referee's whistle, 250-52
musical example, 139Regal, 393, 443-45Registers
accordion, 287-88keyboard, 257vocal, 104-10
chest, 105-8, 109, 110falsetto (head), 106x, 107x,
108, 109, 110growl, 107x, 109throat, 109whistle, 106x, 108-9, 110
woodwind, 18, 20Registration, 257
harpsichord, 440organ, 293-94, 298, 299
Renaissance flutes, 403-4Renaissance guitar, 460-62Renaissance triangle, 435-36Repetitions (in electronic
keyboards), 303Rest stroke (guitar), 327Resultant (stop), 293, 295Reverb unit, 370, 374
ondes martenot, 309Ride cymbal. See Suspended
cymbalsRiley, Terry
A Rainbow in Curved Air, 167,277
Rim (of a drum), 140playing on, 151-52
Rim shot, 151-52, 155Ring modulator, 376-77Rip, 31, 75
kalimba, 218lip gliss (brass), 75
River stones. See StonesRods, 189-90
musical example, 138Rohrflöte (stop), 296, 298Rohrnasat (stop), 296Rohrquint (stop), 296Roldán, Amadeo
Ritmicas Nos. 5 & 6, 219Roll, notation of, 125-26Rote, 448Rototoms, 159x, 160-62
musical example, 139Ruff, 155nRussian bassoon, 430
SSackbutts, 392-93, 431-34
mute, 431, 434xSalicional (stop), 296Saltando, 359Sandblocks, 184x, 186
musical example, 138vital statistics, 185x
Sansas, 215-19musical example, 139
Saw, musical, 219-21Sawtooth wave, 372Saxhorn. See TubaSaxophone, xiii, 16, 19, 49-54
doubling, 20, 49muting, 51, 53organ stop, 297npage position, 2special effects, 50-51, 53student range, 480top tones, 49-50
INDEX
Scale (dimension), of windinstruments, 33, 43, 63
Schoenberg, ArnoldHerzgewächse, 279n, 320Kol Nidre, 222Moses und Aron, 222Variations, Op. 31, 222
Schryari, 392, 414-15, 417, 425page position, 394vital statistics, 417
Scordatura, 312guitar, 333
Score layout, 1-2, 102early instruments, 394electronics, 370keyboards, 262percussion, 126-28
Scruggs pegs (banjo), 339Sea stones. See StonesSeeger, Pete
The Steel Drums of Kim LoyWong, 202-3
Sel sync, 382Septième (stop), 293, 294, 299Sequencer, 376Serpent, 393, 426-31
upright, 430Sesquialtera (stop), 296Shatter glass, 197Shawms, 392-93, 405-9, 425
page position, 394Sheep bells. See CencerrosSheet (of wood, metal). See Slabs;
ThundersheetShekere, 172, 173x, 176-77Shell (of a drum), 118
rim, 140Shell chimes. See WindchimesShort octave, 439nSide drum. See Snare drumsSifflöte (stop), 293nSignal whistle, 250-52Sine wave, 372Singing. See VoicesSiren, 250x, 253-54
mouth, 250x, 254musical examples, 136, 138
Sistrum, 172-74musical examples, 137-39
Sizzle cymbal, 223-25musical examples, 138-39
Slabs (of wood, metal), 196-97musical examples, 136, 138
Slapping body, 196Slapstick, 187x, 188-89
musical examples, 136Slap-tongue, 23Sledge hammer. See Hammers;
SlabsSleighbells, 173x, 177-78
musical examples, 136, 138-39Slide trumpet, 392, 431-34
mute, 431, 434xSlide whistle, 250x, 252
musical example, 139Slit drums, 204x, 206
Buddhist. See Mokugyosmusical examples, 137-39
Snapped pizzicato, 362guitar, 333
Snapping fingers, 196Snare drums, 152-56
in early music, 435musical examples, 136, 138,
139sticks, 131, 132xtechnique, 155
Snares, 153Soft pedal, 268, 271Soft rattle, 173x, 175x, 176
musical example, 137Softwood planks, 193x, 195-96
musical example, 137Solotone mute, 81, 82x, 83, 94Sons étouffées (harp), 322Sopranino clarinet. See Es clarinetSopranino recorder, 396-97,
400-401student range, 482
Sopranino saxophone, xiii, 49nSopranino shawm, 405-7Soprano. See Soprano voiceSoprano recorder, 396-97,
400-401student range, 482
Soprano sackbutt, 432-33Soprano saxhorn. See FlügelhornSoprano saxophone, 49-54
played into timpano, 147Soprano shawm, 405-8Soprano voice, 109, 110Sordunes, 424-25
page position, 394Sostenuto pedal, 268, 271Soundboard, 311
Sousaphone. See Contrabass tubaSpatial locator, 377Speaking, 113Spiccato, 359Spinet, 440
piano, 267Spinto, 110xSpitzflöte (stop), 296Sprechstimme, 114Spring coil. See Auto coilSquare wave, 372Squeak, 249-51
musical example, 139Stamping, 196Staple, 35Steel drums, 198x, 200-204
musical example, 138Steel guitar, 345Steinway (pianos), 266x, 271Stick. See Chapman stickSticks. See Mallets; RodsStockhausen, Karlheinz
Kontakte, 199Stimmung, 104
Stone chimes. See LithophonesStones, 193-94
musical examples, 138-39Stopped pipe, 14-16Stopping mute (horn), 74-75Stops, 256-57
harpsichord, 438-39bassoon, 440buff, 439, 440harp, 439, 440lute, 439, 440peau de buffle, 439, 440
organ, 256, 292-98, 443acuta, 296basset horn, 297bassoon, 298bell clarinet, 297blockflöte, 296bombarde, 297bourdon, 296campana, 293ncastanets, 298célestes, 296-97, 298chimes, 298clarinet, 297, 298compound, 295, 296contra bassoon, 297contra bombarde, 297contra diapason, 293
INDEX
Stops, organ (continued )contra saxophone, 297ncontrols, 291-92cornet, 296cymbal, 296diapason chorus, 293-94diaphone, 290x, 297flue, 290x, 292flutes, 292, 293n, 296, 298foundations, 292-95, 296n,
297, 298fourniture, 296gedeckt, 296gemshorn, 297gross tierce, 293history of, 443hohlflöte, 296kinura, 301larigot, 293major clarinet, 297mixtures, 295-96, 298mutations, 294-95, 296, 297nasard, 293oboe, 298octave oboe, 297orchestral flute, 296percussions, 298piano, 298pitch of, 256, 291, 293-95plein jeu, 296prestant, 293principal, 293quint, 293-94quintadena, 296reeds, 290x, 297, 298regal, 443resultant, 293, 295rohrflöte, 296, 298rohrnasat, 296rohrquint, 296salicional, 296saxophone, 297nseptième, 293, 294, 299sesquialtera, 296sifflöte, 293nsordune, 424spitzflöte, 296strings, 292, 296-97, 298subquint, 293superoctave, 293tenth, 293
terz, 293tibia, 296
tibia clausa, 301tierce, 293tremulant, 298tuba, 297twenty-ninth, 293-94twenty-second, 293unda maris, 297voix céleste, 297vox angelica, 296vox humana, 297vox mystica, 297waldflöte, 296xylophone, 298
See also Multiple stopsStraight mute, 74, 81, 94Strauss, Richard
wind sonatinas, 61Stravinsky, Igor
Le Sacre du printemps, 75, 94nString(s)
acoustics, 5, 311-12courses, 315harmonics, 313-14organ stops, 292, 296-97, 298piano, 267
direct manipulation of,272-73
stopping of, 312-13String bass. See ContrabassString drum, 169-70
musical examples, 136, 139String instruments, 8, 311-14
acoustics, 5, 311-12fingering, 312-13harmonics, 313-14page position, 1-2scordatura, 312shifts, 313structure, 312See also Bowed strings
String rattles, 172, 173x, 178-79musical example, 137
Strisciato, 227Studio synthesizer. See
SynthesizerSubquint (stop), 293Sulla punta d'arco, 360Sul ponticello, 333
violin family, 360Sul tasto, 333
violin family, 360Superball stick, 132x, 133-34Superoctave (stop), 293
Suspended cymbals, 223-26musical examples, 136-39sizzle cymbal, 223-25
Sustaining instruments, 7, 8, 9keyboards, 256
Swallowtail keys, 405Swanee-whistle. See Slide whistleSweet potato. See OcarinaSwell box/pedal/shoe, 290Switch, 132x, 133Symphonia, 473-76Synthesizer, 370-78
digital, 306-7, 380drum, 306, 307duophonic, 375guitar, 306keyboard range, 374pedal, 306performance-type, 256x, 277,
302x, 304-7polyphonic, 306For list of components see
Voltage control
TTabla, 142x, 148
Arabic. See Dumbegsmusical example, 137
Tablatureguitar, 330-31, 453lute, 452-54, 456x
Spanish, 453Tabor, 154, 436
musical example, 136Tabor pipe, 401-2Tack piano, 274Talking drum, xivTallone, al, 360Tambour, 335
on kalimba, 218Tambourine, 158-60
headless, 174musical examples, 136-39See also Timbrel
Tambourin provençal, 154in early music, 436musical example, 136
Tam-tams, 229-32as auxiliary resonator, 232musical examples, 136-39
Tangent, 278Tap-a-tap, 189Tape deck, 381-84
INDEX
Tape loop, 384Tape manipulation, 380, 382-84Tape music, 369n, 370, 381, 382,
384computer-generated, 380musical examples, 386
Tastiera, sulla. See Sul tastoTasto. See Sul tastoTemple bells, 210
musical examples, 137-38Temple blocks, 207-8
musical examples, 137-39Temple gongs, 210
musical examples, 137-38Tenor. See Tenor voiceTenor banjo. See BanjoTenor cornett, 426-31Tenor drum, 153x, 156, 157
in early music, 435musical examples, 136See also Field drum
Tenor horn. See Alto hornTenor oboe, 33Tenor recorder, 396-98, 400-401
student range, 482Tenor sackbutt, 432-34Tenor saxhorn. See Baritone hornTenor saxophone, 49-54Tenor shawm, 405-9Tenor trombone, 87-88Tenor trumpet, 76-85
mutes, 85Tenor tuba. See Baritone hornTenor viol, 463-66Tenor voice, 110Tenth (stop), 293Terz (stop), 293Text underlay, 102Theater organ, 301Theatrum Instrumentorum
(sordunes), 424x, 425Theorbo, 453-56
musical example, 458Theorboed lute, 453-56Throat mike, 385Throat register (vocal), 109Thumb piano. See Kalimba;
SansasThumb pick, 328Thumb positions, 356Thumb roll, 135, 159Thundersheet, 220x, 222-23
musical examples, 137-39
Tibetan prayer stones. See StonesTibia (stop), 296Tibia clausa (stop), 301Tierce (stop), 293Timbales, 149x, 152
musical examples, 137-38Timbrel, 435-36Timing pulse generator, 376Timpani, 141-47
acoustics, 119-20, 144chords, 145-46in early music, 435finger-style playing, 146-47glissando, 144mechanism, 142musical examples, 136-38special effects, 147sticks, 130-31, 146student range, 481technique, 144-46tuning, 142-44vital statistics, 143x
Tin cans, 199-200Tomtoms, 149-52
musical examples, 137-39rim shot, 151-52sticks, 151vital statistics, 150xwooden-headed, see
Wood plate drumsSee also Indian drums
Tone clusters, 260-62accordion left hand, 287harpsichord, 439organ pedals, 300
Touch-sensitive keyboards,255-56
Toy piano, 256x, 263-65Transcription, 255n, 269-70Transducer, 385Transposing instruments, 19, 66Traps, 122, 123x, 156, 157, 225,
227Treble kalimba, 217Treble recorder. See Alto recorderTreble viol, 463-66Tremolo arm. See Wiggle barTremulant, 298Triangle, 189x, 190-91
beater. 132x, 133musical examples, 136-39Renaissance, 435-36
Triangle wave, 372
Trigger (electronic), 374-75Triple horn, 74Triple stop. See Multiple stopsTromba marina, 390Trombone, 64, 85-90
doubling, 67, 78xglissando, 89-90mutes, 89page position, 2student range, 480valve trombone, 80See also Sackbutts
Trombonium, 80Trumpet, 64, 65, 66, 76-85
doubling, 67, 94German cavalry fingering,
80-81hand muffling, 81, 84mutes, 81-85, 431page position, 2pedal tones, 80, 82played into timpano, 147special effects, 81student ranges, 480valves, 64See also Slide trumpet
Tuba, 66, 91-96doubling, 67, 88mutes, 94organ stop, 297page position, 2student range, 481Wagner, 92-93
Tubaphone, 236Tuben, 93Tubes, metal, 235x, 236-37Tubular bells. See ChimesTudor, David
Rain Forest, 385Tumba, 162Tuning key glissando (harp), 323Turkish cymbals, 223Twelve-string guitar, 326-27, 328,
330, 333, 336electric, 342, 344
Twenty-ninth (stop), 293-94Twenty-second (stop), 293
UUkulele, 336nUna corda, 271Unda maris, 297Underbowing, 361
INDEX
Upbow, 356-58Upright piano, 267, 268
VValve flutter, 71Valves (brass instruments),
64-66, 87, 93Valve smear, 75Valve trombone, 80Varèse, Edgard
Déserts, 197, 209Intégrales, 90Ionisation, 254
VCA, 373VCO, 372-73Vertical pizzicato, 362
guitar, 333Vessel flutes, 253Vibraharp. See VibraphoneVibraphone, 239x, 244-48
bent tones, 248bowing, 247-48harmonics, 248motor, 246, 247xmulti-mallet technique, 248musical examples, 137-39pedaling, 244-46sticks, 130xstudent range, 481
Vibraslap, 182-83, 184xmusical examples, 137, 139
Vibratobassoon, 59brasses, 68clarinet, 46clavichord, 442electronic, 385flute, 26oboe, 38saxophone, 49vibraphone, 246vocal, 111-12whistling, 116
Vihuela, 460-62Viola, 351-67
bowing, 356-61, 362-63articulation, 356-60bariolage, 363special effects, 361timbre, 360doubling, 351fingering, 355-56
maximum stretches, 357x
notation, 363glissando, 366
in natural harmonics, 365harmonics, 363, 364-66
artificial, 365-66glissando, 365
multiple stops, 362-63mutes, 364pizzicato, 361-62student range, 482
Viola da gamba, 462-66Viola d'amore, 466-68
page position, 394Violin, 351-67
bowing, 356-61, 362-63articulation, 356-60bariolage, 363special effects, 361timbre, 360
doubling, 351fingering, 313, 355-56
maximum stretches, 357xnotation, 363
glissando, 366in natural harmonics, 365
harmonics, 363, 364-66artificial, 365-66glissando, 365
multiple stops, 362-63mutes, 364origins, 469, 472pizzicato, 361-62student range, 481
Violoncello. See CelloViolone da gamba, 462-66Viols, 392-93, 462-66
division, 465-66lyra, 465-66page position, 394
Virginal, 440Vitriphone, 248nVocoder, 377Voice box, 386Voices, 8, 97-115, 115-17
acoustics, 102-9, 114breaking, 108nchildren's, 103, 105-8, 111-12in early music, 390-93inhaled singing, 111, 114men's, 105-108, 109-10, 111multiphonics, 114notation, 102, 104xpage position, 2, 102
parlando, 114phonetics, 97-102pitch placement, 112-13registers, 104-10singing into snare drum, 156special effects, 114-15Sprechstimme, 114text underlay, 102trill, 111types, 109-10vibrato, 111-12women's, 103, 105-6, 108-10
Voix céleste (stop), 297Voltage control, 369
amplifier, 373envelope follower, 377envelope generator, 375filters, 373frequency follower, 377keyboard, 374-75linear controller, 375oscillator, 371-73, 383sequencer, 376tape deck, speed of, 383
Vowels, 98formants, 102-4, 105ximitated with plunger mute, 83nasal, 104phonetic notation of, 99-100,
103xVox angelica (stop), 296Vox humana (stop), 297Vox mystica (stop), 297
WWagner tuba, 92-93Waldflöte (stop), 296Waldteufel, 170
musical example, 139Washboard, 184x, 186
musical example, 139vital statistics, 185x
Wastepaper baskets, 199-200Water gong, 232
musical example, 137Water gourd, 198x, 204
musical example, 136Water whistle, 250-52Waveforms, electronic, 372
clipper, 377computer-generated, 379
Wawamute, 83Wawa pedal, 386
INDEX
Weill, KurtDreigroschenoper, 345
Whip. See SlapstickWhispa mute, 83Whistle register (vocal), 106x,
108-9notation, 110
Whistles, 250-52bird. See Whistles, watermusical examples, 136, 139pea. See Whistles, referee'spolice. See Whistles, referee's;
Whistles, signalreferee's, 250-52signal, 250-52slide, 250x, 252water, 250-52
Whistle tones (flute), 30Whistling, 115-17White-noise generator, 373Wiggle bar, 340Windchimes, 172, 179-82
acoustics, 121made of triangles, 191musical examples, 137-39
Wind machine, 249-51musical example, 136
Wire brush, 132x, 133Wobble-board, 222Wolff, Christian, 284Wood (sordunes), 424-25Woodblocks, 204-5
musical examples, 136-39See also Softwood planks
Wood chimes. See WindchimesWood drums. See Mokugyos;
Slit drums; Wood platedrums
Wooden fish. See MokugyosWood plate drums, 197-99Woodwinds, 8, 13-24
acoustics, 13-16, 18articulation, 22-23bore, 14-16double-tonguing, 22doubling, 19-20early, 395-96, 403, 425 fingering, 16-19, 389fluttertongue, 22-23humming into, 23keys, 16-17large groups, 62multiphonics, 20-22page position, 1-2
quarter-tones, 19reeds, 14, 15x, 16registers, 18, 20slap-tongue, 23special timbres, 20-22synthesizer. See Lyricontransposing, 19
XXenakis, Iannis
Akrata, 61Xylophone, 238-44
bowing, 244musical examples, 137-39as organ stop, 298sticks, 130xstudent range, 481
Xylorimba, 240-41musical example, 137
ZZappa, Frank
Uncle Meat, 386Zither family, 315, 447