INDEX

aba kuuri 102

Abbakr Ismã'il, ruler of Dãr Masãlît 114,

l16Abbas, ruler of Kano 186 (ft¡. 154)

Abbasid Caliphate 2zl-25

abbo daadinga 106

'Abd Allãh ibn lbãd 50 (fn. 195)

'Abd al-Karim. ruler of Wadai 100, 108, 260

'Abd al-Qãdir, ruler of Futa Toro ll9 (fn.

13l), l2l-123'Abd al-Qãdir, ruler of Baghirmi 236

Abdulkarim, ruler oîZx:n 176

Abdullahi ('Abd Allãh b. Muþammad al-TaSshi), ruler of the MahdiYa 36.20Ç207, 217 -2r9, 221J29, 233

Abdullahi, ruler of Kano 174, ll7 (fn. 109)

Abdullahi Burja, ruler of Kano 261

Abdullahi dan Fodio ('Abd Allãh ibn Füdi)2. 159-162,189, 281

Abéché 109

Abù .Abd Allãh Modibbo Muhammad al-

Kaún/74Abu'Abd Allãh Mubammad b. Muha¡rmad

b. .Ali b. Mäsã 267

Abú Bakr, ñrst caliph 12, 22-23Abü Bakr b. al-flãji Alrmad b. 'Umar b.

Mubammad Aqtr267Abi¡ Bakr ibo 'Umar. ruler of the Almora-

vids 60 (fn. l4),64,6ó,68Abä'l-Fa$l ,lyãd b. Mäsã al-Sabri 63

Abù'Imrãn al-Fasi 62abu l-jabbãyin 106

Abu Shouk, Ahmad lbrahim 218,23GZ31Abû Yúsuf26Abubakæ, ruler of Katsina 177

Abubakar Atiqu, ruler of Sokoto 262

Abubakar Kado, ruler of Kano 261

afurma 198

ada 136

Adamawa 199

Aghnides, Nicolas 28, 3E

Al-aþhãn al - sharÍy a lA4A I - ahladm al - s ult õ nly a 48, 282

Atrmad b. 'Ali, ruler of Borno 259

Abmad Bãbã 3,77 (fn. 86)

Ahmad b. Fürtú 135

Ahmad al-Maqúr 100, 102

Abmad b. Mutrammad ibn Sa'id 76

Ahmad b. 'Umar (Ahmadu Sheku), rule¡ ofthe Umarian state 142-145

Ahmadi Gaye (Amadi Gai) 9È91Ahmadu Ahmadu, ruler of Masina 132

Ahmadu Lobbo, see Seku Ahmadu L¡bboAlexander, Boyd 259

'AlI b. Dänama, ruler of Borno 261

'Al¡ b. Hamdän, ruler of Borno 259

'Ali Drnãr, ruler of Dar Für ll2,221 (f¡t.

59)

'Ali (G¿ji) b. Dûn¿ma" ruler of Bomo 134

Aliyu, ruler of Kano 179

Aliyu Babba, ruler of Sokoto 175,262Almamate, see imamate

almamy, almaami, almanY (= al-imãm):Bundu - 90-91'93-94; Futa Jallon -ll8-119, l4l; Futa Toro - 122,142:used by Samori Ture - 148

Almohads 69

Almoravids 7, 9, 46, 58-59, 6l-69, E5

amir al-mu'minin 125, 144,168,262ançã¡ 216,217 (fn.40)Aqirfamily 74

a¡d al-slba 237

Asantehene Osei Tutu Kwame 257

As'ila wörida min al-Takrur fî Shaww,õl E9E

78

AskiyaDãwùd 7Ç77,260Askiya al-tfãä Muþammad 9,69-71 , 134

(fn.191't,236Askiya Isþãq 175,260assaka (zakãt) 270,n2assakal (zakãl in Futa Toro) 122

Atiqu, ruler of Sokoto 262

Atlahiru II, ruler of Sokoto 200

Awbek b. Achfaghu, see Nã$ir al-DînAwdaghust 6l-52Azrya, Victor 125-126, 130-131, 148

3t2

Azawãd 124,266

Bã, Ahmadu Hampãté 288Bãdi Abü Diqin 2ólBaghirmi 107,254Bakhi¡, ruler of Dtu Sitã I I l-l 12bakonchi l8lal-Bak¡i 57-58,il-65Bakura Disrict (Sokoro Province) lBl-1E2,

t92, t96Bamba¡a (Bamana) 124, 145banibani 176Banä Daymãn 80Banu Hassãn (gassaniya) 8G84, 269-272Baqqara (tnbf-) 222-223, 225, 228bara 265baraka 56, 267168Barkindo, Bawuro 9G99barguma 97Barry, Boubakar 81-82, ll8, 120Barh, Heinrich 154, 193,201Bashear, Suliman 13,23b{in-goods 28, 162batu mawdo 125

Boyõn wujrib al-hijra ,añ ,l-,iMd 77 (fn.86), t62,28t

bayt al-jibãya lO2 (fn. 57)bayt al-mãl (public treasury): general - 23,

35-3ó, 5ll Atmoravids 68; Songhay -77; Masina (beital) - 127; Soko¡oCaliphate - 162; Mahdiya -216,230-232

ba¡ mãl al-khums al-khalifa wal-fay 218-221

bâyt mãl al-jihãdiya 218ba¡ mãl al-mulãzimiya 2l8,Z2U2Zlbayt mãl al-.umäm 218, 221, 22ç225bayt mãl warshat al-harbiya wal-hrsãna 218bayt mãl zabirîyat al-suq 218beggars: deserving and undeserving -

3740,45:, doles to- l8Gl88Beledugu 247Benisheikh, A- K. 139-140bid'a 136, l@Bi,llahi arùnu 182 (tu. 134)bilãd al-makhzan 237bilãd al-siba 237Bjørkelo, Anders 214, 218, 23G¿3lBladi, ruler of ManDãra 97Bobboi, Hamidu 137-l3EBokar Saada, ruler of Bundu 93Bomo 26, 88, 95, 97, 103, 107, 133-141,

237, 258-259, 2@-266, 275: see atsoKanem-Bomo

Onuc¡rony AtuscrvtNc: AN INeutRy TNT7ZAK.ÃT

Bourdieu, Piene 284-285Brãkna l2lBremner, Robert 40Brenner, Louis 138-139, 268Brown, William Allen 13l-132Bukar Aji (Aaji), ruter of ManDãra 95-96Bukaran Arbaana, ruler of ManDãra 96-97al-Bukhãn- 11,42bulama l3È140Bundu, see Futa BunduBurdon, Alder 155, 172 (fn. 77,79), 173,

r82, 198-200

Calder, Norman 19

Cayor 81,122charity, charitable acts: zakãt as charity -

16-17 , 20,23, 239;' and phitanrhropy -3942; anð public responsibility - 42;and public poor relief - 4243, 185:given to Muslim scholars - 91, lB5,25ç266,n3,285

chima chidibe 138chima gana 138, 140

chima jilibe 138 (fn. 213)chimakura 138,140Clark. Andrew F. 89-90,94Colvin, Lucy (Behrman) 8lCruise O'Brien, Donal 268Cunin, Philip 83

Dãjü r00, iloDãti 102

Dalilin Samuwar Allah 240 (fn. l7)DãrFongoro 107

Ðãr Für 6, 26, 33, 100-107, ltg, 22l-222,275J76

Dãr Masãlit 109, I t2-l 16Dãr Runga 107

DerSilã 110-t12DãrTama 107

4artba2l4Daura 17ó

De lVaal, Alex 106

Denyanke 121

dhimmi 29,36Dia126Diaguku l4ldiakha (zakãt) 120

Diina of Masina (Caliphate of Hamdallahi)6,33,88, 123-132

diamgal 128 (fn. l7l)dime (tirhe) 269dimliji 105

Dinguiray 14

diaka (zakãt) 143-146diwan (payroll) 217 (fn.40)drwãn (tax in Dar Fur & Wadai) 105, 109

Diyõ al- huk'l<õn 160-1 6 1, 28 1

djangel, see tax on livestockDjata, Sundiara A. 143

Doi, Abdur Rahman 37, 38 (fn. 155)

Doulo 97dubu da dame 198

Dänama (Dibalãmi) b.'Abd Allãh, ruler ofKanem 134

dyaka (zakãt) 128

dyakha (zakãt) 149

Egypt 25 (fn. 70),4516, 49,æ,213England 43-45Ethiopia 221

Evers Rosander, Eva 250exemption from taxation 167, 179-l8l

fama 148

famine relief: Almoravids - 66; Mandara -98; Dar Fur - 106l Da¡ Silã - 1l l: Dã¡Masãlit - ll4; Futa Jallon - l2l;Sokoto Calipbate - 185, 188-l9l;Mahdiya - 206-207, 222-226, 229,æ3; Timbuktu - 275

fard 17, 19, 120

fard'ayn 11 , 22faúkiFaya 17,22fari-mondio 75faqih (pl. fuqahã', Muslim scholar) 61, 65,

68, 79, 103, ll3-114, t16,259-26,274,n6

faqir (pl. fuqariP, poor person) 37-3Efarilla (zåkãt) 120

fãshir 102, 105, 107

al-Fãshir (El-Fasher) l0ófatwã 83fay revenue 35, 51, 52 (fn. 199), 64, 93,

t62-t63,282fergo Nioro 142fergo Umar 142

firsha 1 13-l 14

fiF, fitra (tax) 33, 66, 103, 105-106, 108,I I I, I l3-l 15, 2tt-212,2t9-220,225

fitra abdãn 230 (fn.95)Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn 25 IForkl, Hermann 95-99Fugumba l19FufBe 89, 91,93-95. 11&-127, 136, l4l,

165. 199

Funj 26, 205, 208-210, 212, zffiFuta Bundu 6,88-95

3t3

Futa Jallon 6, 88-89, 91, I 18-121, l4lFuta Toro 6, 81,88-89.91, l2l-123,141-

142

gaisuwa 165, 170

Galajio (revolt of G. in Masina) 13lgandu tudu 173

Gangar wa'azu 182Gao72Garba, Tijani 158, 16l (fn. 34), 175.179-

180, 182-183.201¿03Garbai, ruler of Borno 259

Gazargamo 135

Gellner, Emst 52-53Çtezin22O,225Ghana (Ghana) 9, 58{0, 62ghamma (booty); see also khums 93, 217,

?30gha¡ema (toll; market fee, protection mon€y,

üibute); see also maghram 76,82,269Al-ghayt al-wahl fi sîrat al-imõm al-.adl

ló1,280al-Ghazãli 25. 38-39. 49, 69ghinâ (sufñciency in material necessities) 40Gidan Rumfa 166gifts to Muslim scholars 99, 130, 241,243,

263-266,273,285Gll, J. lVithers lEO (fn. 122), 198,20OGirouard, Sir Percy 184

Godabawa District (Sokoto hovince) 192Gomez, Michael 4. 75-76, 89-94Goni Mukhur 136

Gonja 260Gowers, W. F. 199,201Goz Beida I l0grain loans I 19

gurda, see grain loansGwandu 172

Hadejia 169

hadiya (pl. hadãy-a') 269-27 0, n 2-27 3

hai57-58,60,69, lalhakimi (sg. hakimai) 156, 166, 177, 183,

195

hakki binimran (binumram) 139

Hamdallahi ln,42al-$ãjj tfamdùn b. Dänama, ruler of Borno

259,261Hamman Yaji, ruler of Madagali236Hanafi (lslamic school of law) 21 (fn. 82),

29,30(fn. lO2),51,216Hanson, John H. 146

barbr 29Hassan A,/Aziz Ahmad 228

INDEx

3t4

Hassãni,ûIassãnIya, see Banu Hassãn

Hausa24l-243,263-2&Hausaland 32-33,88 (fn. l), 164-168, 183,

186-188, 199-201, 253-254, 256,261266

hâwl (timing) 19

þãqüra 103-104, 107, 1 13, 275Hewby (Major) 19Ç197hijra l4l-142,215-216hisba 126(fn.162)Hisketr, Mervyn 77,80, 124, 134Hødnebø, Kjell 238Hogcndom, Jan S. 179,256 (fn- 92)llol¡, P. M.226-227Hull, Richard Vr'.203Hummay (Umme Jilrni), ruler of Kanem 133

humushi 165; see also khumsHunwick, John 8 (fn. l2), 55, 72J3,76,

7&-79,236,239,274þurma (tax exemption: immunity, sancriry;

protection) 26, 76, 82, 180-181, 2l I,269,275

hurumi, se l.rurma

ibàdã¡t275Ibn Abä Zar 6O (fn. l4), ó4,67Ibn al-Athrr 63, 6ó-6?Ibn Battùta 6lIbn'Idhãri 65Ibn Khaldän 4749,52,59, 60 (fn. l4\,67,

280Ibn Khalil 27 (fn.82),29-30,39Ibn Taymiya4S-49Ibn Tumarr 69Ibn Yãsin CAM Allãh b. Yãsin al-Jazüli) 60

(fn. l4),62-ó8,85Ibrahim Adlan224-225Ibrahim Dabo, rulerof Kano 174-175Ibr-ahim Sori, ruler of Futa Jallon I 19

Idn-s Alauma, ruler of Bomo 135,258al-Id¡isi 58

igzazayewa9TIliffe, John 238imãm l-2, 5,9,92-94,103, l19, 122-123,

125, 130, t34-t36, 235, 238, 244,246-248, 255, 257-258, 264, 267,n4-275,285,287

Imam Umoru (Imoru, Umaru) 132 (fn. 189),176 (fn. 99), 249, 252-2s3, 263-26s

al-Imãm al-Tâkä¡i 69, 75Imamate: of Nãçir al-Din - 84; of Bundu -

89-90; of Timbo - ll8-l19; of FutaToro (almamagal) - 122

Infaq al-maisúr 136

OEUGATùRY AI"II{SGIVING : AN INQUIRY INTa ZAKÃT

al-insan al-kãmil 80iqtã' (pl. iq!ã'ãt) 24 (fn. 69), 25 (fn. 70), 60,

103 (fn.64)Islamic economics 50-53Islamic order: of lbn Yãsin - 64-46: of al-

Maghili -7O-71: of Nãsir al-Din - 82;of Ahmadi Gaye - 9l; of Sulaymãn(Dãr Für) - 102; of 'Abd al-Kanm(Wadai) - 108; of Ibrãhim Sori - 119;

ofSeku Ahmadu Lobbo - 125-lTl: nthe Sokoto Caliphate - 159-163; ofthe Mahdrya - 205, 216: and alms-giving - 240-243; and the Suwariantradition - 246: and zakãt - 286

Islamic social welfare system 153,287Islamic state: ideal model - 4849,8E; and

zakãt - 53-55

Jabal Marr¿ 100, 107jabbayin 106Jalb al-ni'ma wa-dS al-naqma bi-mujãna-

bat al-wulat al-Talama 3jãhn5jaka (zakãù 248jakadu (sg.jakada) 167, 175, 183, 189, 195

Jakhanke 73 (fn. ó3), ll8, 245, 267-268,273

jakka (zakãt) 143jakko (zakat) 255jalúd al-nal¡ãs l0ljangali; see tax on livestock and zakãt

(variations)I enne 7 3-7 4, 126, 25 l, 267jibãyat'aysh wa-qutun 105 (fn. 75); see also

umm thalãthinJibnl ibn'Uma¡ 48jihãd: Almoravid 62,67: by Askiya al-tlãjj

Mutrammad - 77; by Usman dan

Fodio - 88 (fn. l), 160: and Bundu -89; in Futa Jallon - ll8; in Futa Toro

- l2l; in Masina - 124: by ldrisAlauma - 135; and Bomo - 136; byal-flãjj 'Umar Tal - l4l-142: bySamori - 148; by Mahdi MuhammadAhmad - 215, 217: and Suwariantradition - 245-246

jizya (poll tax): general - 2, 11,23-24,29(fn. 94), 35 (fn. 139), 5l-52, 7l; inMuslim Ghãna - 59; in Mãli - 60; and

Almoravids - 68; in Bundu - 90,91-94; in Mandara - 99: in the SokotoCaliphate - 162; in Kano - 164, 168;

in Baghirmi - 236Johnson, Manon 12Ç127, 129

Jolof 8lJomboxo 146

Juddãla 6l (fn.2l),624Juula (Dyula) I 18, 14?-149, 244-245, 24&-

249,267-268

Kaba L¿nsine 74 (fn.67)Kabara 76kabara-farma 76kaffala" sec tax on livestockk¿felo(kabelo) 139

kaleram (kassasseram) 139

kaliari (slave village) 139

Kanøn-Bomo 7; scc also Borno

Kankan 148

Kano 56, 70, 164-168, l7l, 174. ln-178,184, lE6-190, 194, 197,200-201,261-262

Kanuri 241,243,264Kapteijns, Lidwien 100, 104 (fn. 70), 109,

lll-l16karãm (generosity) 251

karãma (sanctity) 275

karamoko (Muslim scholar) 120, 149; see

also mãlam, faqihKaramoko Alfa (Alfa Ba) t l8-l 19

karo 165

Karø (Kaarta) l4l-l 42, 14+146Al-køshf wa'l-baydn li-asnõf majlûb al'

súàõn77 (fn.86)Kassala 223

Katagum 177, l8Èl8lKatsina ?0, 169, 17Ç177,189-190, 192,

195, 198

Kayra (Keira) 100-102, I 15

Kazaure 176

khadamãt (customary dues) 108, I l5khalifa 3, 36, 69, 70 (fn. 56), 104, l3¿l-135

khalifat al-mahdi 36, 206kharãj (land tax): Seoeral - 24,26,31,35

(fn. 56), 104, 134-135: in MuslimGhâna - 591 in SonghaY -76,78-79;in Dãr Sîlã - I I l; in Masina (kharady)

- 128; in Bomo - 139; in the Umarian

s¡a¡e - 143: in Kano - 165 (fn. 46),

167, 174: in the Sokoto CaliPhate -169. 173, 181, 184, l9-200; inZaria- 177; in the Funj Sulønate - 210; inWadai - 261

kharãj-land 24, 31, 128 (ftr. 170r,172

khidma (custom tolls; service) 106,269,n3khums (fifih of the booty): general - 2,51,

7l; Almoravids - Ø,66, ó8: Bundu -93; Masina - 127; Bomo - 139; Uma-

rian state - 143; Sokoto CaliPahre -170; Mahdíya - 2lÇ217, 220, 230

khurj (kharãj) 210

Kirk-Greene, A. H. M' 252

kinh al-fil 115

Kitãb Dalí ltzKit'ãb al-farq 160, 162

Kitãb Ghanjã2@Kitãb al-lstib¡ar 59 (fn. 8)Koelle, W. S.249Koko 249

Konyakary 1zló

Kordofân 223

kourgi (slave settlement) 93

kgakpa 256

kudin aun¿ 169

kudin busa 169

kudin galma 17Ç177,180 (fn. 122), 187'200

kudin gida l?4kudin gona 174

kudinhatsi 167, 184

kudinkaroñ 169

kudin kasa 161,169, l7l-172,175 (fn. 96)'177, 180-182, 184, 199-200: see also

kharãjkudin kira 169

kudin mada ló9kudin mahauta 169

kudin rafi: see zakãt (variations)

kudin saha 169

kudin sanâ'â 169

kudin sa¡auta 165, 168, l7O,176kudin shuka, see zakãt (variations)

kudin tamma 170 (fn. 65)

kudin yam mata 169

Kumbari, ruler of Kano 167 (fn. 53)

Kunta 124, 131,267-268Kuran. Timur 23,24 (fn.69)kurga 181-182Kwassau, ruler of 7¡ria 179

315

Laamu Diina L2Ç125; see also Diina ofMasina

Lamtüna 6l (fn.2l), 62, ó5

al-Lamtäni, Muhammad b. Muhammad b..Ali 7H0,85

Lange, Dierk 133-134Lapidus, Ira 280

Last, Munay 56, l?8Launay, Robert 5, 24ç249Lavers, John 134,137læo Africanus 274

INDEx

316

Levtz¡on, Nehemiah 58 (fn. 3), 65, 6?-69,81, 91, 134 (fn. 197), 24t246.256.266

Lovejoy, Paul E. 179,256 (fn.92)Lubeck, Paul 156

ma,aji (ma,aji babba) 166magajin rogo l7lal-Maghili 70-72, 7 4, 77, 85, lÍg-t&, 246Mahadi, Abdullahi 167-16gMahdî 206 (fn. l),207-2OEal-Mahdi, Abbasid caliph 26Mahdíya 7, 36, Chapter VIMahmoud, Muhammad 213Mahmúd b. .Umar b. Muþammad Aqit 267Alhaji Mahmudu Kok lB9maÌlram (charter of tax exemplion) 26, 133,

137-138.275mai bashera 187mai gida 16ómakajiha 97makkãsin 106malam 166, 174, 18Ç187, 199, Z4l,243.

263_265Malam Hamza 174malaman fada 166, 168, 265malaman kirgi 168, 2ó5mala¡nan shinfida 265Mali (Mãli) 9, 57, 59-41, 73, 244mãlik al-qawwãrin, mãlik al-makkãsin, see

abbo daadingaMãlik ibn Anas U-28,32Malik Sy E9-91Mãliki (Islamic school of law) 27-29. 3O

(fn. 102), 3t (fn. lO4), 37,5t,6243,68,93

mallamari (mallemri) l3Gl4OMamlüks 25 (fn.7O), 4547 , 49Mammadu Njaari Mben ll7Mamman Sani, ruler of Za¡i a 174, 176Mamman Yero, ruler of Zaria 179Mandara 1,95-99Mansã Mäsã 6O

Mansã Sulaymãn óO-ólMaraka (sg. Ma¡ka) 244, 247Marty, Paul 120,251Masina 123-132, 142. 251maslâha 153.2E4Massûfa 6l (fn. 2l), 73 (fn.63lmasu ketare 165masu saraura 155, 166-167, lZ9-l8lmasu unguwa 166Mauretania 80, 82, 237, 269-27 3Mauss, Marcel 14,42

OBUGAToRY ALMSGIVING: AN INQUIRY INT! ZAKÃT

mawãli (convert) 24al-Mãwardi t, ll, 25 (fn.74),35 (fn. 139).

36 (fn. 144),40 (fn. 165),48-49, 280,282-283

McDougall, E. ñn272McHugh, Neil 2l l, 275measures of grain: wasq - 3l-32; flã, - 32,

35 (fn. 38), 98, 193; rart - 32; mudd(midd) - 32-33, 105. 108-1t0, l14,I 16, 193,253

Mæca 15,22-23Medina 15,22-23.48.88Medine 146Meier, Fritz 25, 64 (fn. 8l),8l (fn. 9?)milk (freehold) 103 (fn. ó6)miskín (pl. masãkin, des¡irute) 37-3gMitchison, Rosalind 47-4EMoma Haji, rulerof Katagum l7Zmondio 7¿l--?5

Mori Ule Sisi 147Morocco 21, 25, 4647, 65-{f., 237mu.ãmalãt 236mudd, see measures ofgrainmudd (zakãt al-fi¡r in rhe Samori& state)

149muddu (zakãt al-fitr in Masina and in the

Umarian srare) 128. 143mudu (grain measure in Sokoto) 193mudu horma l2lMuþammad Ahmad 48, 205-206, 2ll2l7,

232J33Muþammad al-Amîn al-Kanemi 134Muþammad Bello (Muhammad Balù) 2,

136, 159-161,262,280Muhammad Bello, ruler of Kano 174, lg9,

262Mutrammad Rumfa, ruler of Kano 70, 164,

26tMuþammad al-Shan-f. ruler of Wadai lO7Muþammad Shæhere, ruler of Kano 261Muþammad Nazaki, ruler of Kano 261Mubammad Zaki, ruler of Kano 261Muhammadu Na Bimin Gwari 182 (fn. 134)Muhamman Sharefa, ruler of Kano ló5Mukhrar, M. I. 158Sîdi al-Mukhrar al-Kunrî 268Mukhtasar 27 (fn. 82)mukùs (sg. maks, extra,/non-Quranic taxes;

market dues) 51, ó7, 70, l0ómulk (full properry righrs) 275muqãsama (tax system) 26Muqaddima 49al-Murãbitùn, see Almoravidsmurgu 128, l3l (fn. t83)

musbghraqú aldhiman 27 0-27 2

al-Mustamsik, Abbasid caliph 69 (fn. 53)al-Mutawakkil, Abbasid caliph 69 (fn. 53)mutumin kirkii 25l-252al-Muwatta' 27 , 35 , 37

Nachtigal, Gustav l0l (fn.5ó), 102, 105 (fn.

72), r08-r09, 2sr2s4, 2s9Nakæh, Yitzhak 218Nana Asma,u l, 159,240 (fn. l7), 252 (fn.

72),262,287nagab (quantity) 19

Nãçir al-Dîn 9, 80-85, 89, l2lnãgir (superintendent of Muslims) 63Nazjrate of lbn Y-asin 6154ngimsa 139

Nicholas, Guy 264Nioro 144. 14ó

nisãb (st. nisba; minimum of goods uxableunder zakãt) 2U29, 3l-32, 39; of ushr

-31,105, t28,191-192niya (intention) 19

Nonis, H. T.82.84Northem Nigeria Chapter V

O'Fahey, R. S. 100, 103-106, ll0, 212Ohrwalder, Josef223Omdurman (Umm Durman\ 36,217, 219-

220, 222-225, 22'1, 23V23 L

Osswald, Rainer 271

Ottoman Empire 25, 135

pabe 128, 13l"pacific clericalism" 244Palmer. H. R. 172. 184. l9lPark, Mungo 91 ,92 (în. 17)peasant charity 239Perimbam, B. Marie 247philanthropy {$-{1, IPir 121

Poor [aw(s) 43-45por relief 39-40,4441poverty (Hausaland) l8Gl88prayer economy 56Prietze, Rudolf 265-266

al-Qall:^b:^¡.223-224alQardawi, Yusuf 15, 22, 39

Qayrawãn ó2al-Qazwînî 58

Qudama ibn la'far 39qudwa 245

317

rayka 105 (fn. 75); see also umm úalãth¡ûresponsibilities: comparison between Eng-

lish Poor Law and Islamic Law - 44-45

ribã! (pl. rubu!; border/frontier fortress) 62(fn.25), ó5

ridda I, 12, ó6

rimaybe (slave village) 127, 128 (fn. 128),

r30rinderpest 177,228Risalat al-rawl270 (fn. 16l)Robers, Michael J. D.47Roberts, Richard 144-145Robinson, Ddvid 122-123, l4lrogomi l8lRohlfs, Gerhard 265roko 265

Rosignoli 226,229Ruf*i, Ruyyatu Ahmed 190

runji (slave village) l9l (fn. l8l)runde (slave village) 120

sã', see mcasures of grainSaad, Elias 3, 7 5, 27 4-27 5

Sabra, Adam 25 (fn. 70),45al-l.Iâjj Salim Stwan 244-245; see also

Suwârian ¡raditionsadâ'a (zâkãl in Bomo) 139-140sãdãga249sadaka domin Allah 249

eadaqa 1,5, ll, 13-15, 17, 19-20,26,31,35, 4t42, 57, 120, 136, 154, t86,202, 2tt, 239, 24t-242, 246-248,250-255, 257-261, 263-266, 272,27+276,279,2E3

gadaqat al-nafl 13gadaqat al-tagwwu' 13

Sãþib al-kharôj 75

Saifawa 133-134, 138, 237salam (tax in Wadai) 108

Salma (Salama b. 'Abd Allãh), ruler ofKanem 133

Samori Ture 147-150Sanhãja 6l (fn. 2l), ó2{3,73 (fn. 63)Sanneh, Lamin 243, 250, 255sua254saraka (çadaqa) 248-249, 254sa¡kin hatsi 190sa¡kin muslimin 168

sa¡kin (pl. sarakunan) noma 256sukin rafi l7lsathka 249Schacht, Joseph 14, 235Segu 142, 145

INDEx

Rauray, R. S.254,263

318

Seku Ahmadu l-obbp 123-127.n4Senegal 8 l-83, 9È9 l, 2?5-226, 269, 273al-shãfi,i 19

Shãfi.i (Islamic school of law) 28-29, 30(fn- 102), 3l (fn. 104), 35 (tu. 138), 38(fn. 153),5l

shan-'a 49, 65,'10, 72, 77 , 82, 91, ll9, 125,13ó, 140, t46, 167,2t2, 2r6-2t7,235-237, 240, 247, 250, 266, 27t,n5,283,287-2ß8

Sha¡r/Shun Bubba 80-82shartay 105

Shaykh Sidîya 272heede hudo (grass money = kasasairam) l4OShemesh, Ben 26Shendi 214shúrã (council) 48

Shurb al-zulöl (Shurba Ziladù 162 (fn. 38)Sidi Abdulkadiri, n:l.q of 7-ana 262SIdî Al¡mad al-Bakka,i 13l-132Sîdi Muhammad al-I(halifa 132 (fn. 184)

çidq (sincerity of belief) 13

Sijilmasa 62.66-ó7sinMãlik 108

Sinnar 208-209,2ll,n5Sirãj al-ikhwan 160 (fn.30)Sissibe 91. 95slizha (tlija) 9óSmith, M. G. lóO-(fn. 29).1&-167, l7l,

174 (fn.90: 92),175,179, 188-lE9Soares, Beniamin 5,56social welfare policy 45-47, 54; see also

peasan¡ charity; suft charitysofa 149

Sokoto (resion) l7l-173, l8l-182, 183 (fn.l 38), 184-185, t98, 2ú, 265

Sokoto Caliphate 7-8, 54, C-trapter VSokoto gaisuwa 176Sokoto gandu 173

Songhay 3, 7, 9, 26, 69-78, 80, 85, 236, 2æSoninke 73 (1n. 63). 89, 244Sow Fall, Amiata 288Spaulding, Jay 100-101, l0}l04, 107Stewart, Charles C. 81, 236-237, 269-270.

272Suakin222-223,227al-subul al-'ãdiya lO4Sudan (Nilotic) Chapter VIçùñ 2, 5, 9, 45, 47,80,2l?-213,215,226,

266, 268-269, 272, 281, 2M, 287:charity - 267

Sulaymãn, ruler of Dãr Fùr 102

Sulaymãn Baal l2lSuleimanu, ruler of Kano 174

OBUGATORT ALMSGIVING: AN INQUIRY INToZAKÃT

gul[ (treaty) 60Sunni'Ali 73-74Sunni Baru 74Suwarian tradition 24 4 2,16, 257, 268, 286al-Suyuli 69-10,75,134 (fn. 197)

Ta'usha222-223,225Tahir, Ahmad 88 (tu. l)tä'ibùn (toube¿n) 8lT'ãj al-ûn fi nã yajib'alõ'l-muluk 70, 159økkr-ya/tukkiya 105, 109

Taknlr 9, 57-58talâkawa (sg. talaka, commoner) 155, 166-

168, 179, lE3

þlib (pl. ¡alaba, student) 68

fãlibän (talibe) 141, 144, 269Tanhîh al-gh$lin240 (fn. l7)Tanbîh al-ikhwãn 77 (fn. 8ó)Tarîkh al-Fauàsh 70, 260 (fn. ll5), 27 4Ta,rlkh al-Sûdãn 7 5 (fn. 1 1), 2æ, 267, 27 4tatawwu< (voluntary) 19

lausa (land tax) ló9 (fn. 60)tawba (repentance) 82tåt( on livestock: djangel - 108; kafFala -

108; khidmat al-mãl - ll5; ushur -ll5; jangali - lOE, 154, 1ó0 (fn. 29),165, l7O-171,177,199; 'ushr - 2l0lwusuru - 143; zakãh - lll; zakkanshanu - 165; zakãt al-bahãyim - 115;

zakãt al-mãl - 212,219 (fn.5l\,225Ternple. Charles L. 170 (fn. 6'6), l7l, 185

Timbuktu 3, 72J 6, 121126, 2@, 267-268,n3-275

Timbuktu-koi 75 (fn. 7l)tlikse 95-9toloram 139

Torodbe (Turudiya) 8+-91, I l7-l lE, l2lTratzaS2Tremeame, A. l. N. 242-U3tsaka (zakãt) 98-99Tsakkar Gida District (Kano hovince) 194,

196tulba 214Tunjúr 100, ll0Tureta District (Sokoto Province) 194

Turkîya 205,213-215tusur-mondio 76Tymowski, Michal 75 (fn. 74), 148-149,

2æ

Ubah, C. N. 157

'ulam* (sg..ãlim, Muslim scholar) 8,27,40,62,73, ttg, t25. t3t-132, 135-13ó,140, 172, 182, 215,260 (fn. I l5), 261,

266,274,280-2El; see also malam;

faqih

'Umar ibn ldn-s, ruler of Bomo 134

'Umar ibn KhaçÍãb, second Caliph 2,22J4,27,32, t6t,283

'Umar b. Muþammad al-Amin al-Kanemi,rulerof Bomo 134.259

'Umar Il, Umayyad caliph 24

al-tfãjj 'Umar Tal48, 124,l4l-147al¡Umari 60Umarian (Tukoloor) Emire/State l4l-147Usuman, ruler of Kano 174

Umaru, ruler of Sokoto 173

Umayyad Caliphate 24umm thalãthin 33, 105

umma48, 49 (fn. 194), 50, 285.uqi¡bã¡ 235Usman dan Fodio ('Uthmãn ibn Fúdî) 2,48,

77 (fn.86),124, 159-160, 162-163,240,2E1

'ushr (tithe): general - 2,24.26,30-32, 51,

154; Almoravids - 64,66l' Bundu -93_95; Dãr Fûr _ 105; Wadai _108-109; Futa Jallon - 120; Masina -128, 132 (fn. 189); Borno - 139;

collected by al-$ãjj'Uma¡ Tal - 142;

ãs wusuru - 143,149: Sokoto Caliph-ate - 16l-162, 184-185; as ushira -164, 185; Kano - 165; Funj - 210;Mahdiya - 216-217, 219, 230:' as

commodity tax - 230: Mo¡occo - 23?(fn. E); Eastem Beledugu - 247; tosûfi shaykhs 269

'ushr-lând 24,31,128 (fn. l?0)ushira (death duty) 164, 185

USûl al-siy,ãsa 161

'Uthmãn ibn'AfFan. third Caliph 50

Vicillard,G. l18Volta region 2214, 254-255, 263

Wadai 7. 26. 100, l0?-l10, 260

Wakar Bagaudal4Ù'Wandala, se¿ Mandaralilangarawa 244wzqaf 269waqf (pl. awqãf, pious foundation, endow-

menÐ 24 (fn. 69), 30 (fn. 102),4546,l 03-l 04, t37, 238, 268, 27 +27 5

warata 139

Wãrjãbî ibn Rãbrs, ruler of Tak¡úr 57wasq (pl. awsãq, camel-load of grain) 3l

319

trlVatts, Michael 54-55, 153, 155-157, 159,

178 (fn. ll5), l8l, 185,238-239,252,256

Vy'estermarck, Edvard 14 (fn. 16), 242 (fn.28)

\[¡ilks. Ivor 245,257Wolof 273

wusuru 143, 149

Xoolimbine 144

Yaþyã ibn Ãdåm 3È31Yabyã ibn'Umar 60 (fn. l4), ó4, ó7

Yaþyã ibn lbrãhim ó1,64Yarse244Yemen 30 (frr. l0l)Yero, ruler of Zaria l7 I, 177

Yola 185, 190

Yi¡suf ibn T:ashfin 60 (fn. 14), 68

7ãhir-goods 28,71,162zakã (zakãr) 105, 2l l, 229zaka¡ ci253zakar nono 253

zakãr: âs charity - lÇ17,20,22; rules -2V22. 27-36; as identification ofmember of the umma - 23: as tax - 7,

23-27; as part of the public sphere - 5;

within a moral economy of salvation -8, 55,239:. æhir and bãtin goods - 28:

recipients - 3640; as Sarnpo - 39, 55,

159: financial doctrines - 5l; abolish-ment of z. - 155-159; and moraleconomy - 5,1-55, 153; refusal of pay-ment-67,83,237

zåkãt (variations): kudin rafi - 154, 170-l7l, 177, lEO, 197, 199, 203; kudinshuka - 154, l7O-171, 174 (fn.92),177, 180, 182, 197, 199, 203: jangali -ß4, fif172; see also zakkai zakaa

tsaka; zaragh; assaka; sådaa; jakka;jakko; dyaka; dyakha; diaka; farilla

zakãt al-'aysh 212,219 (f¡..47)zakãt al-'aysh al-bãb 219 (fn. 5l)zåkãt al-badan 35

zakãt al-bahãyim 1 15

zakãt al-fitr 33,35,61,71, 98 (fn. 47'),128,t43. 149, 16l, 184, 212,216,230,252-253

zakãt al-bubäb 219 (fr¡.47)zakãt al-mãl 35,212,219 (fn. 5l)zakãt al-nuqud 212,219 (fn.49)zakãtable we¿lth 22, 29:3 I

INDEr

320 Onueeronr Autscwwc: Au lugwnr nwoT./.r.tr

z¡ldta (zaket) 14,33, 120, 154, 158, 160 (ftr.291, 165-t72, 174-t75, t79-t82,184--204,238"254

zaklca-gr*in: collection and storagc - 165-166, 168, l?9, 182, lE5, lE9-197;embezzlemcnt and misuse - l8l-182,195-19& as faminc relicf - 188-191,2ol-202: as sü¡tc incomê - 2lû&.nl

zakk¡n ¡hanu 160 (ft.29)7Ân1ta62,ffi1

zaragh (z¡kãt) 255Zarix t?l, l'14, 17Ç177, l8Gl8?, l9E,

2æ-20t,262Zawãyã (sg. ZãwÐ 80 (ûr 92),82{r'.,N1,

2ffi-272ãwiyaþI. uwãy-a)2de Zayas, Farisha 15, 36 (ûr. 146), 3840? añ269ãaga80