INDEX

Page numbers appearing in bold refer to figures and page numbers appearing in italic refer to tables.

Abrasion carbon fibres 221 effect of carbon fibres on

wear rate of polymers 221

fibre fraction 219-20, 219 hardness 217, 217 scratch 218, 218

ABS, see Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin

Accelerator xv Acrylates

cast resins 93, 93 Acrylic resins (cast)

properties 92 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

resin xv, 28 Activation energies for diffusion

of water through resins and laminates 199

Additive(s) xv, 15 AFNOR, see Association Fran~ais

de Normalisation Airbus Industrie Specification

ATS 1000-001 182,183,192 Aligned fibre composites

aramid fibres effect of resin type 109, 109 fibre modulus 110, 110 fibre volume 111-2, 111,

112 influence of temperature

114, 114 properties 106-8, 106, 107 shear properties 113, 113

carbon fibres bismaleimide composites

123, 123 epoxy, bismaleimide resins

117-8, 118 influence of resin type

119-20, 119, 120 mechanical properties

115-6, 116 temperature effects 126-9,

126, 127, 128 test methods 125, 125 thermoplastic matrix

systems 130-1, 130 transverse properties 124,

124 very high modulus fibres

121-2,121,122,122 effect of fibre orientation

on compressive strength 12

effect of fibre orientation on tensile modulus 12

glass fibres effect of temperature

103-4, 103, 104 fibre orientation 100-2,

100, 100, 101, properties 97-9, 97, 98,

99 thermoplastic matrix

systems 105, 105 materials selection and design

strategy 132 Altex xiii, 39 Alumina

mechanical properties 39 Alumina/boria/ silica fibre

mechanical properties 39 Aluminium trihydrate xv, 22, 22 American Society for Testing and

Materials xv see also ASTM standards

APC2 xiii Aramid fibre xv, 18

creep response of aramid 231 density 42 electrical properties 164 effect of temperature 114, 114 epoxy resin composites

effect of fibre modulus 110, 110

effect of fibre volume/fraction 111-2,111 112

effect of resin type 109,

109 mechanical properties

107-8, 107 flammability 175 mechanical properties 39,40,

106, 106 modulus 42 properties 106, 106 shear properties 113

effect of test method on 113, 113

strength 205-6 specific heat 162 strength 43, 45 suppliers 41 tensile modulus, strength and

strain-to-failure of aramid fibres 45

thermal properties 156 AS2 xiii, 41 AS4 xiii, 41,116,116,117,118,

130, 150, 150, 151, 159 Aspect ratio xv Association Fran~ais de

Normalisation xv ASTM, see American Society for

Testing and Materials ASTM standards 33

ASTM B 117222 ASTM D 2863 176, 179 ASTM D 3681 214 ASTM E 84 177, 182 ASTM E 662 182 ASTM E 1354-90 182

ATH, see Aluminium trihydrate

ATS, see Airbus Industrie Specification

Autoclave moulding xv

Balsa wood 28 Barcol hardness xv, 217, 217,

298, 299, 301 Barely visible impact damage

xv

Index

Binder xv flexural strength of CSM

laminates with various binders 76

Bismaleimide resins 20 carbon fibres in 117-8, 118 electrical properties 166 effect of temperature and

exposure 126 mechanical properties 49 stiffness and strength at

elevated temperature 103

thermal properties 155 Bismaleimide composites 123, 123 BMC, see Bulk moulding

compounds BPF, see British Plastics

Federation British Plastics Federation xv, 54 British Standards Institute xv

see also BSI standards BSAU 148 222 BSI, see British Standards Institute BSI standards 33

BS 476 172, 173, 177, 179, 180, 184

BS 2782 176 BS 3400 218, 222 BS 3900 222 BS 5480 31, 34, 103 BS 6401 182 BS 6853 182, 187 BS 7000 34

B-staging xv Building Research Station (UK)

194 Bulk moulding compounds xv, 16

mechanical properties of moulded BMC panels 282

BVID, see Barely visible impact damage

CAA, see Civil Aviation Authority Calcite

effect of calcite filler on shrinkage of polyester resin 24

Calcium carbonate 22, 22 Carbon black 22, 22 Carbon epoxy

fatigue 262-3 Carbon fibre(s) 18

316

Charpy impact data for carbon fibre composites 140

density 42 effect of carbon fibres on

wear rate of polymers 221

electrical properties 164 flammability 175 flexural fatigue 264-5 mechanical properties 39, 40,

115-6, 116 modulus 40 properties of composites

117-25, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122 122, 123, 124, 125

specific heat 162 strength 43 suppliers 40-1 temperature effects 126-9,

126, 127, 128 tensile modulus strength and

strain-to-failure of carbon fibres 44

thermal properties 156 thermoplastic matrix systems

130-1, 130 very high modulus fibres

121, 121 Carbon fibre-reinforced plastic

XVI

Cast resins 71, 75, 84-5, 93 properties of cast polyester

resins 57, 84, 93 Catalyst xv CEC, see Commission of the

European Community CEI 20, 22, 182 Celion 6000 123, 123 Cellobond ]2018L 232 CEN, see Comite Europeen de

Normalisation Centrifugal moulding xv Ceramic fibres

density 42 electrical properties 164 modulus 42 specific heat 162 strength 43 thermal properties 156

CFM, see Continuous filament mat CFRP, see Carbon fibre-reinforced

plastic

C-glass fibres xv Charpy impact test 138-42, 281

carbon fibre composites 141 various types of GRP

laminate 140 Chemical resistance (to weak

alkali) resins 21

China clay (kaolin) 23 Chopped strand mat xvi, 47,

76-7, 76, 80, 85, 86, 86, 145 145, 184-6

flexural strength of CSM laminates with various resins 86

properties of CSM laminates in various resins 85

property variation of polyester resins with chopped strand mats 64

tensile stress / strain curve for a chopped strand mat glass polyester laminate 10

Civil Aviation Authority xv Clay (kaolin) 22 Coefficient of thermal

conductivity, see Thermal properties

Coefficient of thermal expansion, see Thermal properties

COM, see Contact moulding fabrication process

Co mite Europeen de Normalisation xv

Commission of the European Community xv

Compimide 795, 123 Compimide 800 xiii, 123 Composite(s) xvi

aligned fibre composites aramid fibres 106-14 carbon fibres 115-31 glass fibres 97-105

anisotropy notation 50-2 Charpy impact data for

carbon fibre composites 140

design and manufacture 53 electrical properties 163

composites 167-8, 168 design strategy 168 fibres 164-5, 164 resins 166, 166

environmental effects 195-6

abrasion 217-21 corrosion 209-16 design strategy 225 effect of moisture

197-208 reference information 225 weathering 222-4

fibre properties 38-45 fire performance 170-1

flame spread 174-80 flash-over 189-90 gas emission 183-88 heat release 181, 181 ignitability 173, 173 non-combustibility 172 phases of fire development

171 fracture 133-7

fracture energy 148-50, 148, 150, 151

health and safety 54 impact 133-7

Charpy impact 138-42, 138, 139, 140, 141

effect of loading rate 146 146

effect of reinforcement type 143-4, 143

effect of strain rate 145, 145

effect of support diameter 147, 147

matrix properties 48-9 physical form of reinforcement

46-7 properties 35-6, 50-51,

50-51 reference information 54 relation between initial tensile

strain and time to failure for glass polyester composite 234

role of fibre and matrix 36 thermal properties 153-4,

159 conductivity 160, 160 design strategy 168 expansion 158-9, 159 fibres 156-7, 156 polymer matrices 155, 155 specific heat 162, 162

Compound(s) xvi forms

DMC 26 GMT 26 IMC 26 prepreg 26 SMC 26 TSC 26 XMC26

properties DMC26 GMT 26 SMC 26 TSC 26 XMC 26

Consolidation xvi Contact moulding fabrication

process xvi, 271-74 comparison of hand lay-up

and spray-up 271 considerations for using

contact moulding 274 effect of fabric 273 effect of processing 272,

272 influence of fabric strength of

composites 273 properties 274, 274

Continuous filament mat xv, 80 Continuous random mat xvi Coremat 28 Corrosion

chemical resistance 209, 210 of polyester resins 211-2

211,212,212 effect of acid 213-5, 213,

214, 215 effect of alkali 216, 216

Cost resins 21

Cotton 18 Crack extension modes 134 Creep, 207, 226-8, 227

creep response of aramid 231 creep-rupture of CSM

laminates in water 232 cyclic fatigue of pipes 291 environmental factors 229 fibre fraction 238 fibre type 230-31 glass composites 229 impulses 235, 235 in destructive testing 309 loading and 227

material selection 226 reference information 268 resin type 232, 232 strain 234, 234 temperature 233, 233 tensile creep properties of

Index

pultruded rods 230 time-temperature supposition

creep rates 236-7 shear creep compliance of

glass laminates 236 time-temperature shear

creep compliance master curve 237

transient overloads 235 CRM, see Continuous random

mat Crystic xiii, 272 147 CSM, see Chopped strand mat CTC, see Coefficient of thermal

conductivity CTE, see Coefficient of thermal

expansion Curing agents xvi

D411-4586 Data assessment 30

strategy 30 Delamination xvi Denier xvi DER 332 113 Derakane xiii Derakane 411 71, 74 Derakane 47071, 74, 82 Derakane 510 71, 74 Designing with composites 1-2

choice of data 4-5 composites behaviour relevant

to design effect of fibre orientation

12 load/ deflection curves

6,7,10 longitudinal and transverse

tensile load/ deflection curves 9

tensile stress / strain curve 10

torque / shear deflection curves 8

design strategy aligned fibre composites

132 creep and fatigue 266

317

Index

Designing with composites (contd) environmental effects 225 fire performance 191 impact and fracture 152 influence of processing 294 random and fabric-

reinforced resins 94 thermal and electrical

aspects 169 Destructive testing

creep and fatigue 309 destructive testing techniques

308 environmental influence 309 fatigue tests of blade

materials 311, 311 fatigue natural frequency 311 fire performance 308 frequency of tests and

distribution of costs 310 impact testing 309 mechanical loading to

failure 308 resin burn-off 308 small- versus large-scale tests

310 Deutsches Institut Fur Normung

XVI

DIN 4102, 179 D-glass fibres xvi DIN, see Deutsches Institut Fur

Normung DMC, see Dough moulding

compound DOT/FAA/CT-89/15 182,192 DOT/FAA/CT-85/23188 Dough moulding compound xvi,

16,26 Drape xvi Dyneema xiii, 39

E-CR glass fibre xiii, xvi, 97, 207,213,214,215,216

EFTA, see European Free Trade Association

E-glass fibre xvi, 18, 19, 143, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 148, 150, 150, 159, 200, 205,207,213,214,215, 216, 219, 222, 256

electrical properties 164, 168 properties 39, 97, 98, 98,

99, 105 specific heat 162

318

thermal conductivity 160 thermal properties 156

Electrical properties 163 composites 167-8, 168 design strategy 168 fibres 164-5, 164 resins 166, 166

EN, see European Standard Environmental considerations

195-5 abrasion

carbon fibres 221, 221 fibre fraction 219-20, 219 hardness 217, 217 scratch 218, 218

corrosIOn acid 213-5, 213, 214, 215 alkali 216, 216 effect of chemicals 209 chemical resistance 210,

211,211,212,212 effect of chemicals 209

creep 229 design strategy 225 difference with metals 195-6 fatigue 238-9, 239 moisture

effect on properties 200-1, 200,201,208,208

effect of stress 207, 207 influence on shear strength

205-6,205 water absorption 198-200,

198, 199 water uptake 202-4, 202,

203, 204 reference information 225 weathering

glass/phenolic 222-3, 222 sheet mouldings 224, 224

Epon xiii Epon 828 109, 110,205 Epoxy resin xvi, 20, 107-12

carbon fibre composites 117-8, 118, 124, 124

cast resins properties 84-5, 84, 85

chopped strand mats mechanical properties 86, 86

effect of temperature and exposure 126

electrical properties 166 fatigue 256-61 mechanical properties 49

stiffness and strength at elevated temperature 103

shear strength 205 thermal properties 155 water uptake 202-4 woven fabrics

mechanical properties 87, 87

Equerove xiii Equerove EC17 81, 82 ERL 1962 121 European Free Trade Association

XVI

European Standard xvi EUR 8750 178

F155NR 124 F185NR 124 FAA, see Federal Aviation

Authority Fabric notation xxiv FAR 25.853 182 Fatigue

compression 262-3, 262 design strategy

design 266 materials selection 266-7,

266,267 source 267

environmental factors 238, 239

fatigue natural frequency 311 fibre alignment 240-1, 241 fibre orientation 242-3, 243 fibre type 256-7, 256 flexural fatigue of

carbon/PPEK 264 flexural stress 264-5, 264, 265 holes and notches 254-5, 254 in destructive testing 309,

311-2 influence of fibre length on

strength 244-5, 245 loading rate 252-3, 253, 253 matrix types 248, 248 moisture 258-9, 259 NDE testing 306-7 reference information

creep 268 fatigue 268 general 268 search strategy 268

resin types 246-7

reverse loading 251, 251 shear fatigue 260-1, 260 temperature 249-50, 249, 250 tensile fatigue of continuous

and short length glass reinforced plastics 244

tensile strength of different resins 246

Federal Aviation Authority xvi Fiberite xiii, 934 109, 148 Fibre xvi Fibre content xvi Fibredux 914C-833-40 90 Fibre foams

rovings, mats and weaves 46-7

Fibre properties strength as a function of

modulus for carbon, aramid and glass fibre 40

maximum temperature 38 mechanical 38

alumina 39 alumina/boria! silica

fibre 39 aramid 39 carbon 39 glass 39 oriented polyethylene

fibre 39 silicon carbide 39

strength as a function of modulus for carbon, aramid and glass fibre 40

Fibre-reinforced plastic xvii Fibre selection by property level 18 Fibre size and finish 14 Fibre volume fraction

effect of fibre volume fraction on flexural modulus, strength and strain-to­failure of polyester resins 69

Filament xvii Filament winding xvii, 290

consideration for using filament winding 292

creep and cyclic fatigue of pipes 291

data for filament winding 291 typical lay-up construction for

a GRP pipe 290 Filler(s) xvii, 16

properties aluminium trihydrate 22 calcium carbonate 22

carbon black 22 clay (kaolin) 22 glass spheres (hollow) 22 metallic oxides 22 mica flakes 22 rubber particles 22 silica 22 talc 22 wood flour 22

shrinkage 24, 24 typical fillers and reasons for

their use 22 flexural modulus 24, 24, 25

Fine fabric epoxy laminates mechanical properties 88-9, 88 prepreg 90-1, 90,91

Finish xvii, 15 Finished items xvii Fire performance of composites

170-1 design strategy 191, 191 flame spread

effect of resin and fibre type 175-6, 175

fire resistance 178, 178 phenolic and methacrylate

179-80, 179, 180 surface spread 177, 177 UL 94 test 174

flash-over 189-90, 189 gas emission

industry limits 183 influence of fillers 185-6,

185, 186 influence of reinforcement

188, 188 influence of resin 184, 184 large scale tests 187, 187 test methods 182

heat release test methods 181, 181

ignitability 173, 173 non-combustibility 172 phases of fire development 171 reference information

design strategy 193 flame spread 193 flash-over 193 general 192 ignitability 192

Index

information sources 193-4 non-combustibility 192 rate of heat release 193 smoke and toxic gas

emission 193 Flame spread

effect of resin and fibre type 175-6, 175, 179

fire resistance 178, 178 phenolic and methacrylate

179-80, 179, 180 surface spread 177, 177 UL 94 test 174

Flash-over 189, 189 Fluxural modulus/ strength 24-5

effect of fibre volume 69 effect of filler particle shape

on flexural modulus of polypropylene 25

effect of glass content on flexural modulus for glass­reinforced laminates 65

effect of glass size on flexural strength of laminates 60

flexural strength of CSM laminates with various binders 76

flexural strength of CSM laminates with various resins 86

flexural strength of glass reinforced composites after soaking 82

variation of flexural strength and modulus with glass content 62, 63

Flexural stress carbon/PEEK 264-5

Foams and other core materials XVll

properties ABS 28 balsa wood 28 cormat 28 honeycomb 28 PC 28 PES 28 phenolic 28 polyurethane 28 PP 28 PS 28 PVC 28 urea-formaldehyde 28

319

Index

Fracture 133-7 effects of strain rate 151, 151 design for impact and fracture

152 Fracture energy xvii, 133, 135,

148-50,148, 150, 151, 148

composites 150 influence of strain rate on

fracture energy 151 FRP, see Fibre-reinforced plastic FTSOO xiii, 41 FT700 xiii, 41

Gl' G2 , G3 , see Fracture energies Gas emission

chopped strand mat 184 fillers 185-6 industry limits 183 large scale testing 187 smoke and toxic gases 181 test methods 182

Gel coat xvii Gel time xvii Geometric efficiency xvii Glass epoxy

fatigue 238-9, 249-50, 252-5

Glass fabric fatigue 246-8

Glass fibre density 42 flammability 1 75 electrical properties 164 effects of temperature 103,

103,104 fibre orientation

ply lay-up 100-2, 100, 100, 101

flammability 1 75 mechanical properties 39, 40,

97, 98, 98, 99 modulus 42 specific heat 162 strength 43 suppliers 41 thermal properties 97, 156 thermoplastic matrix systems

properties 105, 105 types 19, 97

Glass mat thermoplastic xvii, 16, 26,92

properties 92

320

Glass polyester creep 234-5 fatigue 242-3, 251 pultrusion 288-9

Glass-reinforced plastic xvii properties 105 stress-rupture behaviour of

GRP pipe 235 Glass size 60, 60

effect of glass size on flexural strength of laminates 60

Glass spheres (fillers) 22, 23 Glass transition temperature xvii,

xx Glass vinyl ester

creep 236-7 pultrusion 286-7

GMT, see Glass mat thermoplastic

Grafil EXAS 81 GRP, see Glass-reinforced plastic GY 40-700 41 GY70 xiii, 41 GY80 xiii, 41

Hardener xvii Hardness 217, 217 HDT, see Heat distortion

temperature Heat distortion temperature xvii Heat release

apparatus for determining heat release 181

test methods 181 High modulus fibre xvii, 40, 168 High strength fibre xvii High temperature capability

resins 21 High temperature soaking 81

effect of soaking at elevated temperature on laminate strength 81

flexural strength of glass reinforced composites after soaking 82

HM fibre, see High modulus fibre HM35 xiii, 40, 156 HM41, 156, 159, 160 HM45 xiii, 40, 164 HM400 xiii, 116, 116 Honeycomb 28 HS fibre, see High strength fibre HTA xiii, 40, 156, 159, 160, 164

Hybrid xvii

IEC, see International Electro­technical Commission

ILSS, see Interlaminar shear stress Interlaminar shear stress xvii, 4,

78 IM6130 IM7 xiii, 41, 116, 116, 159 IM43 117, 118 IM400 xiii, 41 IM500 xiii, 41 IM600 xiii, 40, 116, 116 1M, see Injection moulding process IMC, see Injection moulding

compound IMO Res. A653 177 Impact 133-7, 136

Charpy impact 138-42, 139, 140, 141

crack extension modes 134 design for impact and fracture

152 effect of glass content on

Izod impact strength 139 effect of loading rate 146, 146 effect of reinforcement type

143-4, 143 effect of strain rate 145, 145 effect of support diameter 147,

147 effect on impact properties of

adding urethane acrylate to cast iso-polyester resins 136

impact energy as function of material type 138

Impregnation xviii Initiator xviii Injection xviii Injection moulding compound

xviii 26 Injection moulding process xvii,

XVlll

Interface xviii International Electro-technical

Commission xvii International Standards

Organisation xviii ISO 834 178 ISO 1182172 ISO 3008 178 ISO 3009 178

ISOITR 3814 192, 193 ISO 5657 173 ISO 5658 177 ISO/DiS 5658 193 ISO 5660 181 ISOITR 5824 182 ISO 9705 190

ISO, see International Standards Organisation

Isophthalic 57 lzod impact data for glass fibre

chopped strand mat phenolic specimens 139

J2018L 78, 81, 82 J2027L 80 Japanese industrial standard xviii JAR 853 25, 182 JIS, see Japanese industrial standard

K137 xiii, 41 K139 xiii, 41 K, see Stress intensity factor Kaolin 23 Kerimid 601 141 Kevlar xviii, xiii, 39 Kevlar Hp xiii, 39, 106 Kevlar Hm xiii, 39, 41,106, 107,

110, 159, 167 Kevlar 29 106, 167, 167, 168 Kevlar 49 xiii, 39, 41, 112, 106,

107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 114, 114, 139, 148, 148, 149, 151, 156, 159, 160, 162, 164, 167, 168, 202, 205, 230, 231, 256, 258

Kevlar 129 xiii, 39 Kevlar 149 107

Laminates activation energies for diffusion

of water through resins and laminates 199

Charpy test data for types of GRP laminates 140

creep-rupture of CSM laminates in water 232

CSM laminates in various resins 85

effect of exposure and drying on strength of reinforced epoxy laminates 206

effect of fibre alignment on tensile strength of glass

laminates 241 effect of glass content on

tensile strength and flexural modulus 65

effect of preconditioning treatments on reinforced epoxy laminates 202

effect of soaking at elevated temperature on laminate strength 81

fine fabric epoxy laminates 88 flexural strength of CSM

laminates with various binders 76

flexural strength of CSM laminates with various resins 86

glass polyester laminates 66 interlaminar shear strength of

phenolic laminates 78 laminates with various

reinforcements 80 mechanical properties of woven

fabric laminates 87, 87 reduction in strength of epoxy

laminates following immersion 205

shear creep compliance of glass laminates 236

tensile fatigue of glass laminate as function of number of cycles 239

weight changes in laminates exposed to atmosphere 203

LEFM, see Linear elastic fracture mechanics

Lexan xiii Linear elastic fracture mechanics

XVlll

Loadl deflection characteristics 6, 7, 9, 10

L554/HY956 219 LY564/HY564 84, 88 L Y556/HT972 84, 86, 88

M30162 M35] xiii, 41, 164 M40] 41, 159, 161, 162, 164 M46] 41,116,116,118,120,

120, 159, 160, 162, 162, 164

M50] 159, 160, 162 M55J 41, 160

Index

M60J 41, 116, 116, 118, 120, 120 Mandrel xviii Mat xviii

examples of mat fabrics 47 Material selection and data

assessment data assessment 30

strategy 30 data reduction and presentation

31 burst pressure extrapolation

permitted by BS 5480 31 material constituents 14-5

additives 15 fibre size and finish 14 finish 15 principal constituents 15 size 15

material selection 16 compounds 26-7 constituent choice 16 fibre selection by property

level 18 fillers 22-5 foam and other core

materials 28 glass fibres 19 rating values for resins 21 reinforcing fibres 18 resin matrices 20-1 resin selection by property

20 types of glass fibre 1 9 typical fillers and principal

reasons for their use 22 reference information

data assessment 33 databases 34 data in design 34 data reduction 34 general 32-3 information sources 34 material constituents 33 material selection and

ranking for a glass­reinforced composite 32

materials selection 33 search strategies 34 test methods and standards

33 summary 14 test methods and standards 31 use of data in design 32

321

Index

Matrix xviii Mechanical properties

glass fibres and composites 97, 98, 99, 100, 101

Metallic oxide filler 22, 23 Methacrylate xviii, 20

mechanical properties 49 Mica flakes (filler) 22, 23 MM-941 MM-G xiii Modar 143 Modar 826HT 93 Modar 835S 93 Moisture

and fatigue 258-9, 259 effect of stress 207, 207 effect on properties 200-1,

200,201,208,208 influence on shear strength

205-6,205 water absorption 198-200,

198, 199 water uptake 202-4, 202, 203,

204 Mould xviii Moulding xviii Moulding compounds xviii Moulding process xviii Mould shrinkage

resins 21 MY 750/HT 972 82, 111, 244,

260

N142386 NDE, see Non-destructive

evaluation NDT, see Non-destructive

testing Needled mat xviii NEN 3883 177, 179, 190 Nextel 312, 39, 156, 164 Nextel 440 xiii, 39, 156, 164 Nextel 480 39 NFF 16, 101, 179 NFP 92501 177 Nicalon xiii, 39,156, 164, 167,

168 NPG-polyester xviii Non-destructive evaluation xviii

dimensions 304 fatigue testing 306, 306 mechanical loading 304 other techniques 305

322

principal NDE techniques 304 visual check 304

Non-destructive testing xviii Norpol 20 65, 72 Norpol 41-90 72, 246 Norpol 44M 60, 62, 63, 70 N orpol 72 63, 72 Norpol 92-20 72, 246 Norpol 92-40 72 Noryl xiii NT fire test 182

Orthophthalic 57 Oxygen index xviii, 174,175,

176

P25 xiii, 41 P55S xiii, 44,116,116 P75S 41,121, 122, 156, 159,

160, 162, 164 PI00S xiii, 40, 116, 116 121,

122, 156, 159, 162, 164 P120S xiii, 40, 116, 116, 121,

122, 156, 162, 164 PA, see Polyamide resin PAl, see Polyamide imide resin PAS, see Polyaryl sulphone resin PC, see Polycarbonate resin PE, see Polyethylene fibre or resin PEEK, see Polyether ether ketone

resm PEl, see Polyether imide resin PEK, see Polyether ketone resin PERA 152 Permaglass 22 FE 146, 249, 252,

254 PES, see Polyether sulphone resin Phenolic resins xix, 20, 28

case resins properties 75, 75

chopped strand mats effect of chopped strand

mat binder 76-7, 76 electrical properties 166 gas emission 187 high-temperature capability 82,

82 high-temperature soaking 81

flexural strength 81 mechanical properties 49

stiffness and strength at elevated temperature 103

shear strength reinforcement type 78-80,

78,80 thermal properties 155 weathering 222-3

durability of polyurethane paint on phenolic laminate 222

PIa scams 32, 33 Plied lay-ups

notation xxiv Ply xix PMR15 127, 128 Poisson's ratio

variation in glass content 66 Polyamide 18, 20 Polyamide imide resin xix, 20

mechanical properties 49 Polyamide resin xix

mechanical properties 49 Polyaryl sulphone resin xix, 130

mechanical properties 49 properties 105

Polycarbonate resin xix, 28 Polyester xix, 18,20,24

comparison with vinyl ester resins 72, 73

electrical properties 166 gas emission 186 mechanical properties 49,

200-1 water absorption 198-9

Polyester resins cast resins

addition of urethane acrylate 57,58

properties 57-9, 57, 71 chemical resistance 212

alkali 216 chopped strand mats

mechanical properties by resin type 64, 64

effect of calcite filler on shrinkage of polyester resin 24

effect of fibre volume fraction on flexural modulus, strength and strain-to­failure of polyester resins 69

effect on tensile properties of adding urethane acrylate 58

glass size and tex effect of glass size on

flexural strength 60 effect of tex on tensile

strength of laminates 61 spray mouldings 60-1

high glass fraction effect of fibre volume

fraction on mechanical properties 69

mechanical properties 68 mats

flexural properties and glass content 63, 63

mats and fabrics glass content 65 mechanical properties 65,

65,66,66 shear properties

measurement of 67 reinforcement 67

spray mouldings flexural properties and glass

content 62, 62 temperature

effect on mechanical properties 70, 70

thermal properties 155 Polyether ether ketone resin xix,

20, 130 effect of temperature and

exposure 126 electrical properties 166 flexural fatigue of PEEK 264,

264, 265 fracture energies and stress

intensity factors 148 Gnc data 150 mechanical properties 49 stiffness and strength at

elevated temperature 103 thermal properties 155

Polyether imide resin xix, 20 mechanical properties 49

Polyether ketone resin xix mechanical properties 49

Polyether sulphone resin xix, 20, 28

electrical properties 166 mechanical properties 49 thermal properties 155

Polyethylene fibre xix, 18 mechanical properties 39

density 42 modulus 42 strength 43

Polyethylene resin xix Polyimide xix, 20

mechanical properties 49 effect of temperature and

exposure 126 Polymerization additives 15 Polyphenylene oxide resin xix Polyphenylene sulphide resin xix,

20, 130 mechanical properties 49 properties 105 stiffness and strength at

elevated temperature 103 thermal properties 155

Polypropylene resin xix, 20, 25, 28

effect of filer particle shape on flexural modulus of polypropylene 25

mechanical properties 49 Polystyrene resin xix, 28 Polystyryl pyridine xix, 20

mechanical properties 49 Polysulphone resin xix, 20

mechanical properties 49 Polyurethane 20, 28

mechanical properties 49 Polyvinyl chloride resin xix, 28 PP, see Polypropylene resin PPM, see Prepreg moulding PPO, see Polyphenylene oxide

resin PPS, see Polyphenylene sulfide

reSIn Preconditioning 258

effect on coupons by drying and water 259

Preforming xix Prepreg xix, 16 Prepreg fine fabrics

properties 90, 90 strength retention as function

of temperature 91 Prep reg moulding xix, 284

considerations for using prepreg moulding 285

data for prepreg moulding 284

Press moulding fabrication process XIX

Index

component price in terms of quality and moulding techniques 280

compression-injection moulding 282

consideration for using press moulding 283

data for press moulding 279 data for moulded BMC and

SMC components 279 flexural properties of polyester

SMC and RTM moulding 281

mechanical properties of moulded BMC 282

types 278 use of SMC and R TM in cars

280-1,280 PRM, see Press moulding

fabrication process Processing

comparison of materials and processes 270

contact moulding 271-74 comparison of hand lay-up

and spray-up 271 effect of fabric 273 effect of processing 272, 272 properties 274, 274

design strategy 294 filament winding 290

consideration for using filament winding 292

creep and cyclic fatigue of pipes 291

data for filament winding 291 typical lay-up construction

for a GRP pipe 290 major fabrication processes 269 prepreg moulding 284

considerations for using prepreg moulding 285

data for prepreg moulding 284

press moulding 278-83 compression-injection

moulding 282 consideration for using press

moulding 283 data for press moulding

279 data for moulded BMC and

SMC components 279

323

Index

flexural properties of polyester SMC and R TM moulding 281

mechanical properties of moulded BMC 282

types 278 use of SMC and R TM in

cars 280-1, 280 process limitations 270 pultrusion

considerations for using pultrusion 289

mechanical properties 286, 286, 287

reinforcement type 288-9, 288

resin transfer moulding considerations for using

RTM 277 data for RTM 277 pre-forming 275-6, 275

recycling 293 BMC laminates containing

recycled materials 293 reference information

manufacture 294 recycling 295

PS, see Polystyrene resin PSP, see Polystyryl pyridine PSU, see Polysulphone resin PUL, see Pultrusion fabrication Pultrusion fabrication xix

considerations for using pultrusion 289

mechanical properties 286, 286,287

reinforcement type 288-9,288 , 288

PVC, see Polyvinyl chloride resin

Quality assurance aspects of quality control 296 Barcol hardness 298-9, 298 incoming materials 297

compatibility of constituents 297

possible checks for individual constituents 297

processing

324

Barcol hardness 301 degree of cure 301 destructive testing 308-12,

308, 310, 311

moulded component 300 non-destructive evaluation

304-7, 304, 306 process control 302, 303 process control of a R TM

moulded component 300

reference information general 313 quality systems 313

strategy for quality assurance 313

traceability 298

Radel xiii Random and fabric reinforced

resins acrylates

cast resins 93, 93 epoxy resins

cast resins 84-5, 84, 85 chopped strand mats 84, 84,

86, 86 fine fabrics 88-9, 88 prep reg fine fabrics 90-1, 90 woven fabrics 87, 87

phenolic resins cast resins 75, 75 chopped strand mats 76-7,

76 high temperature capability

82-3, 82 high temperature soaking

81,81 reinforcement type 80, 80 shear strength 78-9, 78

polyester resins addition of urethane acrylate

58, 58 cast resins 57, 57 chopped strand mats 64 effect of temperature on

mechanical properties 70

glass size and tex 60-1 high glass fraction 68-9 mats and fabrics 65-6 shear properties 67 spray mouldings 62

polypropylene glass mat thermoplastics

92,92 reference informaton 95

vinyl ester resins cast resins 71, 71 comparison with polyester

72,73 effect of temperature on

mechanical properties 74,74

RAPRA 225 RB34BXI92 Reaction injection moulding

process xix, xx Recycling 293

BMC laminates containing recycled materials 293

Reinforced reaction injection moulding xix

Reinforcement xx selection of possible

reinforcement 94 Reinforcing fibres

properties aramid (HM) 18 carbon (HS) 18 cotton 18 E-glass 18 polyethylene 18 polyamide 18 R-glass 18

Resin xx selection of possible resin 94

Resin matrices chemical resistance to weak

alkali 21 cost 21 high temperature capability

21 flame spread 21 mould shrinkage 21 properties 20-1, 48

mechanical properties 49 rating values 21 selection by property 20 tensile strength 21 see also Random and fabric

reinforced resins Resin transfer moulding xx

data for R TM 277 considerations for using R TM

277 flexural properties of R TM

mouldings 281 pre-forming 275-6, 275 use of RTM in cars 280-1

R-glass xiii, xix, 18,39, 97, 98, 143, 143, 244, 245

specific heat 162 thermal properties 156

RIM, see Reaction injection moulding process

Rods properties 231

Roving xx RRIM, see Reinforced reaction

injection moulding R TM, see Resin transfer

moulding process Rubber particles (filler) 22, 23

S-2 glass xiii, xx, 39, 97, 98, 98 creep response 231 thermal properties 156

Safimax LD xiii, 39 Safimax SD xiii, 39 Saphikon xiii, 39 Service temperature xx SGS Yarsley Laboratories (UK)

194 Shear creep compliance of glass

laminates 236 Shear fatigue 260, 260 Shear modulus/ strength

interlaminar shear strength of phenolic laminates 78

measurement of shear properties 67

variation in shear modulus with glass content 66

variation with immersion time 201

Sheet moulding compound xx, 16, 26, 280-81

flexural properties of polyester SMC and RTM mouldings 281

use of SMC in cars 280 Shrinkage

and flexural modulus 24-5 effect of calcite filler on

shrinkage of polyester resin 24

fillers 24 Sigma BP xiii, 39 Silica 22, 23 Silicon carbide

mechanical properties 39 Size xx, 15

SMC, see Sheet moulding compound

SOLAS IMO A 472 172 Specific heat of reinforcing fibres

162 Specific property xx Spectra 900 xiii, 39 Spectra 1000 xiii, 39 Spray moulding

flexural properties 62 flexural strength and

modulus 62 STA 156 Strain

relation between initial tensile strain and time to failure for glass polyester composite 234

Strain rate effect on fracture energy 151,

151 Strand xx Stratyl 108 98 Stress intensity factor xviii

and fracture energies 133, 148

Stress-rupture behaviour of GRP pipe 235

Swirl mat xx

T-A 41 T20041 T300 xiii, 8,41, 116, 116, 118,

119, 120, 120, 123, 123, 127, 148, 148, 150, 156, 159, 160, 162, 164

T400H xiii, 41, 159, 160, 162, 164

T650-42130 TSOOH xiii, 41, 116, 116, 118,

120, 120, 159, 160, 162, 164

nooo 41, 164 nOOOG xiii, 41 Tg, see Glass transition

temperature Talc 22,23 Technora xiii, 39, 106, 114, 114,

162 Tensile modulus

effect of glass content on tensile modulus for laminates 65

Index

strength and strain-to-failure of carbon fibres 44

variation in tensile modulus with glass content 66

variation of tensile modulus with temperature 70

Tensile strength resins 21, 200

Tensile stress/ strain curve for chopped strand mat glass polyester laminate 10

Tex xx, 60 effect of tex on tensile strength

of laminates 61 Thermal properties of composites

153-4, 159 conductivity 160, 160 expansion 158-9, 159 fibres 156-7, 156 polymer matrices 155, 155 resins 155 specific heat 162, 162

Thermal properties of glass fibres 97

Thermoplastic polymers xx, 48 Thermoplastic resins

PA 20 PAS 20 PAl 20 PEEK 20 PES 20 PEl 20 PP 20 PPS 20 PSU 20

Thermoplastic sheet compound xx, 16,26

Thermosetting polymers xx Thermosetting resins

bismaleimide 20 epoxy 20 methacrylate 20 phenolic 20 polyester 20 polyimide 20 polystyrylpyridine 20 polyurethane 20 vinyl ester 20

Thorne! 300/934 151 Torlon xiii Tow xx Trademarks and names xiii­

XIV

325

Index

TSC, see Thermoplastic sheet compound

Twaron xiii, 39, 106, 107, 109, 156, 162

Twist xx Tyranno xiii, 39, 156, 162, 164,

167

UD, see Unidirectionally aligned fibres

UL 94 test 172, 175, 179 Unidirectionally aligned fibres xx Units xxii

relation of weight to volume fraction xxii, xxiii

UP 333 102, 242 Urea-formaldehyde 28 Urethane acrylate, addition to

polyester resins 58, 58

V378A 123 Vacuum bag moulding xx Victrex xiii Vinyl ester xxi, 20

326

mechanical properties 49 Vinyl ester resins

cast resins properties 71, 71

comparison with polyester 72, 73

creep 230-1 effect of temperature on

mechanical properties 74,74

Volume fraction xxi

Warrington Fire Research Centre (London) 194

Water uptake activation energies for diffusion

of water through resins and laminates 199

effect on pre-conditioning and fibre type 202-4, 202, 203

water absorption kinetics for iso-polyester resin 198

Weathering

glass/phenolic 222-3, 222 phenolic 222-3

durability of polyurethane paint on phenolic laminate 222

sheet mouldings 224, 224 Weight fraction xxi Wet-out xxi Wood flour 22,23 Woven fabrics

examples of woven fabrics 47 mechanical properties 87, 87

Woven roving xxi WR, see Woven roving

XA 41, 116, 116, 117,118, 156, 159,160, 164, 168

XAS 148 XMC xxi, 26 XN70 xiii, 41 XS4148

Yarn xxi