INDEX [media.wiley.com]€¦Index 493 Bathtub ring, 209 Bed load, 94, See also Rivers Big Thompson River flood, 64 Bijou Ditch (Colorado), 20 Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 154, 365,

492

AAbutments, 203, See also DamsAcenas (water mills), 18Acequias (irrigation ditches), 18, 232ACF River Basins, 431–435Acid mine drainage, 136–137Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), 86Acre-foot, definition of, 89Activated sludge, 365–366, See also Wastewater,

treatment processesActive conservation capacity, of a dam, 205,

See also DamsActive storage capacity, of a dam, See DamsACT River Basins, 431–435Adhesion, 31Adiabatic lapse rate, 59, See also WeatherAdiabatic process, 59, See also WeatherAerobic conditions, 153, See also NitrogenAerosols, 59Agencies, See Water management agenciesAge of groundwater, 119–120

residence time, 119–120Agricultural crop irrigation

acreage in the United States, 188–189center pivots, 194–197drip, 197–198efficiency of, 193gravity, 190Powell, John Wesley, 186sprinkler, 194–197techniques, 187–198top irrigated states in the United States, 190

Agricultural drought, 66Aldama, Dr. Alvaro, 324, See also Water

management agencies, MexicoAlluvial deposits, 93Alluvial fan, 93Alluvium, 107, See also SedimentationAmazon River, 73Ammonia, 151Ammonium, 151Anaerobic conditions, 153, See also NitrogenAnasazi Indians, 18Aqueducts

Croton River, 179 (See also Municipal water systems)

Los Angeles, 172 (See also Municipal water systems)

Owens River, 171–172 (See also Municipal water systems)

Roman, 12Aquiclude, 109, See also AquiferAquifer

aquiclude, 109confined, 110Dakota Sandstone, 110Darcy’s Law, 117–119definition of, 109hydraulic conductivity, 116hydraulic gradient, 116Ogallala, 112pore space, 113potentiometric surface, 120properties of, 113–115residence time, 119–120saturated thickness, 109specific yield, 119transmissivity, 117types, 109–113unconfined, 109–110

Aral Sea, 40–41Archimedes screw, 14, See also TambourAridity

definition of, 66difference from drought, 66

Arid regions, 34Arizona Water Agencies, 321Army Corps of Engineers, See U.S. Army Corps

of Engineers (Corps)Arroyos (dry gulch), 312Arsenic, 143–144, See also Inorganic chemicalsArtesian spring, 110–111, See also Confined aquiferAspect, of watersheds, 76Assyrians, 17Atmosphere, 57, See also WeatherAttila the Hun, leadership traits, 450Auger drilling, 125, See also WellsAustralia, 414–416, 418

Murray-Darling River Basin, 414–415

BBank storage, 77Barometer

highest and lowest recordings, 57–58standard atmosphere at sea level, 58Torricelli, Evangelista, inventor of, 58

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Index 493

Bathtub ring, 209Bed load, 94, See also RiversBig Thompson River flood, 64Bijou Ditch (Colorado), 20Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 154, 365,

See also EutrophicationBirk, Sandow, 435Black Hills flood, 64Blackstone River, 26Blaney-Criddle Method, 44BLM, See Bureau of Land ManagementBlue Baby Syndrome, See MethemoglobinemiaBlue Line, 185, See also Boulder, ColoradoBOD, See Biological oxygen demandBorehole, See WellsBoulder Canyon Dam, See Hoover DamBoulder, Colorado water system, 185–186,

See also Blue LineBraided rivers, 79–80, See also Platte RiverBroad Street Pump Study, 155, See also

Waterborne diseasesBUAP Drinking Water Fountains, 359Bureau of Land Management

duties, 293history, 293

Bureau of Reclamation, See U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

BuRec, See U.S. Bureau of ReclamationBurr, Aaron, 178, See also New York City

water systemButtresses, 204, See also Dams

CCalifornia Doctrine, 244, See also Water

allocation lawCalifornia gold rush, 242–244, See also Water

allocation lawCalifornias, Great war between, 435–437Canada

Niagara Falls, 26, 257–258water conflicts, 437–438water management agencies, 329–332

Canals, See IrrigationCandidate species, 377Cappaert v. United States, 292, See also National

Park ServiceCarcinogens, 147, See also Organic chemicalsCareers, in water resources, 400–403Carpenter, Delph, 254, See also Colorado

River CompactCarson, Rachel, 148, 372

Carter, President Jimmyattempt to reorganize federal

water agencies, 295Hit List (1977), 281

Casing, See WellsCatchment, See WatershedCavitation process, 207Center pivot, 194–197, See also Irrigation

Irrigation District, 210–212CEQ, See Council on Environmental QualityCERCLA, See Comprehensive Environmental

Response,Compensation, and Liability Actcfs, See Cubic foot per second, definition ofChand Baori stepwell, 13Changshui and Cheng Kuo Canals, 15Charcas (reservoirs), 18Cheng State Irrigation Canal, 15Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 23, See also

Washington, GeorgeChesapeake Bay Commission, 323Chicago River, 353–355Chickamauga Lock, 224–225, See also Tennessee

Valley AuthorityChimphamba, James B., 338, See also

Drinking waterChina

floods, 14–16Grand Canal, 21–22levees, 15–17navigation, 21–22Yu the Great, first manager of Chinese

waters, 15–16Chlorination, 358, See also Drinking waterCirque lakes, 81City Tunnel #3, 179–184, See also Municipal

water systemsClarkson, Nebraska, 358, See also Drinking waterClass A Evaporation Pan, 42

pan coefficient, 42Clay, See ShaleClean Water Act Amendments (1972), 275, 284

Section 404, 378, 380Clean Water Act Amendments (1977), 284

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permits, 366

Climatearidity, definition of, 66Coriolis Effect, 49definition of, 48dendrochronology, 52–53global trade winds, 49


494 Index

Climate (Continued )intertropical convergence zone, 49ocean currents, 49–51semiarid, definition of, 49

Cloudsorographic lifting, 59Rankin, William H., pilot ejected into

thunderhead cloud, 60Wisnierska, Ewa, paraglider sucked into

thunderhead cloud, 60–61Cloud seeding, 63–64, See also Weather modificationcms, See Cubic meter per second, definition ofCoagulation, 355–356, See also Drinking waterCode Napoleon, 236, See also Water allocation lawCode of Hammurabi, 229, See also Water

allocation lawCofferdams, 215Coffin v. Left Hand Ditch Company, 247, See also

Water allocation lawCohesion, 31, 45Coliform, 156, See also Indicator organismsColorado Division of Wildlife, 400–403Colorado Doctrine, 246Colorado gold rush, 242–244, See also Water

allocation lawColorado River, 122, 145, 206–209, 254–257, 287Colorado River Aqueduct, 172, See also Municipal

water systemsColorado River Basin Salinity Control Act (1974),

145–146, See also SalinityColorado River Compact (1922), 254–257Columbia River, 214–216, 390–395Common Law of Water, See Riparian DoctrineCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

Organisation, 129Compacts, See Interstate river compactsComprehensive Environmental Response,

Compensation, and Liability Act (1980), 166, 285

Concrete arch dam, 204, See also DamsCondensation, 45Cone of depression, 126–127, See also WellsConfined aquifer, 110Confluence, 77Conglomerate, 101Conservancy districts, 316–317

Miami Conservancy District (Ohio), 316–317Consolidated rock, 109, See also AquiferConsumptive use (cu), 44Contour lines, 74

Coriolis Effect, 49, See also Global trade windsCorps of Engineers, See U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers (Corps)Correlative Rights Principle, 249–250, See also

Water allocation lawCouncil on Environmental Quality (CEQ), 284, 376,

See also National Environmental Policy ActCranberry bogs, 191, See also IrrigationCrater Lake, 40Crest, of a dam, 203, See also DamsCroton River Aqueduct, 179–180, See also New

York City water systemCryptosporidiosis, 157Cryptosporidium parvum, 157, See also

Waterborne diseasesCSIRO, See Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial

Research OrganisationCU, See Consumptive useCubic foot per second, definition of, 73–74, 85,

See also MeasurementCubic meter per second, definition of, 73–74, 85,

See also MeasurementCuyahoga River, 283

DDakota Sandstone Aquifer, 110Dams

age in the United States, 202anti-dam construction era, 280–281components of, 203construction, 4–5environmental impacts of, 216–218flood control, 201foundation, 203Garrison, 274Grand Coulee, 214–216Hetch Hetchy Project, 292Hoover, 206–210hydroelectric power generation, 201, 215impacts of, 383–395Kingsley, 210–212navigation, 221–225operations and construction, 205–206primary purposes, 201–202removal of, 218sedimentation, 217–218Tellico, 383–386Teton, 212–214Three Gorges, 218–220types of, 204–205


Index 495

Darcy, Henry, 118Darcy’s Law, 117–119, 129Dating of groundwater, 120

residence time, 119–120Da Vinci, Leonardo

collaboration with Machiavelli, 22–23study of anatomy and water, 72as a water engineer, 22–23

DDT, 148–150, 378, See also Nonvolatile organic chemicals

Dead storage, of a dam, 205, See also DamsDe Coriolis, Gustav Gaspard, 49Delaware River Compact (1961), 258–259Delta, 93Dendrochronology, 52–53

Douglas, Andrew E., researcher, 52Denitrification, 153, See also NitrogenDepartment of the Interior, See U.S. Department of

the InteriorDesalination, 5–6, 345–346, See also Drinking waterDesert Land Act (1877), 278DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, 79, See also

SteamboatsDew point, 58Diligence, for a water right, 251, See also

Water rightsDiseases, See Waterborne diseasesDismal Swamp Land Company, 379, See also

Washington, GeorgeDissolved load, 94, See also SedimentationDissolved oxygen, 139–140, See also Water quality

biological oxygen demand, 154, 365Distribution systems, 358–361

Escalante-Pozos, Vladimir, 359Ditch companies, See Mutual ditch companiesDO, See Dissolved oxygenDoctrine of Prior Appropriation, 237, 240–249,

251–254, See also Tin mining; Water allocation law

DOI, See U.S. Department of the InteriorDonegan, Kevin, 122Doppler, Christian, 35Doppler radar, 35–36, See also PrecipitationDouglas, Andrew E., 52, See also DendrochronologyDownstream, 77Drainage basins, 73–74

world’s largest, 74Drawdown, 126, See also WellsDrinking water

BUAP Drinking Water Fountains, 359

Chicago, Illinois, 353–355Clarkson, Nebraska, 358desalination of, 5–6, 345–346for early civilizations, 9–14federal protection in US, 350–352historical perspective of, 334–337intakes, 352

Zebra mussels, problems with, 352–353New Orleans, Louisiana, 356–357private water supply companies, 155–156,

410–411quality, 2–3reverse osmosis, 345Snow, Dr. John, Broad Street Pump

Study, 154–155sources, 337–344treatment processes, 352–355USEPA Safe Drinking Water Standards, selected

constituents, 350–352Drip irrigation, 197–198Drought, 66–69

agricultural, 66hydrological, 66indices, 66meteorological, 66Palmer Drought Severity Index, 66socioeconomic, 66Surface Water Supply Index, 67

Dryland farming, 187Ducks Unlimited (DU), 471Dust Bowl, Canada and the United States, 67–68,

See also Drought

EEarth Day, 375, See also Environmental movementEarthen embankment dam, 204–205, See also DamsEarth fill dam, See Earthen embankment damEast Maui Irrigation Company, 314Education, See Water educationEdwards Dam, 218Effluent river, 80–81Egypt

ancient irrigation, 14–15drinking water treatment, 334early water transportation, 21noria (Egyptian waterwheel), 25

Einstein, Hans Albert, 95EIS, See Environmental Impact StatementElectronic water meter, 123–124El Niño, 62


496 Index

Endangered species, 377Endangered Species Act (1973), 377–379, See also

U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceJeopardy opinion, 378Klamath River, Oregon, 281–282, 378reasonable and prudent alternatives, 378safe harbor, 378Salmon, 390–395scoping process, 378Snail Darter, 383–385

English Common Law, 233, See also Water allocation law

Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), 471Environmental degradation, 1–3Environmental Impact Statement (EIS), 283,

375–376, See also National Environmental Policy Act

Environmental movementEarth Day, 375Marsh, George Perkins, father of, 371National Environmental Policy Act, 283,

374–376Eolian deposits, 102EPA, See U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyEphemeral streams, 80Epilimnion, 82–83Erie Canal, 23ESA, See Endangered Species ActEscalante-Pozos, Vladimir, 359ET, See EvapotranspirationEthics, 450Euphrates River, See Tigris and Euphrates RiversEutrophication, 154Evaporation

Class A Evaporation Pan, 42evapotranspiration (ET), 43–44lakes, 42–43Penman Equation, 42–43phreatophytes, 43sublimation, 31, 43transpiration, 43

Evapotranspiration (ET), See also EvaporationBlaney-Criddle Method, 44consumptive water use, 44lysimeters, 44potential evapotranspiration, 43–44Thornthwaite, C. Warren, ET researcher, 44

Everglades, Florida, See WetlandsExchange, of a water right, 253, See also

Water rights

FFace, of a dam, 203, See also DamsFairmount Water Works, Philadelphia, 336Farwell Irrigation District (Nebraska), 315Fate and transport of contaminants, 158–159

in groundwater, 159in surface water, 158–159

Fecal coliform, 156, See also Waterborne diseasesFederal Emergency Management Agency, 297–299Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 296–297

licenses, 296–297Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

(1972), 148, See also PesticidesFederal Land Policy and Management Act (1976),

293, See also Bureau of Land ManagementFederal Register, 374Federal reserved water rights, 262–263

Cappaert v. United States, 292 (See also National Park Service)

Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1956), 283Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments

(1972), 284Total maximum daily loads, 161

FEMA, See Federal Emergency Management AgencyFERC, See Federal Energy Regulatory CommissionFessenden, North Dakota, 363, See also

WastewaterFIFRA, See Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and

Rodenticide ActFiltration, of drinking water, 356Fines, 101Finger Lakes, 40Firm yield, of a reservoir, 206, See also DamsFirst possession, 233Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1958),

289–290, See also U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceFish hatcheries, 290, 394–395Fish ladders, 394–395Fish migration, 204Fish & Wildlife Service, See U.S. Fish &

Wildlife ServiceFissures, 107, See also GroundwaterFlahive, Colin, 218, See also Three Gorges DamFlash floods, 64–65Flocculation, 355–356, See also Drinking waterFlood control

districts, 309–313duties of the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, 270–274historic, 14–17


Index 497

Mississippi River, 271–272, 309–313Pima County Flood Control District

(Arizona), 312–313Flood Control Act (1928), 272Flood Control Act (1936), 272–273Flood Control Act (1944), 273–274Flood control capacity, of a dam, 205, See also DamsFlood control dam, 201Flood frequency

Q100, 100-year flood, 91Q500, 500-year flood, 91

Flood Insurance Act (1968), 297, See also Federal Emergency Management Agency

National Flood Insurance Program, 297–298Flood irrigation, See Gravity irrigationFloodplain maps, 299, See also Federal Emergency

Management AgencyFloodplains, 93Flood pool, of a dam, See Flood controlFloods

Big Thompson flood, Colorado, 64Black Hills, South Dakota, 64China, 14–16flash, 64–65frequency

100-year flood, definition, 91500-year flood, definition, 91

Mississippi River, 65–66, 271–272, 309–313probable maximum flood (PMF), 91–92probable maximum precipitation (PMP), 91

Floridian Aquifer, 109Flow meter, 87FLPMA, See Federal Land Policy and

Management ActFluoridation, 358, See also Drinking waterFluoride, 146–147, See also Inorganic chemicalsFluvial material, See Alluvial depositsFog harvesting, 45–48Forest Service, See U.S. Forest ServiceFoundation, of a dam, 203Fractured aquifer, 109Fractures, 107, See also GroundwaterFreeboard, of a reservoir, 206, See also DamsFreier, Jake, 92French Common Law, 234, See also Water

allocation lawFrontius, Sextus Julius, 12Frost point, See Dew pointFungicides, 148, See also PesticidesFurrow irrigation, 190, See also Irrigation

GGage height, 87Gaining river, See Effluent riverGallatin Report, 23–24

Effects on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 267–268

Galleries, See WalkwaysGarden City Movement, 169–170, See also Howard,

Sir EbenezerGarrison Dam, 274General Survey Act (1824), 268, See also NavigationGenetic fingerprinting, 157Geographic Information Systems (GIS), 92Geological Survey, See U.S. Geological SurveyGeomorphology, 77, See also RiversGiardia, 157, See also Waterborne diseasesGiardia Lamblia, 157Gibbons v. Ogden, 221, See also NavigationGIS, See Geographic Information SystemsGlacial activity, around the world, 104–106Glacial outwash, 105Glacial till, 105Glen Canyon Dam, 287Global trade winds, 49, See also Climate

Coriolis Effect, 49George Hadley, researcher, 49

Global warming, 7GMD, See Groundwater Management

Districts (GMD)Gradient, of a river, 80–81Grand Canal, 21–22, See also China;

Transportation, canalsGrand Coulee Dam, 214–216Grant, President Ulysses S., 311Gravity concrete dam, 204, See also DamsGravity irrigation, 190, See also IrrigationGreat Salt Lake, 82Great Slave Lake, 40Greeley, Colorado, See Union Colony

(Greeley, Colorado)Greeley, Horace, 19Greeley Irrigation Company, 20Greeley Number 3 Ditch, 245–246, 313Greenhouse gases, 56, See also WeatherGroundwater

ancient theories, 101and climate change, 128–131constructing a well, 124–126Darcy’s Law, 117–119dating of, 119–120


498 Index

Groundwater (Continued )definition of, 99doctrines, 260–262

by state, 262geology, 101–104Hydrologic Cycle, role in, 41–42hydrology, 100–101locating, 120–124management districts, 318–319mapping, 120–124measurement methods, 123–124mining, 112–113movement and discharge, 115–119overdraft (See Groundwater mining)potentiometric surface, 120recharge, 4, 6, 107–108Rule of Absolute Ownership, 260Rule of Capture, 259spatial distribution, 99–100streamflow depletion of well, 126–128table, 101tectonic activity, 107withdrawals, 98

Groundwater Management Districts (GMD), 318–319

Northwest Kansas GMD No. 4, 319Groundwater mining, 426Groundwater wells, 157Gulf streams, 49, See also Ocean currents

Maury, Matthew Fontaine, researcher, 51Gyres, 49, 51

HHadley, George, 49, See also Global trade windsHailstorms, 63Halley, Sir Edmond, 42Hamilton, Alexander, 178, See also Municipal

water systemsHammurabi, See Code of HammurabiHardness, of water, 141–142,

See also Water qualityHeadgate, 190, See also IrrigationHeadwaters, 76Heating, 59–60Heavy metals, See Inorganic chemicalsHerbicides, 148, See also PesticidesHerd, Carlos, 102Hetch Hetchy Project, 292Highline Water District (Washington), 309High-scalers, 207, See also Hoover DamHit List (1977), 281, See also Dams

Hohokam Indians, 18Homestead Act (1862), 293Hoover Dam, See also Concrete arch dam

construction of, 206–210high scalers, 207hydropower at, 209

Howard, Sir Ebenezer, 169–170Garden City Movement, 169–170

Howari, Dr. Fares, 347, See also DesalinationHuang He River, 14–16Human–environment relationship, 395–404Human factor, 449–450Humidity, 58Hybrid plants, 349–350Hydraulic conductivity, 116,

See also GroundwaterHydraulic gradient, 116, See also GroundwaterHydraulic head, 116, See also GroundwaterHydric soils, 84Hydroelectric power generation, 209, 215–216Hydrograph, 87–88Hydrological drought, 66Hydrologic Cycle

condensation, 45evaporation, transpiration and consumptive

use, 42–45groundwater, 41–42key components of, 32precipitation, 32–38runoff, 38–39Thales of Miletus, theory of, 30total water supplies in, 32–34wetlands, 41

Hydrologists, 95Hydrology

Darcy’s Law, 117–119groundwater, 100–101surface, 72

Hydropower, 25–28ancient methods, 25Blackstone River, 26Grand Coulee Dam, 215–216Hoover Dam, 209mill raceway, 26Niagara Falls, 26, 257–258

Hypolimnion, 82Hyporheic zone, 77, See also Rivers

IIndian Reserved Rights, See Winters DoctrineIndicator organisms, 156


Index 499

fecal coliform, 156total coliform, 156

Influent river, 80–81Inorganic chemicals, 142–147, See also

Water qualityarsenic, 143–144fluoride, 146–147lead, 142–143metals, 142minerals, 144salt, 144–145selenium, 147

Insecticides, 148, See also PesticidesIntakes, 352, See also Drinking water

Chicago, Illinois intake into Lake Michigan, 352Zebra mussels, 352–353

Integrated pest management, 149, See also PesticidesInterflow, 76Intermittent streams, 80Internal Revenue Service water depletion allowance,

430, See also Ogallala AquiferInternational water treaties, 259Interstate river compacts, 254–259, See also Water

allocation lawACF River Basin, 431–435ACT River Basin, 431–435Colorado River, 254–257Delaware River, 258–259

Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), 49IPM, See Integrated Pest ManagementIrrigation, See also Agricultural crop irrigation

acequias, 18acreage in the United States, 188–189Anasazi Indians, 18Ancient Egypt, 14Ancient tools, shadouf, tambour, saqia, 14–15center pivots, 194–197China, 14–16districts, 313–314drip, 197–198efficiency of, 193Egypt, 14–15Farwell Irrigation District (Nebraska), 315gravity, 190Greeley, Colorado, 19–20, 245–246, 313Hohokam Indians, 18King Scorpion, 14Middle East, 17mutual ditch companies, 313–314Powell, John Wesley, 186, 277–279Salt Lake Valley, 18–19 (See also Young, Brigham)

sprinkler, 194–197techniques, 187–198top irrigated states in the United States, 190

Irrigation companies, See Mutual ditch companiesIrwin v. Phillips, 243, See also Water allocation lawIsobars, 62, See also MeasurementIsotherms, 56, See also MeasurementITCZ, See Intertropical convergence zone

JJet stream, 62Jetties, 222Joint use capacity, of a dam, 205, See also DamsJunior appropriator, 243, See also Water

allocation lawJustinian Code, 229–230, See also Water

allocation law

KKarst terrain, 102–105, See also Sedimentary rocksKettle lakes, 82King Hammurabi, 229, See also Water

allocation lawKing Scorpion, 14, See also EgyptKingsley Dam, 210–212, See also Earthen

embankment damdamage due to wind-generated waves, 210–212

Klamath Irrigation Project, 281–282, 378–379, See also U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

LLake Baikal, 39Lake Chilwa, 40Lake Michigan, 84Lake Okeechobee, 161–162Lakes

definition of, 38, 81ecological zones, 82evaporation, 42–43Franklin D. Roosevelt, 215–217 (See also Grand

Coulee Dam)largest in world, 81–82limnology, 81McConaughy, 210–212 (See also Kingsley Dam)Mead, 206–210 (See also Hoover Dam)seiches, 83–84thermal cycles, 82–83turnover of, 83types of, 81–82

Lake Tahoe, 39–40Lake Tanganyika, 39


500 Index

Lake turnover, 83La Niña, 62, See also WeatherLateral sprinkler systems, 194, See also Sprinkler

irrigationLavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 150, See also

Nitrogen gasLaw, See Water allocation lawLeach fields, 367, See also WastewaterLead, 142–143Lead poisoning, 142–143Levees

China, 15–17districts in the U.S., 309–313Mississippi River, 309–313

Limestone, 102Limnetic zone, 82Limnology, 81, See also LakesLincoln, Abraham

attorney in bridge obstruction case, 25Lincoln, Nebraska water system, 176–177, See also

Municipal water systemsLittoral zone, 82Live capacity, of a reservoir, 206, See also DamsLocal water management agencies, 306–314Locks, 21–22, 221–225, See also

Transportation, canalsLos Angeles Aqueduct, 171Los Angeles, California water system, 170–175,

See also Municipal water systemsLos Angeles River, 173Losing river, See Influent riverLouisiana Swamp Land Act (1849), 275, 379,

See also WetlandsLyell, Sir Charles, 105Lysimeters, 44, See also Evapotranspiration

MMachu Picchu, 17–18Maciavelli, Niccolo, 22–23Maps, See Floodplain maps; Topographic mapsMars, groundwater beneath, 98Marsh, George Perkins, father of, 371, See also

Environmental movementMaryland Mill Act, 235Massachusetts Mill Act, 235–236Matouskova, Dr. Milada, 396Maury, Matthew Fontaine, researcher, 51, See also

Ocean currentsMaximum contaminant level, 146, See also

Water quality

Maximum water surface, of a reservoir, 206, See also Dams

MCL, See Maximum contaminant levelMead, Dr. Elwood, 206, See also Hoover DamMeanders, 78–79, See also RiversMeasurement

acre-foot, definition of, 89cubic foot per second, definition of, 73–74, 85cubic meter per second, definition of, 73–74, 85flow meter, 87groundwater, 123–124hydrograph, 87–88isobars, 62isotherms, 56lysimeters, 44miner’s inches, 248Nilometer, 88–89rational formula, 85recorder, 88snowpack, 36–37snow pillow, 37–38snowtube, 37staff gage, 87stage-capacity curve, 89stream gaging, 85–89, 286–288surface water, 85–89water equivalent, 37

Metals, 142Meteorological drought, 66Methemoglobinemia, 151, See also NitriteMetropolitan Water District (MWD) of Southern

California, 172–173Mexico

Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act, 145–146

water management, 324–328Water Treaty with the U.S. (1944), 145

Miami Conservancy District, 316–317Microclimates, See Urban microclimatesMicroorganisms, 156–158, See also

Waterborne diseasesMiddle East

conflicts over water, 438–441desalination, 346irrigation, 17Peace Treaty between Jordan

and Israel, 441–445Mill Acts, See also Water allocation law

Maryland, 235Massachusetts, 235–236


Index 501

Mill raceway, 26, See also HydropowerMineralization, 153Minerals, 144, See also Water qualityMiner’s Inch, 248Mining Law (1872), 293, See also Bureau of Land

ManagementMining, of groundwater, 112–113Mississippi River

drinking water, as a source of, 356–357floods, 65–66, 78, 236, 238, 309–313levee boards, 309–313Lincoln, Abraham, 25navigation on, 24–25, 268–270Pregracke, Chad, 451–452steamboats, 24–25watershed, 73

Mississippi River Beautification and Restoration Project, 451–452

Monet, Claude, 275Monitoring wells, 159Mud logger, See Well drillingMulholland, William, 171, See also Los Angeles,

California water systemMultiple-effect distillation (MED), 348Multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation, 348Multistate Water Agencies, 323–324

Chesapeake Bay Commission, 323Tribal and First Peoples water issues, 323–324

Municipal effluent, 366Municipal water systems

Boulder, Colorado, 185–186Blue Line, 185

Chicago, 353–355Clarkson, Nebraska, 358Columbia, South Carolina, 307Lincoln, Nebraska

Ashland Wellfield, 176history, 176water rates, 176–177

Los AngelesHistory, 171Los Angeles Aqueducts, 172Metropolitan Water District (MWD),

172–173Mulholland, William, 171Owens Valley, 171–172water rates, 173–174

New Orleans, 356–357New York City

City Tunnel #3, 179–184

Croton River Aqueduct, 179–180history, 178, 307–308water rates, 184

Murray-Darling River Basin, 414–415, See also Australia

Mutual ditch companies, 313–314

NNader, Ralph, 280Napoleon I, See Code NapoleonNASA, See National Aeronautics and Space

AdministrationNational Aeronautics and Space Administration

search for groundwater beneath Mars, 98National Audubon Society, 471–472National Data Buoy Center, 57–58National Environmental Policy Act (1969),

283–284, 375, See also U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Council on Environmental Quality, 284environmental impact statement, 283,

375–376National Flood Insurance Program, 297–298National Irrigation Congresses, 278–279National Marine Fisheries Service, 297National Park Service

Cappaert v. United States, 292Hetch Hetchy Project, 292history, 291–293

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permits, 284, 366, See also Wastewater

National Rivers and Harbors Congress, 269, See also Navigation

National Water Quality Inventory, 133–134National Wildlife Federation (NWF), 472Natural levees, 93Natural organic chemicals,

See Organic chemicalsNatural Resources Conservation Service, 294,

See also Measurement, snowpackNatural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), 473Natural Resources Districts (Nebraska),

75–76, 317–318Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources

District, 318Natural Resources Districts (NRD)

nitrogen, 152–153nutrients, 150–151 (See also Water quality)phosphorus, 153–154

Nature Conservancy, 473


502 Index

Navigation, 21–25, 268–270domestic travel on selected U.S. inland

waterways, 270Gallatin Report, 23–24, 267–268General Survey Act (1824), 268Gibbons v. Ogden, 221locks, 21–22, 221–225National Rivers and Harbors Congress, 269Northwest Ordinance, (1787), 225Rivers and Harbors Act (1899), 268role of the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, 268–270Tennessee Valley Authority, 222–225, 271

Nelson, Ted, 223, See also Tennessee Valley Authority

NEPA, See National Environmental Policy ActNew Orleans, Louisiana, water treatment system,

356–357, See also Drinking waterNew York City Tunnel #3, See City Tunnel #3New York City water system, 178–184, 307–308,

See also Municipal water systemsNew Zealand, 111Niagara Falls, 26, 257–258Niagara River Water Diversion Treaty

(1950), 257–258Nile River

King Scorpion, day of breaking the river, 14Nilometer, 88noria (Egyptian water wheel), 25

Nilometer, 88–89Nitrate, 151Nitrification, 153, See also NitrogenNitrite, 151

Methemoglobinemia, 151Nitrogen, 150–153

aerobic conditions, 153anaerobic conditions, 153denitrification, 153mineralization, 153nitrification, 153nitrogen fixation, 152–153

Nitrogen Cycle, 152–153Nitrogen fixation, 152–153Nitrogen gas, 150

Rutherford, Daniel, discoverer of, 150NMFS, See National Marine Fisheries ServiceNOAA Fisheries, See National Marine

Fisheries ServiceNonpoint source pollution, 134–138,

See also Pollution

Nonvolatile organic chemicals, 148, See also Synthetic organic chemicals

Noria, 25Northwest Kansas Groundwater Management

District No. 4, 319Northwest Ordinance (1787), 225NPDES, See National Pollutant Discharge

Elimination System PermitsNPS, See National Park ServiceNRCS, See Natural Resources Conservation ServiceNVOCs, See Nonvolatile organic chemicals

OOcean currents, 49–51

El Niño, 62Gulf Stream, 49gyres, 49, 51La Niña, 62Maury, Matthew Fontaine, researcher of, 51

Ocean temperature, 57Ogallala Aquifer, 112, 319, 426–430Old Oaken Bucket Pond Dam, 204Ontario Ministry of Environment, 157Open-meetings laws, 319Open-records laws, 319Operation ZuiderZEE, 7Organic chemicals, 147–154, See also Water quality

natural, 147pesticides, 148–149synthetic, 147–148

Orientation of watershed, 76Orographic lifting, 59–60, See also Weather

rain shadow, 60–61Outlet gates, of a dam, 203, See also DamsOutlet, of a dam, 203, See also DamsOverland flow, 76, 85Owens Valley, 171–172, See also Municipal

water systemsOxbow lakes, 78, See also RiversOzone gas, 358, See also Drinking water

PPalmer Drought Severity Index, 66

Palmer classifications, 66Palmer, W.C., 66

Pan coefficient, 42, See also Class A Evaporation Pan

Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District (Nebraska), 318

Parapet wall, of a dam, 203, See also Dams


Index 503

Paris Sewer Museum, 362, See also WastewaterPark Service, See National Park ServiceParts, of a dam, 203Passaic River, 336Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag, 395Pasteur, Louis, 156, See also Waterborne diseasesPenman Equation, 42–43, See also EvaporationPerched aquifer, 109Percolation, 76, 107, See also GroundwaterPercussion drilling, 111, See also WellsPeriodic table, 143Permeability, 115–116, See also GroundwaterPesticides, 148–149, See also Synthetic

organic chemicalsCarson, Rachel, 148Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide

Act (1972), 148integrated pest management, 149

pH, 139–140, See also Water qualityPhiladelphia

water system, 335–336Phosphorus, 151Phosphorus Cycle, 153–154Phreatophytes, 43, See also EvaporationPima County Flood Control District

(Arizona), 312–313Pinchot, Gifford, 295, 372, See also U.S.

Forest ServicePiping, in a dam, 212Platte River, 16, 79–80, 93, 386–390, See also

Whooping Cranesandhill crane, 386–390

Playfair, John (Playfair’s Law), 77, See also RiversPleistocene epoch, 104–106

Lyell, Sir Charles, theory of, 105Plume, 136, 159, See also PollutionPluvial lakes, 81–82PMP, See Probable maximum precipitationPoint of diversion, 253Point source pollution, 134–138, See also PollutionPollio, Marcus Vitruvius, 101Pollution, 133–134, See also Water quality

fees and credits, 418nonpoint source, 134–138point source, 134–138

Population, 1–2future water management issues, 424–425

Pore space, 113, See also AquiferPorosity, 113–115, See also AquiferPotable water, 338, See also Drinking water

Potential evapotranspiration, 43–44Potentiometric map, 120–121Potentiometric surface, 120, See also AquiferPowell, John Wesley, 186, 277–279, 438, See also

U.S. Bureau of ReclamationPrecipitation

average annual in selected U.S. cities, 34average annual in selected world cities, 34–36extremes around the world, 35–37measuring

Doppler radar, 35–36probable maximum, 91rain gages, 35, 37snow course, 37snowpack, 36–37snow pillow, 37–38snowtube, 37

runoff, 38–39virga, 34

Pregracke, Chad, 451–452, See also Mississippi River

Pretreatment, 355–356Primary treatment, 364–365, See also WastewaterPrior appropriation doctrine, 122–123Private water supply companies,

See Drinking waterPrivatization, 410–411Probable maximum flood (PMF), 91–92Probable maximum precipitation (PMP), 91Profundal zone, 82Pueblo water rights, 232–233, See also Water

allocation lawPumping, of a well, 123–126

QQ100, See Flood frequencyQ500, See Flood frequencyQanat, 11

RRadcliffe, Dr. David, 161Radiocarbon analysis, 120Rain gages, 35, 37Rain shadow, 60–61, See also Orographic liftingRamsar Convention on Wetlands, 41, 84Rani-ki-Vav stepwell, 13Rankin, William H., 60, See also CloudsRasmussen, Dr. Todd, 161Rating curve, 87Rational formula, 85


504 Index

RCRA, See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Reasonable Use Principle, 249, See also Water allocation law

Recharge, See GroundwaterReclamation Act (1902), 279–280, See also U.S.

Bureau of ReclamationRecorder, device to measure water levels, 88Recreational Rivers, 374Redox, 140Red River, 81Refuse Act (1899), 268–269Regional water management agencies, 314–321

Conservancy/conservation districts, 316–317Miami Conservancy District, 316–317

Groundwater Management DistrictsNorthwest Kansas Groundwater Management

District No. 4, 319Irrigation districts, 315

Farwell Irrigation District, 315Natural Resources Districts, Papio-Missouri River

Natural Resources District, 318Water Management Districts, Florida, 319–321

Remote sensing, 388Reservoirs

definition of, 38, 82firm yield, 206storage, 89–90

Residence time, 119–120, See also Aquifer; Groundwater

estimated residence time of world’s water supply, 119–120

use of tritium, 120Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), 284Reverse osmosis, 345, 348–349, See also

Drinking waterRhode Island water agencies, 322Richards, Ellen Swallow, 164Riparian Doctrine, 230, 236–238, 249–251, See also

Water allocation lawRiprap, 205River basin, See WatershedRiver basin conservancy districts, See

Conservancy districtsRiver compacts, See Interstate river compactsRivers

bank storage, 77bed load, 94braided, 79–80compacts, 254–259components of, 76–77

confluence, 77discharge, 85–86downstream, 77effluent, 80–81ephemeral, 80gradient of, 80–81headwaters/source, 76hydrograph of, 87–88hyporheic zone, 77influent, 80–81intermittent, 80meanders, 78–79morphology, 77–80oxbow lakes, 78saltation, 94sediment yield, 94stage, 87types of, 80–81upstream, 77Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968), 373–374

Rivers and Harbors Act (1899), 268, See also Navigation

RO, See Reverse osmosisRoberts, Dr. Wes, 450Rogstad, Larry, Colorado Parks and Wildlife, 400Romans

aqueducts, 11canals, 11drinking water, 334–335Frontius, Sextus Julius, first water commissioner

of Rome, 12Roosevelt, President Franklin D.

controversy over Grand Coulee Dam, 216creation of Tennessee Valley Authority, 223, 271Lake, 214–216

Roosevelt, President Theodoreexpansion of forest reserves, 295wildlife protection, 289, 372

Rule of Absolute Ownership, 260, See also Groundwater

Rule of Capture, 259, See also GroundwaterRunoff, 38–39Rutherford, Daniel, 150

SSafe Drinking Water Act (1974), 284, 350–351Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments (1986), 142Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments (1996),

143, 285, 351Safe Drinking Water Standards, 352Salinity, 144–145, 193–194, See also Salt


Index 505

Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act (1974), 145

Salinity Act, See Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act

Salmon, in the Columbia River, 390–395Salt, 144–145, See also MineralsSaltation, 94, See also Rivers; SedimentationSalt Lake City, Utah, See Great Salt Lake;

Young, BrighamSaltwater upconing, 130–131Salvaged water, 253, See also Water rightsSandhill cranes, 386–390, See also Platte RiverSandhogs, 179, See also City Tunnel #3Sandstone, 101, See also Sedimentary rocksSan Luis Valley, Colorado, groundwater, 111Saqia, 14–15, See also IrrigationSaturated thickness, 109, See also AquiferSaturated zone, 101, See also Vadose zoneScale, of maps, 74Scenic Rivers, 374Schaeffer, V.J., 62–63, See also Weather modificationSchemenauer, Dr. Robert S., 45Schnock, Eileen M., 181, See also City Tunnel #3SDF, See Stream depletion factorSeawater intrusion, 129–131Secchi Dip-In, 141Secchi disk, 140–141Secondary treatment, 365–366, See also WastewaterSection 404 Permit, 275, 378, 380, See also Clean

Water Act Amendments (1972)Sediment, 93Sedimentary rocks, 101–102Sedimentation

alluvial deposits, 93bed load, 94caused by dams, 217–218dissolved load, 94saltation, 94suspended load, 94–95yield, 94

Sediment yield, 94Seiches, 83–84, See also LakesSeine River, 275Selenium, 147Semiarid, definition, 49, See also ClimateSenior appropriator, 243, See also Water

allocation lawSeptic tanks, 367, See also WastewaterSewage, See WastewaterSewage farms, 363Sewage lagoons, 363–364

Sewage treatment, See WastewaterSewer districts, See Water and sewer districtsShadouf, 14–15, See also IrrigationShale, 101–102Shepherd, Dr. J. Marshall, 53Sierra Club, 473Silent Spring, 148Siltstone, 101Sinkholes, 102–105Siphons, 103Siphon tube, 191, See also IrrigationSmith, Dr. Sandra, 329, See also Water

management agenciesSnail Darter, 383–385, See also Tellico

Dam, TennesseeSnake River, 128Snow core, 37Snow course, 37Snow, Dr. John, 154–155, See also

Waterborne diseasesSnowpack, 36–37, See also PrecipitationSnow pillow, 37–38Snow tube, 37Socioeconomic drought, 66Soil

definition, 101moisture, 101

Soil moisture, 41, 101Sonic meters, 123–124Sorting, of sediments, 93Source water, 159, See also Wellhead

Protection ProgramSouthern oscillation, 62, See also El NiñoSpanish water law, 231–233Specific capacity, 126, See also WellsSpecific yield, 119, See also AquiferSpillway, of a dam, 203, See also DamsSpring, 110–112, See also AquiferSprinkler irrigation, 194–197Staff gage, 87Stage-capacity curve, 89, See also MeasurementStage, of river, 87Standard atmosphere, 58, See also BarometerState water management agencies, 321–322Steamboats

Bertrand, 79on Mississippi River, 24–25R.E. DeRussy, 24

Steel measuring tape, 123Stepwells, 13Stream depletion factor, 127–128


506 Index

Stream gaging, 286–288, See also Measurementfirst station near Embudo, New Mexico, 286

Streams, See RiversSublimation, 31, 43, See also EvaporationSumerians, 17Superfund, See Comprehensive Environmental

Response, Compensation, and Liability ActSurcharge capacity, of a reservoir, 205,

See also DamsSurface tension, 32Surface water

lakes, 38reservoirs, 38runoff, 38–39wetlands, 41, 367

Surface water hydrologydefinition of, 72interflow, 76overland flow, 76

Surface Water Supply Index, 67, See also DroughtSuspended load, 94–95, See also SedimentationSwamp Land Act (1849), See Louisiana Swamp

Land Act (1849)Swamp Lands Act (1850), 275, 379Swamp Lands Act (1860), 275, 379Synthetic organic chemicals, 147–148, See also

Organic chemicalsnonvolatile organic, 148volatile organic, 147–148

TTambour, 14–15, See also IrrigationTaylor Grazing Act (1934), 293, See also Bureau of

Land ManagementTCE, See Volatile organic chemicalsTectonic formations of groundwater, 107Tellico Dam, Tennessee, 383–385, See also

Snail DarterTemperature, of water, 56–57, 138–140, See also

Water qualityisotherms, 56

Temporary storage capacity, of a dam, 206, See also Dams

Tenders, of a dam, 205, See also DamsTennessee River, 222–225, 383–385, See also

Snail DarterTennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 222–225, 271

creation of, 223, 337snail darter, 383–385

Tertiary treatment, 366, See also Wastewater

Teton Dam, 212–214Texas

Ogallala Aquifer, 112water planning, 426–430

Thales of Miletus, 30Thalweg, 77, See also RiversThames River, 155Thermal springs, 111–112Thermocline, 83“Third Straw” tunnel, 209Thornthwaite, C. Warren, 44, See also

Evapotranspirationpotential evapotranspiration, 43–44 (See also

Evaporation)Threatened species, 377, 390Three Gorges Dam, 218–220Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, 17, 442–443Tin mining, 241TMDLs, See Total maximum daily loadsToe, of a dam, 203, See also DamsTopographic maps, 74–75, 470–471, See also U.S.

Geological SurveyTorricelli, Evangelista, inventor of the mercury

barometer, 58Total capacity, of a reservoir, 206, See also DamsTotal coliform, 156, See also Waterborne diseasesTotal maximum daily loads, 161, See also

Water qualityTownsend, Connie, 427, See also Texas,

water planningTragedy of the Commons, 443–447Transmissivity, 117, See also Groundwater,

movement and dischargeTranspiration, 43, See also EvaporationTransportation, canals

China, 21–22Egypt and Greece, 21Europe, 21–23United States, 23–25

Tree rings, study of, See DendrochronologyTribal and First Peoples water issues, 323–324Tributaries

definition of, 76Trickling filters, 365, See also WastewaterTrilogy Emergency Response Application

(TERA), 92Trout Unlimited (TU), 473Tunnel #3, See City Tunnel #3Turbidity, 140–141, See also Water qualityTurnover, of a lake, See Lake turnover


Index 507

TVA, See Tennessee Valley AuthorityTyler v. Wilkinson, 237, See also

Water allocation law

UUltraviolet systems, 358, See also Drinking waterUnconfined aquifer, 109–110Unconsolidated rock, 109, See also AquiferUnion Colony (Greeley, Colorado), 19–20, 245–246,

313, See also Water allocation lawUnsaturated zone, See Vadose zoneUpstream, 77Upwelling, 51Urban heat island effect, 53Urban microclimates, 53–56USACE, See U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps)U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps)

flood control duties, 270–274history, 267–270National Rivers and Harbors Congresses, 269navigation duties, 268–270wetlands protection, 275–276, 379–382

USBR, See U.S. Bureau of ReclamationU.S. Bureau of Reclamation

Grand Coulee Dam, 214–217history, 277–279Hoover Dam, 206–210Klamath Irrigation Project, 281–282, 378–379National Irrigation Congresses, 278–279Powell, John Wesley, 279Reclamation Act (1902), 279–280Teton Dam, 212–214

USDA, See U.S. Department of AgricultureU.S. Department of Agriculture, 294U.S. Department of the Interior, 276U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,

282–285, 380environmental impact statement, 283, 375–376history, 283–285National Environmental Policy Act

(1969), 283, 375Safe Drinking Water Standards, selected

constituents, 352total maximum daily loads, 161Watershed Protection Programs, 160–161Wellhead Protection Program, 159–160wetlands protection, 379–382

USEPA, See U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 289–290, 377

duties, 289–290

Endangered Species Act, 289–290, 377–379history, 289–290

U.S. Forest Serviceduties, 295history, 294–295

USFS, See U.S. Forest ServiceUSFWS, See U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceU.S. Geological Survey

duties, 286–288history, 286–287river discharge records, 87topographic maps, 74

USGS, See U.S. Geological SurveyU.S. Supreme Court rulings

Cappaert v. United States, 292 (See also National Park Service)

Gibbons v. Ogden, 221 (See also Navigation)Tyler v. Wilkinson, 237 (see also Water

allocation law)Winters v. United States, 263 (see also Federal

reserved water rights)Usufructory property right, 237, See also Water

allocation lawUV systems, See Ultraviolet systemsUzbekistan

Aral Sea, 40–41

VVadose zone, 101, See also GroundwaterVelocity of flowing water, 93

affect on sediment sorting, 93Virga, 34Vitruvius, See Pollio, Marcus VitruviusVOCs, See Synthetic organic chemicalsVoid space, 113, See also Pore spaceVolatile organic chemicals, 147–148, See also

Synthetic organic chemicals

WWalden Pond, 381, See also WetlandsWalkerton, Ontario, 157, See also

Waterborne diseasesWalkways, 208Washington, George

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 23Dismal Swamp Land Company, 379–380

Wastewaterhistorical perspective, 334–337irrigation, 193, 362–363leach fields, 367


508 Index

Wastewater (Continued )National Pollutant Discharge Elimination

Permits, 284, 366Paris Sewer Museum, 362septic tanks, 367sewage farms, 363treatment, lack of, 1, 3treatment processes, 364–367

Water allocation lawCalifornia Doctrine, 244California gold rush, 242–244Code Napoleon, 236Code of Hammurabi, 229Coffin v. Left Hand Ditch Company

(Colorado), 247Colorado Doctrine, 246–247Colorado gold rush, 242–244Correlative-Rights Principle, 249–250Doctrine of Prior Appropriation, 237,

240–249, 251–254English Common Law, 233Federal reserved water rights, 262–263First possession, 233French Common Law, 234groundwater doctrines, 260–262

by state, 262international water treaties, 259Interstate compacts, 254–259, 431–435Irwin v. Phillips, (California), 243 (See also

Doctrine of Prior Appropriation)Mill Acts, 234–236Pueblo water rights, 232–233Reasonable-Use Principle, 249Riparian Doctrine, 230, 236–238, 249–251Spanish water law, 231–233Tyler v. Wilkinson, 237Usufructory property right, 237Water court of Valencia, 230–231Winter’s Doctrine, 263

Water and sewer districts, 308–309Highline Water District (Washington), 309

Water banking, 418Waterborne diseases, 154–158,

See also Water qualitymicroorganisms, 155–157Snow, Dr. John, cholera study in London

(1854), 154–155Water budget, 44–45Water conservancy districts, See

Conservancy districts

Water conservation, 3–5xeriscape, 4

Water court of Valencia, 230–231Water crisis, 157Water-diamond paradox, 406Water dowsing, 121–122Water ecosystem restoration, 396–400Water education, 4, 7Water equivalent, 37Water law, See Water allocation lawWater management agencies

Canada, 329–332levee districts, 309–313local, 306–314Mexico, 324–328multi-state, 323–324regional, 314–321state, 321–322U.S. federal, 266–303Water and sewer districts, 308–309

Water Management Districts (WMD), 319–321Water marketing, 414–416Water measurement, See MeasurementWatermills, 25–26, 234–239,

See also AcenasWater Pollution Control Act (1948), 283Water properties, 30–32

adhesion, 31cohesion, 31surface tension, 32

Water quality, 6Colorado River Basin Salinity Control

Act, 145–146dissolved oxygen, 139hardness, 141–142inorganic chemicals, 142–147nutrients, 150–151organic chemicals, 147–154pH, 139–140pollution, 133–134redox, 140total maximum daily loads, 161turbidity, 140–141waterborne diseases, 154–158water sampling, 163–164

Water Quality Act (1965), 283Water quality planning, selected history of

stages, 368–369Water rates

Lincoln, Nebraska, 176–177


Index 509

Los Angeles, California, 173–174New York City, New York, 184

Water rights, See also Water allocation lawdiligence, 251exchange, 253Federal reserved, 262–263junior appropriators, 243point of diversion, 253salvaged water, 253senior appropriators, 243

Water sampling, 163–164Watershed Protection Approach (WPA), 160Watershed Protection Programs, 160–161, See also

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyWatersheds, See also Hydrology

aspect, 76delineation, 74–76orientation of, 76world’s largest, 73–74

Water table aquifer, See Unconfined aquiferWater treatment, See Drinking water; WastewaterWaterwheel, See HydropowerWeather

air pressure, 57–58drought, 66–69El Niño, 62floods, 64–66greenhouse gases, 56hailstorms, 63humidity, 58jet stream, 62La Niña, 62southern oscillation, 62temperature, 56–57

Weather modificationcloud seeding, 63–64Schaeffer, V.J., researcher, 62–63urban microclimates, 53–56

Well drilling, 125, 260Wellhead Protection Programs, 157, 159–160,

See also U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Wellsauger drilling, 125casing, 125cone of depression, 126–127construction of, 124–126drawdown, 126screening of, 125–126

specific capacity, 126streamflow depletion, 126–128

Wetlandsdefinition of, 41Everglades, Florida, 381, 383functions and values of, 84hydric soils, 84protection of, 275, 379–382role of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

275–276, 380Swamp Land Acts, 380Swamp Land Acts (1849, 1850, 1860), 275water treatment, role in, 367wildlife, 379–382

Whooping Crane, 386–390, See also Endangered Species Act

WHPP, See Wellhead Protection ProgramWild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968), 373–374Wilderness Society, 473–474Wild flood irrigation, 190–191, See also IrrigationWild Rivers, 374Wind

definition of, 62isobars, 62jet stream, 62windmills, 19

Winters Doctrine, 263, See also Federal reserved water rights

Winters v. United States, 263, See also Federal reserved water rights

Wisnierska, Ewa, 60–61, See also CloudsWMD, See Water Management Districts (WMD)Wolfe, Dr. Aaron, 449WPA, See Watershed Protection Approach

XXeriscaping, 4

YYangtze River, 218–219Yazoo stream, 93Yosemite National Park

damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley, 291Young, Brigham, 18, 239–240Yu the Great, first manager of Chinese

waters, 15–16

ZZebra mussels, 352–353, See also Drinking water






Documents

INDEX [media.wiley.com]€¦Index 493 Bathtub ring, 209 Bed load, 94, See also Rivers Big Thompson River flood, 64 Bijou Ditch (Colorado), 20 Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 154, 365,