Index

A400 kV-transmission line Switzerland, 5Acid, 206, 310

attack, 213, 386hydrofluoric acid, 223nitric acid, 210, 245, 310resistance, 208, 245weight loss, 245

ACIM (Automated Continuous InjectionMoulding), 262, 268

Acoustic emission, 248–249, 210Adhesion test, 424Advancing contact angle, 244, 460AE-Signal, 251, 252Air pressure, 300Aluminium

corona ring, 323, 357end fitting, 189, 191, 358hollow core fitting assembly, 254melting loss, 356power arc, 355

Aluminium outer layer wire, 354Analysis, thermo-gravimetric (TGA), 230,

332, 406, 407, 479ANSI 29.11, 399ASDD (Apparent Salt Deposit Density), 409Astrazon, 218

BBand, 333, 481Batch, 203, 220, 452Bending deformation energy, 143Bending length, 64Bending moment, 75Bending test

examination of cracks, 65, 67

Bird Streamer, 341, 389Boehmite, 229, 230Bolt force, 188Breaking strain

coordination, 214Brittle fracture, 206, 210, 212, 293, 386

resistance, 214test, 212, 213

Buckling beambending stress, 152

Buckling test, 109Boomerang fitting, 108Bushing, 7, 167, 185, 222

CCable termination, 6, 171, 255Capillary, 208, 218Casting, 268, 271, 274, 349Casting, low pressure cavity, 226, 234,

255, 268CEN/TS 45545, 456CEPS (Czech Power Utility), 383CFL (Cantilever Failing Load), 66, 68CIGRE

Study Committee B2, 3Study Committee D1, 476Technical Brochure

TB 255, 200, 454TB 284, 317, 324TB 306, 381TB 442, 243TB 481, 381

Working Group22.10, 454B2.03, 317, 371, 381, 386B2.21, 218, 381, 399

K. O. Papailiou and F. Schmuck, Silicone Composite Insulators, Power Systems,DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15320-4, � Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

489

C (cont.)C4.03.03, 456D1.14, 200, 360, 408, 454, 467, 473D1.27, 245, 476

Coating, 237, 241, 467Compact line

EMF, 121medium voltage, 157

Right of Way (ROW), 99Comparison of stresses

theory vs. experimentcomposite post, 88

Composite insulator, 199, 315, 380, 399, 453first generation, 258advantage, 2components, 2problem, 3

Composite longrodaverage failing load, 23construction, 11failing load, 20

Compression strength, 221Conductor, kinetic energy, 146Construction

composite post, 55Contact angle, 239, 304, 475Corona, 287, 293, 314, 316

discharge, 169, 245, 286, 297, 304, 457effect, 287extinction voltage, 298inception voltage, 297, 295inception, 303protection, 287, 340, 347, 359ring, 317, 369shed, 272, 274, 322, 346threshold value, 324treatment, 240

Corrosion, 297, 324, 398protection, 435resistance, 205, 206, 438

Covering layer, 272, 423Crack, 263

acid, 246capillary force, 218curing, 209fibre, 206formation, 293, 312surface, 442visibility, 294

Creep coefficient, 62Creepage distance, reduction, 409Crimped fitting

assembly technology, 32compression, 34

crimp length, 29crimping, correct, 50critical areas, 31design, 29failing load, 30parameter, 50relaxation, 36, 41roughness, 32tolerance, 31von Mises-stress, 50wall thickness, 30

Crimping, 247, 252comparison of stresses

analytical vs. FEM, 40Current density, 357, 359, 361, 370, 457

DDamage limit

composite post, 62cyclic load, 78

Damage limit loadcomposite longrod, 17, 399composite post, 61hollow core insulator, 176

DC Voltage, 470, 471De Tourreil, 15, 17, 22Deflection

allowable, 81analytical, 81in rod centre, 151permanent, 177

Densityglass, 207measurement, 478optical, 456quality control, 218resin, 209steel, aluminium, 356

Design errors, 288, 292, 315Dew point, 433Diameter, minimum, 82Dielectric strength, 208Differences of manufacture

solid core insulator, 268hollow core insulator, 269

DIN 53504, 201, 481DIN 53505, 478DIN EN ISO 6506, 204DLL (Damage Limit Load), 22, 66, 69Drop test, 238, 473Droplet layer, 456, 457Dynamic Differential

Calorimetry, 406, 407, 478

490 Index

EEmission method, acoustic, 93EN ISO 4589, 456EN ISO 5659, 456End burning point, 342, 346End fitting

conical, 15crimped fitting, 15post, 79wedge type, 15

End fitting designcomposite long rod, 28

EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Dien Monomer),362, 399, 470

EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute), 293,295, 384, 389

Erosion, 342, 460, 468bulk, 227, 457erosion resistance, 229, 231, 257, 458erosion track, 228rate, 232, 472surface, 458

ESCA (Electron Spectroscopy for ChemicalAnalysis), 242

ESDD (Equivalent Salt Deposit Density), 408,409, 431

ESKOM (South African Utility), 383Euler angle, 151Euler limit load, 107, 153EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate), 362, 399Exothermal crack, 219Extrusion, 226, 263

FFail safe base, 105Failing load, 15

standard deviation, 24temperature dependency, 15

Failure ratebrittle fracture, 213composite insulator, 384, 387empirical, 446glass cap and pin insulator, 387

Fibre diameter, 205, 206Field

influenced by cross-arm, 372influenced by protective fittings, 373

Field stress electrical, 273Filament, 205, 206, 208Filler, 209

active, 225, 229ATH, 225, 229, 232, 310CaCO3, 310

treatment, 231, 235Film layer, 310, 457, 458Finger-Print, 407, 476First ply failure, 176Flame resistance, 360, 456Flashover voltage, 354, 403, 456, 458, 462Floating dead-end, 13Fog test

clean fog, 229clean fog, modified, 405, 431quick salt fog test, 403, 442rapid clean fog test, 404salt fog, 232, 274, 458, 473

FRP-rod, 15breakage, 252, 253, 397compression, 150curvature, 150danger factor, 46elasticity constants, 14load transfer, 22strength, 15, 48

FRP-tubematerial properties, 184von Mises stress, 192

FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraredSpectroscopy), 478, 480

GGalloping, 136

amplitude, 142amplitude reduction, 140compression load, 142conductor amplitude, 136IREQ tests, 25

Glass cap and pin insulator, 288, 348, 387Glass fibre, 205, 220, 382

E-CR-Glass, 206, 212E-Glass, 206, 210, 212, 386glass melt, 205, 206

Glass transition temperature, 254, 370, 478Gotthard-Basis-Tunnel, 446

HHardness measurement, 478HB40 Classification, 360Hollow core composite insulator, 112

components, 166damage limit load, 176differences of manufacture, 269load–deflection curve, 194market penetration, 172service experience, 174

Index 491

H (cont.)SIP (Specified Internal Pressure), 178SML (Specified Mechanical Load), 177

HTV- injection moulding, 260HTV-Stepping, 260, 414Hydraulic press, 33Hydrophobicity, 228, 238, 403, 457

evaluation, 422, 440loss, 237, 240, 264, 294recovery, 457resistance, 236, 237, 473transfer, 243, 244, 409, 457, 475

IIEC 60068-2-17, 254IEC 60071, 455IEC 60093, 201IEC 60112, 454IEC 60120, 203, 351, 370, 455IEC 60168, 455IEC 60234-3, 201IEC 60243-1, 201IEC 60250, 201IEC 60273, 455IEC 60305, 455IEC 60343, 201, 455IEC 60383, 203, 403, 425, 455IEC 60433, 455IEC 60437, 296, 455IEC 60471, 203, 455IEC 60507, 403, 405, 455IEC 60575, 455IEC 60587, 201, 363, 452IEC 60660, 455IEC 60672, 455IEC 60695-11-10, 202, 360, 363IEC 60707, 360IEC 60720, 455IEC 60797, 455IEC 60815, 408, 409, 455IEC 61006, 202IEC 61109, 20, 24, 403, 405, 416, 453, 455IEC 61245, 455IEC 61284, 296, 455IEC 61302, 454IEC 61325, 455IEC 61462, 176, 179, 254, 455IEC 61466, 28, 34, 203, 455IEC 61467, 345, 348, 361, 455IEC 61621, 202, 308, 405, 454IEC 61952, 66, 70, 108, 455IEC 62039, 199, 201, 454, 455IEC 62073, 399

IEC 62155, 455IEC 62217, 201, 218, 406, 455IEC 62231, 455IEC 62371, 455IEC 62609, 455IEC 62621, 455IEC 62662, 214, 386, 409IEC 62730, 454, 455IEEE 1829, 296IEEE 539, 296Ignition wire, 349Inclined Plane Test, 235, 417Inertia moment, 82Injection moulding, 226, 259, 268, 414

high pressure, 225Installation fault, 288, 319, 389, 445Insulated cross-arm, 57

application diagram, 110critical wind speed, 119dynamic tests, 114FEM-simulation, 108geometry, 104loading diagram, 105loads, 107pivoted, 107rigid, 107, 110snap-through, 115stability, 117test, 111testing arrangement, 106

Integral complete ellipticof the 2nd kind, 152

Integral elliptic of the 1st kind, 151Internal pressure, 178IPS (Interphase Spacer)

advantage, 131bending moment, 143bending stress, 144conductor attachment, flexible, 133conductor attachment, rigid, 133creepage distance, 156ice shedding

compression load, 145length, variable, 134outdoor substations, 148placement, 137post-buckling behaviour, 153protection fittings, 155questionnaire, 129short-circuit behaviour, 147triple conductor bundle, 135

ISO 2178, 204ISO 2781, 478ISO 34, 201

492 Index

ISO 3452, 413ISO 4287, 406ISO 4892-2, 201ISO 4892-3, 201

KKaiser-Effect, 250Kaolin, 475

LLeakage current, 237, 431, 458Lightning withstand voltage, 453Load diagram, 73Load, equivalent tensile, 191Load–deflection curve, 68

hollow core insulator, 192Load-time curve, 16, 18, 19, 23Load-time test, 402Longrod composite insulator

axial stress, 39circumferential (hoop) stress, 37, 44crimp pressure distribution, 83failure, 47fatigue test, 28pull-out, 42pulsed tension, 25radial stress, 43RML (Routine Mechanical Load), 20routine test, 20shear stress, 37, 43shear stress, maximum, 43SML (Specified Mechanical Load), 20tensile load, maximum, 41, 49

Lötschberg-Scheitel-Tunnel, 227, 435, 445

MMass loss

TGA (thermo-gravimetric analysis), 333Max. tensile load

comparison of stressesanalytical vs. FEM, 42

composite longrod, 41MDCL (Maximum Design Cantilever Load),

66, 68, 213Metal-composite joint, 32

hollow core insulator, 185MML (Maximum Mechanical Load), 177Modeling (FEM), 42Modular process, 226, 264, 268Morning star, 308, 457Mould cavity, 264

Mould line, 236, 258, 264, 320MSP (Maximum Specified Pressure), 178Müller-Rochow Synthesis, 224

NNF-X 70-100, 456Noise emission

acoustic, 210analysis, 249, 250

NSDD (Non-Soluble DepositDensity), 408, 431

OOvercasting, 271Overmoulding, 268, 271, 352, 414

PPartial discharge, 225, 228, 286, 417Pollution layer, 342, 457

accumulation, 228adsorption, 227, 408artificial, 244, 408behaviour, 264, 316, 431class, 331, 410composition, 435, 440evaluation, 403flashover, 341, 354, 456, 462hydrophobing, 242natural, 404, 409test, 474

Porcelain, 315, 341, 348, 370, 387Post composite insulator

axial stress, 84bending stress, 63CFL (Cantilever Failing Load), 66, 68comparison of stresses theory

vs. experiment, 88construction, 55cyclic load, 78damage limit load, 61damage limit, 66danger factor, 93damage zones, 90deflection measurement, 65end fitting, 79failure, 89FRP rod dimensions, 50load cycle, 78radial stress, 84shear stress, 85ultimate bending load, 86

Index 493

P (cont.)Power arc, 341, 398

horn, 297, 370protective fitting, 288, 340, 342,

346, 355, 371test, 361

Press-bonded joint, 199, 223, 254Pressure test, 184Pultrusion, 205, 209, 215

speed, 217Pure resin layer, 212, 213

RRacket, 288, 367Railway insulator, 59Receding contact angle, 243, 244, 303,

310, 475Recovery, 229, 240, 242Residual strain, 176, 183Residual strength, 348Resin, 206, 214, 221

bath, 216, 217, 220epoxy resin, 209, 220, 362, 399polyester resin, 209, 210vinyl ester resin, 209, 211

Roughnesscontact angle measurement, 240electrode, 460influence, 240pollution layer, 245rod, 270surface, 240, 294, 473

Round-Robin-Test, 218, 408, 473Roving, 205, 206, 209, 216RTE (French Utility), 383RTV-Stepping, 255

SSafe burning zone, 355Safe failure mode, 69Sand blasting, 214, 461Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

exposure, 208, 414SCL (Specified Cantilever Load), 66, 69Severity classification, 400Shed

cracking, 394tear, 258

Short circuitbending moment, 147current, 145duration, 146

load per unit length, 145test, 361

Sicron, 334, 475Silicone gel, 273, 423Silicone rubber, 224-226, 237, 244,

259, 265, 458HTV, 226, 232, 246, 262, 263, 273LSR, 226, 229, 246, 362, 401RTV, 226, 228, 246, 362, 473

SIP (Specified Internal Pressure), 178Size, 203, 206, 382SML (Specified Mechanical

Load), 20, 177Stabilizing cross-arm, 121Station post, 58Strain gauge measurement

hollow core, 193longrod, 46post, 88

Strength, 432electrical, 208, 341mechanical, 199, 228, 364, 392tensile, 214, 356, 370, 478

Surface tensionliquid, 300resin, 210system between gas and liquid, 239

Surge arrester, 168, 182Survey, 3

TTest equipment (rig),

bending test, 88hollow core insulator, 193tensile test, 48

tex-number, 205, 209, 216TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis)

mass loss, 479Thickness

zinc layer, 436Three-point-bending, 82Torsional load, 82Tower

tennis racket, 161Trident, 57

Traceability, 271, 383Tracking, 231, 258, 342, 395, 457, 460

resistance, 231, 232, 257, 458Triple leg construction, 58Tunnel, 429

inside, 436operation, 203, 243service, 243

494 Index

UUnderrib, 264UV-Radiation, 257, 304, 309, 314, 457

VV0-Classification, 360Vulcanisation

addition, 306condensation, 226peroxide, 226

WWater droplet corona, 273, 300, 317, 324Wettability class, 399, 408, 425, 431Wheel test, 236, 237, 454, 458, 473Winding angle, 199, 221, 254

ZZinc layer, 272, 359, 433

thickness, 203

Index 495