abietic acid 69 abrasion resistance 174, 423

of epoxy resins 179 of urethane systems 159 of zinc oxide 464

accelerated corrosion testing see corrosion testing

accelerators in gelcoats 130

acetylene blacks 465-6 acid copolymers 233 acid value

in alkyd processing 87, 94, 97 in water soluble resins 113 of polyester resins 113 of vegetable oils 55, 57 testing varnishes for 74

acidolysis 79-80, 86 acryIamide 273

effect on latex properties 308 in acrylic resins 231-2, 257,

259 acrylates 268, 303 acrylic acid

effect on latex properties 309, 311

in acrylic resins 233 acrylic copolymers

in additives 551 acrylic esters

effect on latex properties 316 solution polymerization 229-30

acrylic monomers 223-4 polymerization of 248-9 properties of 230-1 reactivity ratios 249-50 synthesis of 223-4 types of 247-8

acrylic polymers see acrylic resins acrylic resins

aqueous solution 236 comparison of solution and

dispersion 236-7

INDEX

crosslinking mechanisms 251-3 fumed silica in 536 in water-reducible resins 269-70 initators in 250-1 non-aqueous dispersion 236-7 reactive solution 237 solvents for 371, 372 types of 253

acrylic resins, hermoplastic 222, 228-30

effect of monomers 228, 229 glass transition temperature of

228-9 properties of 228-9, 230 solvents for 371, 372 uses of 230 water-reducible 269

acrylic resins, thermosetting 222, 230-6, 247-62

additives 260 catalysts 258-9 comparison with thermoplastic

231 copolymers in 231-4 crosslinkers in 254-8 crosslinking of 231, 232, 234-6 curing reactions 234-6 effect of monomers on 230-1 pigmentation of 259 properties of 231 solvents for 371, 372 ultraviolet (UV) light absorbers

in 260 uses of 254, 261 water-reducible 269-70

active inorganic inhibitive pigmentation 410

addition polymerization see polymerization

additives see paint additives adhesion aids 180, 219 agitation

effect in latex manufacture 336

611

air trapment 186 in water-reducible coatings 292

alcohols 364, 367 algae 561, 565 aliphatic amine adducts 183-4 alkali blues 482 alkali swellable acrylics (ASA)

585-6, 587 alkali resistance

of iron blue 461 of lead chromates 461 of ultramarine blue 462

alkyd characteristics 97-9 alkyd paints

corrective measures 74 alkyd resin manufacture 77-94

acidolysis 79-80, 86 alcohol/ether interaction 84-5 alcoholysis 79, 81, 85-6 autoxidation reactions 83-4 azeotrope process 86-7 chemical processes 77-85 conjugation 82-3 cracking 81 dehydrated castor oil in 82 double bond reactions 82-3 esterification 77-9, 86-7 etherification 80-1 fatty acid process 85 functionality formula in 78-9,

85-6 fusion process 86, 87 hydrolysis 80 instructions for 93-4 quality control in 88 reproducibility in 88 transesterification 80 viscosity in 97

alkyd resin manufacturing equipment 88-92

azeotropic distillation 90-1 cleaning of 92 condensing systems 90

612 INDEX

filtration 91 glycol recovery 91 heating and cooling 89-90 preweight 88-9 resin kettle 89 rupture disc 90 safety valve 90 sample valve 90 thinning tanks 91

alkyd resin manufacturing instrumentation 91-2

alkyd resins 76-109, 110 acids in 95 comparison with OFSP 11 0 fatty acids in 94-5 formulations of 99-109 fumed silica in 536 molecular weight of 106 oil-free 76, 110-33 oil length of 77 oil-modified 76 raw materials in 94-6 vegetable oils in 95

alkyd resins, water-reducible 264-7

acrylic modified 267-8 oil-free 268 silicone modified 268

aluminium flake pigment 468 in varnishes 72

aluminium stearate in varnishes 72

American Conference of Government

Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) 393

amidoamines 184 amines 119

in water-reducible resins 275-80

amino resin manufacture 137-8 condensation reaction in 137 etherification reaction 137 solids test in 138

amino resins 115, 118, 134-45, 254, 257

butylated 115, 138-41, 143, 254

chemistry of 134-37 curing systems for 140 formaldehyde levels in 145 methylated 115, 141-3 water-reducible 271-3

ammonia effect on drying 276, 277, 279

amorphous polymers 31-2 amorphous silica 523, 524 anatase 435, 437 anhydride cure 258 aniline points (AP) 367, 402 animal blacks 466

anionic polymerization 25 anionic surfactants 321, 334 anodic passivation 411-12 anthraquinone pigments 484 antioxidants 559-61, 576-80 anti-corrosion methods 410-12 anti-corrosive pigments 410,

470-1 see also corrosion-inhibitive

pigments antifloat agents 219-20 anti-foam agents 186, 221

see also defoamers anti-fouling paints

varnishes in 72 zinc oxide in 464

anti-skinning agents 558-61 in varnishes 71

application properties of latex paints

effect of cellulose ethers on 585 aqueous solution acrylics 236 aqueous systems 174-8 architectural coatings

latex based 314 aromatic amines 185 artists colours

organic pigments in 462, 463 arylamide yellows 476-7, 479 ASA thickeners see thickeners asbestos 518, 525 Australian Inventory, of Chemical

Substances (AICS) 13, 445 Australian Standards

extender pigments 515 skin formation 561 solvent testing 379 surface preparation methods

429-30 auto-ignition temperatures 390,

391 automotive coatings 76

epoxy powders in 192 organic pigments in 501-3 pearlescent pigments in 470 polyurethane in 170

azeotropic process 137, 381 azo pigments 475-6, 479-80,

483-4, 488, 504-5

bacteria 561, 562-3, 564 barium driers 601 barrier coatings

see anti-corrosive pigments barrier effect 410 barytes 522 bentonite

clay 521 in varnishes 71

benzidine yellows see diarylide yellows

benzimidazolone pigments 483, 484

benzoguanamine in acrylic resin 255 in water-reducible resins 273 resins 115, 255

Bernard cells 543, 548 biodegradation 396-7 biodeterioration

of coatings 563-6 bismuth driers 601 bisphenol A 147, 258 bituminous paints

varnishes in 72 blanc fixe 522, 523 bleed resistance 509 blistering

in inorganic inhibitive pigments 428

of water-reducible coatings 293 resistance to 406, 407

blocking of isocyanates 118, 159-62,

257 blown oils 64 blue-off

of chrome greens 460 Blue Wool Scale 495, 496, 509 boiled oils 64-5 BON arylamide reds see naphthol

reds bond energy 569 bond strength

effect of latex particle size 324 bone black 466 borates 413-14 break content

of vegetable oils 58 bromine index 378, 380 bronze blue see iron blue bronze powders 468-9 bronzing 461 Brookfield viscometer 59 Brunswick green 460 buffers 320, 322-3, 334-5 butadiene

effect on latex properties 308 p-tert. butyl phenol 147, 151

butylated resins 138-41

cadmium pigments 463 calcite 519-20 calcium driers 601 calcium plumbate 471 camouflage paints 462 can coatings

epoxy resins in 191, 195 varnishes in 72 water-reducible acrylics in 270

can fading of iron blue 461

can linings phenolic resins in 152

carbon blacks 464-7 carboxyl functional acrylics 257-8 Carothers's equation 30-1 castor oil 47

dehydration of 54 sulphonated 53 see also dehydrated castor oil

catalysts for acrylic resins 258-9 for container and coil coatings

190-1 for epoxy resins 190-1 for gelcoats 130 for phenolic resins 148

cationic polymerization 26 cationic surfactants 321, 334 cathodic passivation 411-12 cellulose 582

as thickeners for latex paints 583

in emulsion polymerization 584 cellulosics 582-4 ceramic pigments see mixed phase

pigments cerium driers 600 cerussa 471 chain transfer 23-4, 298 chain transfer agents 226, 230,

320, 322, 335, 401 chain transfer grafting 193-4 chalking

of titanium dioxide 441, 442 of zinc sulfide 464

channel blacks 465-6 checking

in vegetable oils 68 Chemical Abstracts System

Registry Number 13 chemical resistance 157

of coil coatings 505 of dyes 509 of epoxy coatings 152, 179,

180, 188 of extenders 521, 522, 523,

524,525 of pigments 499, 504, 506, 509 of silicones 202 of stainless steel flake 469 of zinc sulfide 464

chemical resistant paints varnishes in 72

chemical solvents see oxygenated solvents

chill back 66, 68 China clay see kaolin China wood oil see tung oil Chinese blue see iron blue chloride process 435, 444, 445-6 chromates 414-15

chrome greens 460-1 chrome yellows 458-9 chromium oxide green 462-3

hydrated 462 chromophores 121 chrysolite 525 CIELAB colour difference units

496 clay, calcined 521 clays 520-2 clear-over-basecoat 260, 261 coagulum 341 coalescence 323, 327-8, 329, 330 coalescents

effect on film formation 329 for latex paints 315

coatings industry 1-3 developments in 3-10 history of I impact of energy costs upon

4-6 impact of polymer research

upon 6-7 impact of regulations upon 5,

7-8 manufacturers in 2

cobalt driers 599-600 coil coatings

organic pigments in 505 cold pill 68 cold string 68 colloidal shock 494 colour

effect of particle size and dispersion 474, 495

of extenders 51 7 of vegetable oils 42, 57 testing of varnishes 74

colour change 495 Colour Index (CI) 445, 449, 456,

473-4 colour on heating

of vegetable oils 57-8 colour retention

effect of amines on 277, 279 colour separation 133 colour strength 493, 495, 498-9 colourants see dyestuffs; pigments condensation polymerization

see polymerization congo gum 67, 146 conjugation 82-3 container and coil coatings 190-1 continuous stirred tank reactor

(CSTR) 333 coordination polymerization 26 copolymerization 24-25, 226-8 copolymers 19-20 copper ferrocyanide complexes

482 corrosion 8, 9, 409

INDEX 613

corrosion-inhibitive pigments 422, 470, 471-2

corrosion protection of metals 410-12,422, 471

see also anti-corrosive pigments corrosion resistance 159 corrosion testing 8-9, 430, 432-3 cosolvents

in water-reducible resins 280-4 coumarone-indene resins 70 coupling efficentcy 281 cracking 81, 133 cratering 186, 548-9, 550

of water-reducible coatings 293 craters 548-9, 550 cresols 146, 147, 148 critical micelle concentration 174,

295 critical pigment volume

concentration (CPVC) 426 effect of latex particle size on

323 effect on paint properties 344 effect on pigmented films

330-1, 351 crosslinking

of water-reducible resins 285-6 crosslinking agents

for acrylic resins 251-3 for container and coil coatings

190 for water-reducible resins 269,

270, 271, 272, 273 crystalline polymers 31-2 crystalline silica 523 curing agents

for acrylic resins 234-6 for epoxy resins 182-5, 191

cycloaliphatic amines 184-5, 187 1, 4 cyclohexanedimethanol

266-7

damar 68 darkening

of lead chromates 460 of white lead 471

decorative paints organic pigments in 506-8

deflocculating additives 542 defoamers 553-8

action of 556 chemistry of 556-8 test methods for 558

degree of polymerization (OP) 17, 30-1

effect on cellulose ethers 582 effect on silicone resins 20 I

degree of substitution (OS) effect on cellulose ethers 582

dehydrated castor oil 47, 188 in alkyd resins 82, 95

614 INDEX

in varnishes 71 see also castor oil

diacetone alcohol 260 diarylide yellows 478, 479 diatomaceous silica 523-4 dibasic acids 107, 128, 267, 268 dicyandiamide 191 Diels-Alder

addition 82 adducts 69 reaction 49-50, 51, 26S

diethanolamine effect on drying 276, 277

diethylene triamine (DET) 183 diketo pyrrolo pyrrol pigments

487, 48S dimethylethanolamine

effect on drying 276, 277 dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA)

111 dioxazine pigments 486, 487, 50S diphenyllmethane diisocyanate

(MDI) 153, 154, 157, 159, 162, 163

diphenylol propane (DPP) 180, 181

direct metal reaction (DMR) 597 dirt retention 182, 316 disazo condensation pigments 478 dispersing additives 540-4 dispersion

of extenders 518 of inorganic pigments 451 of organic pigments 489-90,

493-5, 506 of polyurethanes 178 of titanium dioxide 443-4

dispersion resins 152 double salt complexes 482 drainage 133 dried oil films 51 drier accelerators 50, 284, 286 drier metals 599-602 drier systems

lead free 604 driers 592-606

active 599-600 auxiliary 601-2 combinations of 602-3 composition of 594-6 development of 592-3 drying mechanism of 597-9 for varnishes 71 for water-reducible resins

284-5, 286 in epoxy resins 189 in high solids coatings 606 in water based systems 604-6 loss of dry 603-4 manufacture of 596-7 testing 597

drop black 466 drum and tank linings see tank

and drum linings dry film protection 563-6

against algae 565-6 against bacteria 564 against fungi 564-5

dry paint film 439 drying

effect of amine on 275-6, 277, 279, 280

effect of cosolvent on 282-4 hydroperoxide theory of 50-1 mechanism of 50, 51 testing of varnishes 74

drying oils 45, 67 drying time

of vegetable oils 55 durability

of acrylic coatings 230 of titanium dioxide 440-3 testing of S-9

dyestuffs 449, 487-9 basic 482, 488-9 fat soluble 489 fluorescent 489 metal complex 489 solubility of 509

electrical industry epoxy resins in 179-80

electrical insulation varnish 218 electrophoretic paints

varnishes in 72 eleostearic acid 44 emulsion polymerization 27, 174,

584 theory of 294-302

environmental issues 1, 8, 262, 424

in alkyd resin manufacture 88 in amino resin manufacture

137-8 in inhibitive pigment

manufacture 424 in lacquer manufacture 246 in solvent manufacture 395-7,

402-8 environmental legislation 7-8, 11,

263-4, 293-4, 424 see also Rule 66

epichlorhydrin propane (ECH) 180

epoxide group content (EGC) 181 epoxies

in varnishes 67 epoxy coatings 181-7 epoxy equivalent weight (EEW)

lSI epoxy esters

formulations for 189

epoxy molar mass (EMM) 181 epoxy resin esters 188-9 epoxy resin graft copolymers

194-5 epoxy resins 6, liS, 179-92

chemical modification of 193-5 curing agents for 182-5, 191 emulsification of 195-7 fumed silica in 536 in acrylics 257, 258 in powder coatings 191-2 in varnishes 70-1 manufacture of 1S0-1 properties of 179, 182 uses of 179-80 viscosity of 181

epoxy resins, water-borne 193-7 formulations for 195-6 uses for 197

epoxy resins, water-reducible modified 268-9 self-crosslinking 273

ester-bonded epoxy acrylic graft copolymers 194

ester gum 67 esterfication

of alkyd resins 77 -9, 86-7 of epoxy resins 181, 188

etch primers 470 etherification

of alkyd resins 80-1 ethyl silicates 204-6 ethylene effect on latex properties 308 ethylene diamine (EDA) 183 explosive limit 387, 388, 389 extenders see pigments, extenders extensibility 316-7 external plasticizer 315

fat edges with water-reducible coatings

293 fatty acids

compositions of 40-4, 47, 54, 56-7

constitution of 42-5 distillation of 66 manufacture of 65-6 saturated 43 types of 44-5 unsaturated 44, 81

fatty alcohols 42 fatty amines 53 feeder driers 604 Fenton's reaction 296 fibre pattern 133 fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) 127,

538 epoxy resins in 180

fillers for epoxy resins 185-6

film formation 325-31 mechanism 327 of pigmented films 330-1 of powder coatings 125-6

fish oil in varnishes 71

fish eyes 133 fixed oils 40-1 flake white 471 flammability 12, 380, 387-91 flash point 12, 380, 388-90 flatting agent 514, 523, 524 floatation 500 floating 543-4

of water-reducible coatings 293 flocculating additives 542 flocculation 500

effect of particle size 494, 495 in film formation 330-1

flooding 500, 543-4 in vegetable oils 68 of water-reducible coatings 293

floor finishes 159 flow

of organic pigments 506 of polyester resins 121 of solvent-borne acrylics 260 of water-reducible coatings 292

flow control 286 fluorescent pigments 489 foam 553-6

drying of 554-5 foam control

effect of amine on 277, 279, 284

effect of cosolvent on 284 of water-reducible coatings 292 see also defoamers

Ford cup 59 foreign matter

of vegetable oils 58 formaldehyde:phenol ratio 148 fossil resins 68 free radical polymerization 297-8 free radicals 321, 332, 334, 335

production of 21-3 freeze-thaw stability 334

effect of latex particle size 323 effect of solvents 386 measurement of 341-2

French ochres 456 Fuller's earth 64, 522 fumeric acid 128 fumeric esters

effect on latex properties 307 functional pigments 470 functionality

in the formulation of alkyd resins 78-9, 85, 86

fungi 561, 562, 563-5 fungicides 561, 564, 565, 566 furnace blacks 465, 466 furniture lacquers 140, 245 fusion process

of driers 596-7

Gardner-Holdt standards 59, 74, 87

gas checking 67 testing of varnishes 74-5

gas proofing 68 testing of varnishes 75

gel permeation chromatography (GPC) 36, 37-8, 138

gel point 30-1 gelcoats 127-33

application of 131-2 composition of 127-30 defects in 132-3 fumed silica in 538 grades of 13 1

geometric isomerism of fatty acids 44

glass transition temperature (Tg) 303, 342

effect of monomers on 309-314 effect on film formation

314-315, 328 of polymers 17, 33-4 of solvents 375

gloss causes of deficencies in 500-1 effect of amine on 277, 280 effect on latex particle size 323 in organic pigments 495 of thermosetting acrylics 260 of polyester resins 121 of titanium dioxide pigments

440,442 of water-reducible coatings 277,

280, 293 glycerol 40, glycol ethers 181, 186, 364, 395,

403-6 graphite 467 grinding gauge 495 group transfer polymerization 26 Gum Arabic 320

HALS-hindered amine light stabilizer 121, 260, 577-80

Hamburg blue see iron blue hammer finish 220, 221, 545 Hansa yellows see arylamide

yellows Hansen parameter see solubility

parameters hard gums 67 hard resins 67 Harkins theory 298-300

INDEX 615

hazards explosive 12 fire 12 types of 11

haze 501 heat resistance

of azo pigments 507 of cadmium pigments 463 of coil coatings 505 of silicones 201-2

heat stability of organic pigments 496-7

heat stabilizers 566-80 hexabromide value

of vegetable oils 58 hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)

116-17, 256 1, 6-hexanediol (HD) 112 hiding power

of extenders 521 of pigments 344, 437,

497-498, 504, 506 high solids 5

driers in 606 fumed silica in 537

high temperature cured coatings 190-1

see also container and coil coatings

high temperature paints 209 Hildebrand parameter see

solubility parameters Hoeppler viscometer 59 hot string 68 hold-out

effect of latex particle size 324 hydrocarbon properties 42, 362,

363 hydrocarbon solvents 356-7, 367,

391-2 from crude oil 360 manufacture of 357 properties of 359 types of 358-9

hydrogen peroxide system 321-2, 335

hydrolysis resistance 567 hydroperoxide formation 50-1 hydrophilic-lipophilic balance

(HLB) 195, 588 hydroxy copolymers 233-4 hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)

320-1, 583, 584 hydroxyl functional acrylics 254-7 hydroxyl value

of alcohol 97 of epoxy resins 181, 257 of vegetable oils 56

hyperdispersants 120, 259

ignition loss 518

616 INDEX

indathrone blues 485 industrial enamels

varnishes in 72 industrial finishes

organic pigments in 503-5 infra red reflecting camouflage

paints 462 inhibition 23, 24

air, of polyester resins 130 inhibitor loading level 426-7 inhibitor reactivity/solubility

427 inhibitors

in gelcoats 130 initiation 21-3, 297 initiators 295-6, 320, 321-2,

334-5 cationic 297 for acrylic resins 250-1, 401 for polyester resins 130 in emulsion polymerization

295-6, 334-5 thermal 322

intercoat adhesion 549, 551, 552 International Standard Colour

Depth 498 International Union of Pure

and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) 15, 16

interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) 17

inversion method 175 iodine values

of vegetable oils 55, 57, 67 ionomers 176 iron blue 461 iron driers 600 iron oxides

in primers 422 micaceous 457 natural, types of 453 properties of 453 synthetic 457-8, 459 transparent 458

isanic acid 45 ISO Grey Scale 495, 496, 497 ISO 3262 (1975) 514 ISO 9000380 isocyanates

abrasion resistance of 159 blocked 118, 159-62, 257 commercially available 153 in polyester resins 120 preparation of 154 reactions of 153, 155-6 solvent equivalent 158

isoindoline pigments 486 isophorone diisocyanate 116,

117-18, 256-7 isophthalic acid 129 ivory black 466

Jablonski energy diagram 570

kaolin 520-1 calcined 355, 521

Karl Fischer method 58 kauri butanol (KB) values 8, 367,

402 kauri gum 67, 68, 146 keiselghur 523 ketamine cure 258 ketones 49, 361-2, 364, 365 Kraft process 48, 68

lacquer emulsion technique 174-5 lacquers 67, 238-46

acid catalysed 140 acrylic 240-2 chlorinated polyolefin lacquers

245 chlorinated rubber lacquers

243-4 comparison with convertible

coatings 238 definition of 238 future outlook for 245-6 nitrocellulose 239-40 saturated polyester 245 shellac 244-5 vinyl 242-3

lake red C 479, 480 Lambert-Beer's Law 575 laminating resins

fumed silica in, 538 lamp blacks 465, 466 latex

coalescents for 315 effect of monomer composition

309-15 film formation in 330-1 manufacturing plant 336, 338-9 opacifiers for 343-55 processing variables 332-6 properties of 303-9 rheological additives for 581-91 solids content of 340 solvents in 385, 386 testing 340-2 types of 315-16 water-borne 386

latex polymers 294 effect on film formation 326-8

lead chromates low dusting 460

lead driers 600 leads 415-17 lecithins 41-2 levelling

agent 219-20 of water-reducible coatings 292

levelling of latex paints effect of cellulose ethers on 585

licanic acid 44 lightfastness

effect of particle size 450, 451 in wood finishes 509 of azo pigments 475 of pigments 495-6, 504, 506 of ultramarine blue 462

light stabilizers 566-80 lime

in varnishes 71 linoleate driers 596 linoleic acid 43 linseed oil 46, 451, 471

in varnishes 71 lithium driers 601 lithopone 464 long oil alkyds

instructions for processing 93-4 Los Angeles County Authorities

see Rule 66 loss of dry 603-4 low-energy cure systems 5 low gloss

of water-reducible coatings 293 luminescent pigments see

phosphorescent pigments

maintenance paints epoxy resins in 182 flow-control agents 186 formulations 186-7 pigments and fillers in 185-6 solvents in 186

maleic anhydride 128, 264 maleic esters

effect on latex properties 307, 309

maleinized oil 263, 264, 265-6 manganese driers 601 manila gums 68 Mannich bases 185, 268 mar resistance 219 marine paints

epoxy resins in 182 flow-control agents in 186 formulations of 186-7 pigments and fillers in 185-6 solvents in 186

marine spar varnish 151, 152 masonry water-repellents 212-18 Material Safety Data Sheets

(MSDS) 13-14, 387 mechanical stability 341 media 67 melamine formaldehyde

effect on latex properties 308 in water-reducible resins 272

melamine formaldehyde resins 115,135, 190,254

comparison with urea-formaldehyde resins 254

metal complex pigments 486-7 metal-free auxiliary driers 602 metal salt type pigments 478-9 metalic pigments 468-9 methacrylicacid

effect on latex properties 309 methyl methacrylate

effect on latex properties 306-7, 312, 313

in gelcoats 129 methylated amino resins 141-3 methylene diisocyanate (MOl) see

diphenylmethane diisocyanate mica 524-5 Michael addition 6, 258 micro wrinkles 293 Microbloc R 343 microspheres 343 microvoid polymers 343, 351

properties of 344-50 mildew see fungi Milori blue see iron blue mineral orange 471 minimum film forming

temperature (MFFT) 33, 315, 342

effect of monomers on 314-15 effect of plasticizers and solvents

on 314, 315 effect on film formation 314,

315, 328-9 mixed phase pigments 467-8 moisture

in vegetable oils 58 molar substitution

effect on cellulose ethers 582-3 molecular weight

distribution curves 17-18, 302 effect of initiators on 401 effect of temperature on 322,

400 gel permeation chromatography

36,37 number average 18 viscosity average 36, 38-9

molybdate orange 458-9 molybdates 417-18, 472 monomers

flexibilizing 307-8 hardening 303-7 in emulsion polymerization 295 in gelcoats 129 in latex 305, 334 special effect 306, 308-9

nacreous pigment 469 naphthenate driers 595, 596 naphthenes 359, 367 naphthol pigments

classical 477-8, 479, 508 complex 483

naphthenic acid 394-5 natural atmospheric corrosion

testing 432-3 neo-decanoate driers 596 neopentyl glycol (NPG) 112, 129,

266-7 nepheline syenite 525 Newtonian flow 542 nitrocellulose 260 nitrocellulose lacquers

solvents in 372 non-aqueous dispersions (NAD)

236-7 non-convertible coatings see

lacquers non-drying oils 45, 67 non-ionic surfactants 321, 334 non-isocyanate acrylics 258 non-silicone products 551-2 non-volatile material (NVM)

in alkyd resin processing 97 in latex testing 340 testing of varnishes 74

novolacs 148, 151

occupational exposure limits (OELs) 393, 394

for paint solvents 394, 403, 405 occupational health and safety

11-14 in alkyd resin manufacture

87-8 in amino resin manufacture

144-5 in extenders handling 518-19 in inhibitive pigment

manufacture 424 in solvent manufacture 386-7,

391-5 in titanium dioxide manufacture

445 protective equipment for 12-13,

172, 389, 394 ochres 456 octoate driers 596 odour control 8 odours

of resins 251 of solvents 378, 395, 403, 405

oil see vegetable oils oil absorption

measurement of 494 of extenders 518 of pigments 451

oil-free alkyds 76 oil-free saturated polyester resins

see polyester resins oil-length 67

of alkyd resins 77 oilseeds see vegetable oils oiticica oil 44, 47-8

INDEX 617

in varnishes 71 oleoresinous media 67 oleoresinous varnishes see varnishes opacity

of organic pigments 474, 497 of titanium dioxide 437-9 of water-reducible coatings 291

opaque polymers see microvoid polymers

optical function of pigment 449

orange peel 130 with water-reducible coatings

292-3 original equipment manufacture

(OEM) 122, 261, 501, 502 orthophthalic resins 129 overdispersion

of diatomaceous silica 523 oxidation 567 oxidative passivation 410-11 oxidized oils 64 oximes 560-1 oxygenated solvents 356, 359,

391-2 manufacture of 360-1 properties of 361-2 synthesis of 365 types of 364

paint application of 382-3 formulation of 381 manufacture of 381-2 viscosity of 379, 383 see also individual types of paint

paint additives 286-7, 539-91 driers 592 for container and coil coatings

191 for epoxy resins 186 for two-pack polyurethanes 168,

169 rheological 581-91 see also under individual

additives paint film degradation 566-7 paraffins

cyclo- 357 iso- 357 normal 357 see also hydrocarbon solvents

paraformaldehyde 146 particle nucleation 300-1 particle shape

of extenders 515, 528 of pigments 450, 451

particle size effect on film formation 330 effect on latex properties 323-4

618 INDEX

effect on properties of iron oxide 452

measurement of 341, 495 of extenders 515-16, 528 of pigments 450, 451-2

particle size distribution 474 measurement of 341 of extenders 515-17 of pigments 450, 452

paving paints varnishes in 72

pearlescent pigments 469-70, 525 1,5-pentanediol (PD) 112 perinone pigments 484, 485 perlite 526 permeability

effect of water on 317-18 Persian Gulf reds 456 persulfate initiators 335 persulfate systems 322 perylene pigments 487, 488 pH

effect in latex manufacture 335 of extenders 517 measurement of in latex 340

phenol-formaldehyde reactions 147-9

phenolic compounds as antioxidants 559-60, 576-7

phenolic resins 146-52 applications of 152 baking (heat-reactive) 151-2 dispersion 152 in varnishes 67, 150 modified 149-50 non-oil reactive 151 oil reactive 151 oil-soluble 150-1 production of 149 rosin modified 146, 150

phenols 559-60 p-phenyl phenol 147, 151 phosphates 418-20, 472 phosphatides 41 phosphites 420 phosphorescent pigments 470 photochemical degradation 567-9 photographing

of water-reducible coatings 291 phthalic anhydride 267, 480 phthalocyanine blues 480-1 phthalocyanine greens 481-2 picture framing

of water-reducible coatings 293 pigment binding

effect of latex particle size 323-4

pigment volume concentration (PVC) 423, 424-6,427, 585

pigments classification of 452-3

for epoxy resins 185-6 for water-reducible coatings

287 in gelcoats 129-30 optical properties of 450-1 properties of 450-2

pigments, extender anti-corrosive function 427 dispersion of 518 hazards of 518-19 in gelcoats 130 in polyurethane coatings 168 properties of 515-18, 527, 528 selection criteria of 526-9 types of 519-26

pigments, inorganic 449-72 comparison with organic

pigments 452-3 functions of 449-50 oil absorption of 451 properties of 453-72

pigments, inorganic inhibitive 413-23

coating performance factors 428-30

developments of 433 formulation of 424-8 hazards of 424 testing of 430-3

pigments, organic 473-513 characteristics of 474-5 chemical resistance of 499, 504,

506, 509 classical 475-82 classification of 473-4 colour strength of 495, 498-9 comparison with inorganic

452-3 dispersion of 489-90, 493-5 effects of solar energy on

569-71 flocculation behaviour of 500 gloss behaviour of 500-1 heat stability of 496-7, 504 high-performance 482-9 lightfastness of 495-6, 504 molecular weight of 475 optical properties of 497-8,

500-1, 504 particle size of 494, 495 properties of 489-501 rheology behaviour of 500 solvent resistance of 499-500,

507 uses of 490-3, 501-13 weather fastness of 496, 504,

507 pinholing

of water-reducible coatings 293 Pittment R 343 plasticizers 34, 240, 329

external 315 non-volatile 241

pluronics 321 polyamides 184, 195 polyamidoamines 195 polyelectrolytes 321 polyester resins 110-33

additives 121-22 amino resins in 115, 118 catalysts for 118-19 chain growth of 111-13 coatings 114-15 comparison with alkyds 110 co-reactants 115-18 epoxy resins in 118 formulating 119-20 future developments in 122-3 in gelcoats 128-9 solvents for 120 unsaturated 128 uses of 122 water soluble 113-4 see also gelcoats

polyester resins, powder coatings advantages of 123 application of 125 production growth of 126 rheology of 125-6 types of 123-5

polyesters, water-reducible see alkyd resins, water reducible, polyether polyurethane (PEPU) 586, 587-91

po1yisocyanates 116, 154, 162-4, 255-7

reactive 116-18 polymer molecules 36-9 polymeric additives 542-3 polymerization

addition 20, 21-6, 128, 225-6 bulk 26 chain growth 20, 21, 26-7, 31 condensation 20, 21, 128 dispersion 27 free radical 21-3 mechanism of 17, 21-6 solution 26-7, 229-30 suspension 27 step growth 20-1, 27-31 see also emulsion polymerization

polymers 15-39 amorphous 31-2 branched 16, 17, 36 characterization of 36-9 classification of 16 crosslinked 16, 1 7 crystalline 31-2 definition of 15 glass transition temperature of

33-4 linear 16-17, 32-3, 36

living 25-6 mimimum film forming

temperature of 33 miscibility 36 molecular weights of 17-18,

250 network 29-30 properties of 31-6 research in 6-7 semicrystalline 31-2 solubility of 35-6 solubilization of 287-91 see also under polymer types

polyols 164-5 polyoxyenthylene esters and ethers

321 polyurethanes 153-78

alkyds in 157 blocked systems 159-62 catalysts for 165-7 cationic 176 developments in 168-70 dispersions of 178 effect of NCOjOH ratio on

163-4 effect of polyols on 164-5 extenders in 168 formulations of 163-4 in aqueous systems 175-8 linear 175 moisture cured 157-9 reactivity of 165-7, 174 solvents for 158 toxicity of 172 two-pack systems 164-8 uses for 158-9, 170-2

polyvinyl alcohol 320 porosity 132 pot life 131, 162, 165 potassium 60 I powder coatings 5, 120, 123-6,

191-2 advantages of 123 application of 125 fumed silica in 537 organic pigments in 505-6 sales growth of 126 types of polyester 123-5

prerelease 133 preservatives 561-6 pressure

effect in latex manufacture 336 pressure splitting 65 precipitation process 596 primary alcohols

viscosity of 367 primers

phenolic resins in 152 silicone resin based 210-11 varnishes in 72 white lead in 471

primrose chrome 459 printing inks

fumed silica in 537-8 organic pigments in 482,

509-13 phenolic resins in 150, 152 varnishes in 72

propagation 23, 297-8 protective colloids 320-1 Prussian blue see iron blue publication gravure 512-13 pumice 526 pyrazolone orange and red 478,

479 pyrophyllite 522

quaternary ammonium 321 quinacridone pigments 340, 485,

486

random coil concept 31 rapeseed oil 46-7 rare earth driers 285, 600 reactivity ratios

effect on composition 25 red lead 416, 471 redox systems 50, 296, 297, 322,

323, 335, 598 reducing agents 296 refined oils 63-4 refractive index 309, 343, 380,

437, 438, 450, 451 of vegetable oils 54, 56, 57

relative density of vegetable oils 56, 57

release resins 2 I 9 reptation 35 residual monomers 342 residual solvents 384 resin solutions

viscosity of 376 resins

hard 67 natural 68-9 synthetic 69-71

resoles 149, 151 rheological additives 581-91 rheology

effect of cellulose ethers on 582-4

of powder coatings 125-6 ricinoleic acid 44 Ropaque R 343 rOSID

derivatives 69 in varnishes 67, 150

rub-out test 544 rubine 4B toner 480, 481 Rule 66 193, 264, 394, 395, 398,

399, run gums 67

INDEX 619

running of water-reducible coatings 292

rutile 435, 437

sacrificial pigments 412 safflower oil 46

in varnishes 71 safety see occupational health and

safety sag control 585 sagging

of water-reducible coatings 292 saponification value

of alkyd resins 97 of vegetable oils 52, 55

scarlet chrome 459 scratch resistance 220 second order transition

temperature see glass transition temperature

sedimentation 533 seedcoat wax

in sunflower oil 46 selenium 463 semi-crystalline polymers 31-2 semi-drying oils 45, 67 separation

in water-reducible coatings 291 set time

effect of latex particle size 324 settling see sedimentation shelf and thermal stability 342 shellac 146 shop primers

fumed silica in 537 siennas

burnt 453, 456-7 raw 453, 456

sieve residue of extenders 517

silanes 199, 216-7, 219, 220 silanols 200, 533 silica 523-4, 530 silica, fumed 130

dispersion of 534 effect of additives on 535 effect of pH on 535 effect of polarity on 534-5 production of 530-1, 533 properties of 532, 533-4 uses of 535-8 viscosity of 534

silica, synthetic 524, 525, 530-8 silicates 420-1 siliconates 213, 215 silicone additives 219-21, 544-6 silicone emulsion paints 218 silicone oil 200, 221 silicone resins 198-221

applications of coatings 210-11 coating formulation of cold

620 INDEX

blends 202, 208 coating formulation of organic

copolymers 202-3 curing 211 effect of methyl:phenyl ratio

201 effect of R:Si ratio 20 I effect of viscosity 20 I formulation of coatings 207-10 organic modifications of 202 preparation of 206-7 properties of 201-2 toxicity of 212 types of 200 uses for 200, 211-12

silicones 7, 198-200 silicosis 518 single pack epoxy systems 181 skinning 558-61 slip resistance 546, 547. 548 Smith Ewart theory 301-2 smoke emission 318-19 solar energy 567-569 solids contents see non-volatile

material solubility

hydrogen bonding index 370 of dyestuffs 509 of polymers 35-6 of resin 370

sphere of solubility solubility parameter 35-6, 311,

315,368-70,371,375,377, 385, 386

solvency 363, 365-71 behaviour 370-1 ratings of 366-8 theories of 368-70

solvent -based systems additives in 541

solvent popping 293 solvent resistance

of organic pigments 499-500 of pigments 507

solvent-free systems 399 solvents 356-408

applications of 381-6 balance of 376 biodegradability of 396-7 classification of 356-63 computer modelling programs

for 376-8 developments in 7, 399, 402-8 effect on film formation 325-6,

329, 383 'environmently friendly' 402-8 evaporation rates of 362,

371-5, 377, 383, 405 flammability of 387-91 for container and coil coatings

190

for varnishes 62-3 hazards of 386-97, 402-8 hydrogen bonding in 369, 371,

374 in higher solids coatings

399-402 in nitrocellulose lacquers 405-6 in oil-free saturated polyester

resins 120 in paint manufacture 381-2 in resin manufacture 381 in water-borne latexes 385, 386 modifications of 383-4 solubility 365-70 testing 378-80 toluene dilution ratios of 367-8 vapour pressure in 362, 395 viscosity of 366

South African ochres 456 soybean oil 46

epoxidized 53 in varnishes 71

spar varnishes 151, 152 spatter resistance of latex paints

583, 584 Spindrift R 343 Spindrift R vesticulated beads

351-5 stability

effect of amine on 276-7, 279-80

effect of cosolvent on 282 stabilizers

effect on film formation 329-30 in latex manufacture 334

stainless steel flake 469 stand oil process 5 I stand oils 66 star cracks 133 sterochemistry 18-19 sterols 42 stoving systems 261 strontium 60 I styrene

effect on latex properties 307, 316

in gelcoats 129 styrene-acrylic latexes 319 styrene butadiene (SBR) 311, 313 substrate wetting 546-7 substrates

effect on film formation 330 sulfate process 444, 447-8 sulfonic acid 258 sunflower oil 46

in varnishes 71 Superficial Fluid Technology 8 surface additives 544-53 surfactants 286, 295, 320, 321

in aqueous systems 174 in emulsion polymerization 295

in latex manufacture 334 synthetic isoparaffinic solvents 357,

361 synthetic silica see silica, synthetic

talc 522 tall oil 48

in varnishes 71 tall oil rosin 48

in varnishes 68 tank and drum linings

fumed silica in 536 phenolic resins in 151, 152

tar epoxy coatings fumed silica in 536

temperature effect in latex manufacture 335 in emulsion polymerization 296

termination 23, 298 . thermal blacks 465, 466 thermal stability 342 thermal stress 567 thermoplastic acrylics see acrylic

resins, thermoplastic thermoplastic polymers 17, 222

effect on film formation 325-6 thermoplasticity 316 thermosetting polymers 17, 222,

248 effect on film formation 326

thermosetting acrylics see acrylic resins, thermosetting

thermosetting resins see epoxy resins

thickeners 6, 286, 533 alkali swellable acrylic (ASA)

585-6, 587 cellulose ethers as 583--6 for water-reducible resins 286

thinners 207, 370, 371 see also solvents

thioindigo pigments 487, 488 thixotropes 286

in gelcoats 130 thixotropy 533-4 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) 12 tint strength

of titanium dioxide 440 titanium dioxide pigments 4,

435-48 absorption of ultraviolet 438,

441 chloride/sulfate comparison 444 development of 444-5 dispersion of 443-4 durability properties 440-3 hazards of 445 manufacture of 436-7, 445-8 optical properties of 437-40 properties, general 443-5 treatments of 436-7

uses of 571-2 tocopherol 42 toluene diisocyanate (TDI) 166,

255 toluene dilution rates (TDR) 367 toluidine red 473, 476, 477,

507-8 toners 479-80 toxicity 13

of amines 279 of chromates 414, 415 of polyurethanes 172 of silicone resins 212

transparency effect of particle size 495 of organic pigments 497, 504 of wood finishes 508

triethylamine (TEA) effect on drying 276, 277, 279

triethylene tetramine (TET A) 183 triglycerides 42 triglycidyl isocyanate (TGIC) 125 trimellitic anhydride 267 trimethylol ethane 266 trimethylol propane 266 tripe see wrinkling Tripoli 524 tung oil 47 turkey-red oil 53 Twitchell process 65 two-pack epoxy systems 181, 182

curing agents for 182-5 two-pack polyurethane systems

164-8 additives for 168, 169

ultramarine blue 462 ultraviolet

absorption by titanium dioxide 441

opaqueness of zinc oxide to 463 ultraviolet absorbers 121, 130,

260, 572-6 umbers 456, 457

burnt 453 raw 453

undercoats varnishes in 72

unsaponifiable matter of vegetable oils 58

unsaturated-oil modified polyester resins

see alkyd resins unsaturated polyester coatings

535-6 urea 134, 135 urea formaldehyde

effect on latex properties 308 in water-reducible resins 271-2

urea-formaldehyde resins 115, 135, 190, 254

comparison with melamine-formaldehyde resins 140

for crosslinking amino resins 136

preparation of 134-5 urethanes see polyurethanes

vanadium driers 600 varnishes 66, 67, 68-75

clear 72 electrical 150, 151, 152 formulations for 72-4 manufacturing equipment for

72 solvents for 71 spar 69, 151, 152 testing 74-5

vegetable black 465 vegetable oils 40-75

acid refining of 64 alkali refining of 63-4 bleaching of 64 chemical properties of 48-54 classification of 45 colour of 57-8 constitution of 40-2 degradation of 51 degumming of 63 dehydroxylation 54 drier catalysis of 50-1 drying, in varnishes 67 drying time 55 epoxidation of 53 ethoxylation of 53 evaluation of 54-9 extraction processes of 59-66 fatty acid constitution in 42-5,

47 fattyamines from 53 glycerolysis of 52 hard, in varnishes 67 hydrolysis of 52 identification of 54 iodine value of 55 isomerized 54 maleic modified 263, 264,

265-6 mill 60 miscella refining 63-4 non-breaking 63 non-rlrying, in varnishes 67 oxidation of 48-51 quality of 55 refined 63-4 relative density of 56 saponification 52, 55 semi-rlrying, in varnishes 67 soft, in varnishes 67 solvent extraction 62-3 solvent-segregated 54

INDEX 621

sulfonation of 53 thermal polymerisation of 51-2 types of 45-8 viscosity of 59 yellowing of 45, 51

vermiculite 526 vine black 466 vinyl acetate

effect on latex properties 303, 309-11, 316, 320

saponification of 308 vinyl chloride 306 vinyl esters

effect on latex properties 307-8, 309, 310

Vinyl Versatate 9, 305-6 vinylidene chloride

effect on latex properties 309 viscosity

change at rest 583 effect of amines on 275, 279 effect of cosolvents on 282 effect of latex particle size on

323 measurement of 38-9, 87, 97,

340, 581 testing varnishes 59

volatile content 518 volatile organic carbon (VOC) 3,

5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 395, 430

Waals van der, forces 17, 327 water-based systems

additives in 541 driers in 604-6

water-borne epoxy resins see epoxy resins, water-borne

water content 287 in solvents 378

water-dispersibility of epoxy resins 193-6

water phase effect on latex properties 320-3

water-reducible resins 263-93 acrylic-modified alkyds in 267-8 additives in 286-7 amines in 275-80 cosolvents in 280-4 crosslinking of 285-6 driers for 284-5 formulation of 287-91 fumed silica in 537 pigments in 287 problem solving with 291-3 solubilization of 287-91 viscosity of 273-4, 292

water repellants masonry 212-18

water resistance of phenolic resins 146, 152

water-soluble content

622 INDEX

of extenders 517 water solubles

in iron oxides 456 waxes 551-2 weather fastness

of organic pigments 496 weathering resistance

of cadmium pigments 463 of organic pigments 506, 507 of silicones 202

wet edge 585 wet-state protection 561-3 wetting additives 540-4 WGK classification 397, 398, white goods 114

white lead 471 Wiji method 55 wollastonite 525 wood black 466 wood finishes

organic pigments in 508-9 wood oil see tung oil wrinkling

of gelcoats 132 of water-reducible coatings 293

2, 4-xylenol 147

yellowing of oil film 51

zinc chromate 460, 470 zinc driers 601 zinc oxide 422, 463-4

in varnishes 71, 463 zinc phosphate 471-2 zinc powder 469 zinc rich ethylsilicate coatings 209 zinc rich primers 412, 423

fumed silica in 536-7 zinc sulfide 464 zirconium driers 602 Zwitterion copolymer 285